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Topic: The Hague Conferences

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	Hague Conferences - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The First Hague Conference was convened at the initiative of Nicholas II of Russia to control arms development and improve the conditions of warfare....
		Hague Conferences, term for the International Peace Conference of 1899 (First Hague Conference...
		Hague Conventions A series of international treaties resulting from the Hague Peace Conferences held...
	encarta.msn.com /Hague_Conferences.html (212 words)

	LexisNexis(TM) Academic - Document
		Laws regulating the means and methods of warfare drafted at the Hague Conferences remain the bedrock of modern laws of war, and are generally considered by international law scholars to be the crowning achievement of the effort to humanize war through law.
		The Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, culminating the process of codification begun with the Lieber Code, governed conduct in the wars of the twentieth century.
		The proceedings of the Hague Conference demonstrate rather that a weapon will be restricted in inverse proportion, more or less, to its effectiveness; that the more efficient a weapon or method of warfare the less likelihood there is of its being restricted in action by rules of war.
	web.pdx.edu /~kinsella/ps448/jochnick.html (16717 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Hague
		Ecclesiastically, The Hague is a deanery of the Diocese of Haarlem, and has nine parishes, two of which are administered by Jesuits (eighteen fathers) and one by Franciscans (nine fathers).
		In 1593 The Hague was the seat of the Dutch States-General, but, owing to the jealousy of the cities which had votes, it was deprived of representation in the States, and became "the largest village" in Europe, having, in 1622, as many as 17,430 inhabitants.
		During the French Revolution, The Hague was the capital of the Batavian Republic.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07108a.htm (939 words)

	Encyclopedia
		The First International Peace Conference was convened at the initiative of Czar Nicholas II of Russia for the purpose of controlling arms development and ameliorating the conditions of warfare.
		In 1930 a naval conference was held in London to amend the Washington Conference treaties.
		At a conference in Oslo in September 1997, a treaty banning the use, production, transfer, and stockpiling of antipersonnel land mines was approved by 89 countries; the treaty went into effect in 1999, by which time some 135 countries had signed the document.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=201507 (3496 words)

	peace congresses. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1899 the court was established at The Hague by the first of the Hague Conferences.
		By 1914 the court (see Hague Tribunal) had successfully arbitrated 14 international disputes, but the outbreak of World War I disrupted the activities of all peace congresses, and it was not until 1919 that they were able to resume their work.
		Recent conferences include the 149-nation Paris meeting of the Geneva Committee (1989), which reaffirmed the ban on chemical agents in war and called for general and complete disarmament, and the Hague Appeal for Peace (1999), which marked the centennial of the first Hague Conference and focused on disarmament, conflict prevention and resolution, and human-rights issues.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pe/peacecon.html (740 words)

	The Hague Conferences
		The idea of arbitration was very popular in the United States in the early 20th century and Theodore Roosevelt submitted the first case to the Court (a minor dispute with Mexico).
		The Hague Tribunal was to settle differences among signatories, except in cases involving sovereignty, vital interests or national honor.
		Conference at the Hague Regarding the Work of the First Committee of the Conference and its Sub-committee Report of Captain Mahan to the United States Commission to the International Conference at the Hague, on Disarmament, etc., with...
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h989.html (692 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hague Conferences (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia
		Hague Conferences, term for the International Peace Conference of 1899 (First Hague Conference) and the Second International Peace Conference of 1907 (Second Hague Conference).
		Neither succeeded in the main announced purpose of effecting a reduction in armaments, but a number of declarations and conventions respecting the laws of war were adopted and were later ratified by many states.
		A substantial achievement was the founding by the First Hague Conference of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, popularly called the Hague Tribunal.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/HagueCon.html (310 words)

	The Hague Centenary: towards a culture of peace
		Together, the First and the Second Hague Conferences (the Second was held in 1907) established the principle of universality in international relations, inasmuch as states from outside Europe participated in both conferences.
		The Hague Conferences also called attention to the emerging reality of a global state system and the need to regulate it within a framework of international law.
		And the succession of other conferences, conventions and agreements aimed at promoting human rights, sustainable development and disarmament, in addition to strides in public education and the increasing reach of a globalized media, has made war increasingly unacceptable _ both morally and politically _ as a means for resolving conflict.
	www.onecountry.org /e103/e10302as.htm (1154 words)

	Hague Appeal for Peace
		The event, organized by the Hague Appeal for Peace under the leadership of Cora Weiss, was alternately described as a conference, a peace party, or a gathering of "like-minded" individuals.
		The conference was attended by students, non-governmental organizations, academics, civil society leaders, peace activists, and even several Nobel peace laureates.
		A peace conference of 9,000 in another time might have been a rowdy and chaotic event, especially given the participation of many delegates’ states in the ongoing conflict in Kosovo.
	www.fas.org /asmp/library/reports/HAP-rpt.html (892 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Hague
		With his appointment as secretary to the embassy at The Hague during the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Ryswick (1697), Prior began a long diplomatic career.
		He wrote and spoke tirelessly in favor of disarmament and international conciliation, was a delegate to the Hague peace conferences (1899 and 1907), and was awarded the 1909 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with Auguste Beernaert.
		A delegate to the Paris Peace Conference (1919), he was later justice of the Hague Tribunal (Permanent Court of Arbitration).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Hague&StartAt=21 (771 words)

	The Hague Appeal for Peace, Background
		On May 18, 1899, 108 delegates from 26 countries gathered in The Hague's beautiful Huis ten Bosch in response to an invitation issued the previous August by Nicholas II, the young Czar of Russia, to hold an international conference to discuss way of halting the arms race.
		The first Hague Peace Conference was not driven by the sudden conversion of Europe's rulers to pacifism, but by Russia's desire to escape the crushing burden of keeping up with the pace of armament in Western Europe, particularly Germany and England.
		It also adopted "Declarations" to the effect that the throwing of projectiles from balloons and other aircraft and the use of asphyxiating gases and dum-dum bullets should be forbidden, the first because of the indiscriminate effect on civilians and the other two because of their inhumane nature.
	www.peaceworkmagazine.org /pwork/0699/0605.htm (710 words)

	(c) Gemeente Den Haag - The Hague Joint Conferences symposium, 2 juli 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Hague, ladies and gentlemen, in spite of its size is a city with a high international profile.
		The Hague enjoys a significant advantage in the form of the international organizations which are already established in the city.
		Conferences like the one you are attending today add great value to this role of The Hague.
	www.denhaag.nl /smartsite.html?id=42156 (1547 words)

	Hague Conferences — Infoplease.com
		A Hague conference judgments convention and United States courts: a problem and a possibility.(Symposium: Could a Treaty Trump Supreme......
		New additives and polyols surface at urethane conference.
		A matter of good form: the (downsized) Hague Judgments Convention and conditions of formal validity for the enforcement of forum selection......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0822352.html (402 words)

	Wilson and the League of Nations by Sanderson Beck
		The first Hague Conference that began on May 18, 1899 included 26 states and is considered the first international assembly that met in peace time in order to preserve peace instead of to conclude a war.
		As in 1899, the 1907 Conference failed to limit armaments, and many nations pushed ahead with their naval construction of large battleships despite the efforts of the London Naval Conference, though the Declaration of London in January 1909 did clarify issues of international law.
		Ten of the 1907 Hague Conference's eleven conventions were ratified and are still in force for those nations.
	www.san.beck.org /GPJ21-LeagueofNations.html (11742 words)

	The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); July 29, 1899
		The ratifications shall be deposited at the Hague.
		Done at the Hague the 29th July 1899, in a single copy, which shall be kept in the archives of the Netherland Government, and copies of which, duly certified, shall be delivered to the Contracting Powers through the diplomatic channel.
		A violation of the terms of the armistice by private individuals acting on their own initiative, only confers the right of demanding the punishment of the offenders, and, if necessary, indemnity for the losses sustained.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague02.htm (3432 words)

	USA:League of Nations
		Critics charged that the Hague conferences were a failure because they did not accomplish all that was promised.
		Once the arbiter, either the Conference or some other body, agreed on a recommended settlement, the party or parties to the dispute were to agree not to attack any state which complied with those recommendations.
		Japan's delegate on the League Commission at the Paris Peace Conference, Baron Makino, proposed a sentence be added to the Covenant's preamble stating that the members of the League accepted the principles of the equality of nations and races, and the just and equal treatment for nationals of all countries.
	odur.let.rug.nl /usa.990917/E/league/leaguexx.htm (6086 words)

	History of Hague
		Hague, once known as Rochester, is nestled in the Adirondack Mountains, and situated on the northern shore of Lake George at the northeast corner of Warren County.
		Hague was formed from Bolton Landing in 1807.
		In 1910 various boys organizations banded together to form the Boy Scouts of America at a Council Ring on the property, and a private boys' school was run at the Silver Bay Association from 1918-1934, during which time many of the small cottages in use today were constructed.
	www.townofhague.org /townofhague/Calendar/museum/History.htm (442 words)

	Elihu Root - Nobel Lecture
		Quite apart from the statistics of cases actually heard or pending, it is impossible to estimate the effect produced by the existence of this court, for the fact that there is a court to which appeal may be made always leads to the settlement of far more controversies than are brought to judgment.
		Long steps in this direction were made in the Second Hague Conference by the convention for the establishment of a permanent international prize court and by the formulation and adoption of a draft convention relative to the creation of a general judicial arbitration court.
		The conclusions of that body furnished to the successive Hague Conferences the matured results of years of well-directed labor and bore the same relation to the deliberations of the conferences as the report of a committee of a legislative body in furnishing the basis for deliberation and action.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1912/root-lecture.html (4776 words)

	Great Trials Before God's People
		The first international peace conference, attended by 24 nations, was held at The Hague in 1899.
		But the Hague Court had practically no authority, as it could only help settle disputes that the contending nations were willing to submit to it for arbitration.
		Besides the efforts made through the Hague Court and the Hague Conferences, there were organized peace movements supported by wealthy men in the early years of the twentieth century.
	www.sdarmgc.org /origin/his_04_trials.html (2135 words)

	The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration - Cambridge University Press
		The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration
		$175.00 (R) This volume is presented in commemoration of the centenary of the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) at the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899 and its continuation at the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907.
		It makes widely available, in English, the reports of the competent Commissions of each Conference dealing with the pacific settlement of international disputes and the PCA, together with the proposal of the Second Conference for a permanent court of arbitral justice.
	www.cambridge.org /us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9067041343 (149 words)

	International Humanitarian Law - Second 1949 Geneva Convention
		The 1949 Diplomatic Conference, acting in this respect more logically than the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, therefore placed it at the beginning of the Convention, immediately following the eleven general Articles common to all four Conventions (6).
		A second paragraph was therefore inserted in the draft text, extending the benefit of the provisions of paragraph 1 to wounded, sick and shipwrecked "of all vessels which are victims of hazards of war".
		In 1929, it was already recognized that women taking part officially in military operations must be treated with the special consideration due to their sex; and a clause to that effect was introduced in the Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, but not in the Geneva Convention properly so called.
	www.icrc.org /IHL.NSF/WebPrint/370-580016-COM?OpenDocument (2595 words)

	Hague Convention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, agreements providing, among others things, regulations for the commencement of hostilities and conduct of belligerents and neutral powers towards each other and other nations, and outlawing the use of certain types of weapons in warfare.
		The Hague Conference on Private International Law, an international treaty organization that oversees a series of dozens of conventions drawn up from the early 1900s through the present day aiming to rationalize certain aspects of civil law between signatories.
		The Hague Convention 1996 providing for the co-ordination of legal systems, and for international judicial and administrative co-operation to implement the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children of 20 November 1989, and complement the widely ratified Hague Conventions of 25 October 1980 on Child Abduction and of 29 May 1993 on Inter-country Adoption.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hague_Convention (410 words)

	WebRoots Library U.S. History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Factory or store committees that confer with higher officers in relation to hours and the needs and desires of the employees are by no means uncommon, and some of the large corporations even provide pension systems for their employees.
		Elihu Root, the Secretary of State, asserted in a communication to the Senate in 1907 that the Second Conference had presented the greatest advance ever made at a single time toward the reasonable and peaceful regulation of international conduct, unless the advance made at The Hague Conference of 1899 was excepted.
		At the third conference at Rio de Janeiro in 1906 and the fourth in Buenos Aires in 1910, its field of effort was further broadened, and in the latter year a recommendation was passed that the Pan American states bind themselves to submit to arbitration all claims for pecuniary damages.
	www.webroots.org /library/usahist/usstcw09.html (9979 words)

	URL #2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		CPTech’s Page on the Hague Conference on Private International Law’s Proposed Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, provides numerous links including: Hague Conference documents, the most recent articles on internet jurisdiction, and news on all aspects affecting the Conference’s convention on international jurisdiction.
		Because the Hague Conference’s mission is to create uniform internet laws and standards, the website’s links also include information on the internet outside of the jurisdictional issues.
		Conference and keeping current on all international jurisdictional issues.
	www.kentlaw.edu /classes/rstaudt/Intnt_law04/JurisdictionTeam2004.htm (920 words)

	The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000
		Norway was to have hosted the Union's conference in 1893, but because of the tense situation vis-à-vis Sweden the conference in Oslo was held only in 1899.
		In 1904, the Institute of International Law, the first organization or institution to receive the Peace Prize, was honored for its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law.
		The second prize came in 1997 when the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and its coordinator, Jody Williams, were honored for their work to ban and remove anti-personnel land mines and to support the victims of such mines.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/peace/articles/lundestad-review/index.html (9696 words)

	House Fails To Authorize Yugoslav Air Strikes
		In a larger sense, the spirit and ideas behind The Hague Conference prepared the ground for the creation of the United Nations itself.
		A legal regime of international peace and security was institutionalized through the Charter of the United Nations, obligating signatory States to a wide range of limitations on the use of force.
		On the eve of a new millennium, it is this United Nations we seek -- responsive to a dynamic and changing world, respectful of the sovereignty of States, and resilient in its determination to advance the rights and freedoms of the peoples of the world.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/kosovo50.htm (1539 words)

	Friedrich Martens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He represented Russia at the Hague Peace Conference and helped to settle the first cases of international arbitration, notably the dispute between France and Great Britain over Newfoundland.
		He was employed in laying the foundations for the Hague Conferences.
		He was one of the Russian plenipotentiaries at the first conference and president of the fourth committee – that on maritime law – at the second conference.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Friedrich_Martens (961 words)

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