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Topic: Haikouella

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	Fred Heeren, Evolution and Cognition Journal
		It is the journal of the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition, named for, and located in the family mansion of, the Nobel laureate who discovered animal “imprinting” and laid the foundation for an evolutionary approach to animal behavior.
		Abstract Chinese fossil discoveries of the earliest known craniates (from the early Cambrian period) have led scientists to question whether the evolution of human-level cognition is a rare occurrence in the universe.
		Haikouella simultaneously creates support for two competing inferences: the evolution of cognition as a highly constrained, or as a highly contingent, process.
	www.fredheeren.com /evocognition.htm (2063 words)

	Haikouella -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Suspected hemichordates (more primitive chordates) are also known from these deposits as well as from the Middle Cambrian (Click link for more info and facts about Burgess Shale) Burgess Shale of (A province in western Canada) British Columbia.
		Haikouella is known from 305 specimens mostly from a single bed in the (Click link for more info and facts about Maotianshan shales) Maotianshan shales of Yunnan province.
		It has a bent caudal projection of the notochord that might be a primitive tail fin.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Ha/Haikouella.htm (208 words)

	An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But Haikouella also has several additional anatomic features: a heart, ventral and dorsal aorta, an anterior branchial arterial, gill filaments, a caudal projection, a neural cord with a relatively large brain, a head with possible lateral eyes, and a ventrally situated buccal cavity with short tentacles.
		Haikouella differs from Yunnanozoon by having a broadly ventral region in its anterior part (with a dorsal angle of about 70°).
		Haikouella had a relatively large brain and possibly a pair of lateral eyes, which indicate that this animal might be considered as an early craniate.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v402/n6761/full/402518a0_r.html (2923 words)

	CarlZimmer.com
		These clues suggest that Haikouella is poised at the transition from invertebrate to vertebrate, closer to vertebrates than even the lancelet.
		And Haikouella is just the sort of brain-powered, sensory-enhanced predator that Gans and Northcutt predicted 18 years ago.
		Whether these so-called teeth have anything to do with the rise of the vertebrates will have to wait for microscopic analyses of the fossils and for an end to the debate over whether they are chordates at all.
	www.carlzimmer.com /articles/2000/articles_2000_6.html (3380 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 10.200 Chordata: Chordata (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Haikouella, unlike most other early Paleozoic species, is known from over 300 well-preserved specimens, and Chen's description therefore has very high credibility, despite the great age and small size of the organism.
		Chen suggests that Haikouella may actually be a craniate, and this may well be correct in the sense that it has of the features typically listed as synapomorphies of Craniata.
		However, it seems unlikely that it is a member of the crown group subtended by hagfish and hogs.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/010Chordata/010.200.html (357 words)

	Haikouella (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is similar to the form Yunnanozoon which is almost somewhatmore primitive and is possibly a hemichordate.
		Haikouella doesnot have bones or a movable jaw, but it otherwise resembles vertebrates.
		The animal is 20-30mm (4cm max) in length and has a head, gills,brain, notochord, well developed musculature, heart and circulatory system.
	www.therfcc.org /haikouella-170302.html (223 words)

	ARN Board: Predictive power of evolutionary hypotheses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The paper provides detailed morphological descriptions of Haikouella, a recently discovered early Cambrian chordate (and with the closely related Yunnanozoan one of the two oldest known chordates), based on numerous exquisitely preserved fossils, and analyzes the relationship of this taxon to other chordates.
		The authors conclude that Haikouella is the sister taxon of (and although they do not explicitly say so, possibly the direct ancestor of) all other craniates.
		Haikouella was compared to pre-craniates predicted by recent models of craniate evolution and was found to fit these predictions closely.
	www.arn.org /ubb/ultimatebb.php/ubb/get_topic/f/13/t/000971.html (320 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thanks to the stunning preservation, the researchers could not only discern a heart and a circulatory system in these 3-centimeter fossils, but also some of the hallmarks of chordates, such as a dorsal nerve cord and a notochord, a rod of stiff tissue that provides support along the back of the body.
		What's more, the animal seems to have a relatively large brain, and what appear to be two eyes, suggesting that it may be a very early member of the vertebrates--which would put it somewhere on the first steps of the long road to humans.
		For one, Conway Morris isn't convinced that the bulging back does indeed contain chordatelike muscles; he thinks Haikouella may be further down the evolutionary tree, as a progenitor to chordates and to other invertebrates such as starfish and sea urchins.
	bric.postech.ac.kr /science/97now/99_12now/991202d.html (440 words)

	Fred Heeren, Boston Globe
		The debate over Haikouella casts Western scientists in the unlikely role of defending themselves against charges of ideological blindness from scientists in communist China.
		Chinese officials argue that the theory of evolution is so politically charged in the West that researchers are reluctant to admit shortcomings for fear of giving comfort to those who believe in a biblical creation.
		But to him, the big story is not that he has discovered our earliest traceable ancestor, but that the Cambrian explosion of new body plans is proving to be real, not an illusion produced by an incomplete fossil record.
	www.fredheeren.com /boston.htm (811 words)

	Boston Globe Article
		The 530-million-year-old fossil, dubbed Haikouella, had the barest beginning of a spinal cord, making it the oldest animal ever found whose body shape resembled modern vertebrates.
		As if to underscore the abruptness of Haikouella's place in the fossil record, Chen pointed out the features that make Haikouella look so much more advanced than expected for an early Cambrian animal.
		But all this newfound clarity only adds to the larger problem, framed succinctly by Holland of Scripps Institution: "Where the hell are you going to get an animal life that?" In his view, Haikouella's high level of development makes it more difficult to explain the evolutionary steps that produced it.
	www.unityinchrist.com /preevangelism/BostonGlobeArticle.htm (1588 words)

	Stomach Migraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although there are many recipes, it is normally made with the following ingredients: sheep's heart, liver, and lungs (or "lights"), minced with onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock and traditionally boiled in the animal's stomach for several hours.
		Haikouella The Haikouella is a probable chordate from the Lower Cambrian beds of Xiangchiang, Yunnan, China.
		Haikouella does not have bones or a movable jaw, but it otherwise
	datapheed.com /Stomach+Migraine-30.html (562 words)

	omniology.com
		The 530millionyearold fossil, dubbed Haikouella, had the barest beginning of a spinal cord, making it the oldest animal ever found whose body shape resembled modern vertebrates.
		Chen's discovery of the earliest creature with a primitive nervous system, called a chordate, is, for him, but one more piece in a puzzle that looks less and less like the conventional picture of evolution through natural selection.
		But all this newfound clarity only adds to the larger problem, framed succinctly by Holland of Scripps Institution: "Where the hell are you going to get an animal like that?" In his view, Haikouella's high level of development makes it more difficult to explain the evolutionary steps that produced it.
	www.omniology.com /A-LittleFish.html (1566 words)

	Haikouella Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Looking For haikouella - Find haikouella and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Haikouella (421 words)

	Yunnanozoon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There are anatomical differences from Haikouella including asmaller stomach, and much larger (1mm) pharyngeal teeth.
		Yunannozoon is not known for sure to possess many features like heart,gills, etc. that are known from well preserved specimens of Haikouella.
		However, some authors think thatYunnanozoon is closely related to the chordate Haikouella and thatYunnanozoon is probably a chordate rather than a hemichordate.
	www.therfcc.org /yunnanozoon-344098.html (141 words)

	Haikouella - China-related Topics HA-HD - China-Related Topics
		Haikouella - China-related Topics HA-HD - China-Related Topics
		The Haikouella is a probable chordatachordate from the Lower Cambrian beds of Xiangchiang in Yunnan, China.
		It is similar to the form Yunnanozoon, which is almost somewhat more primitive and is possibly a hemichordatahemichordate.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Haikouella (317 words)

	CC211: Invertebrate-vertebrate transition
		It was at first interpreted as a segmented worm until a reanalysis showed it had a notochord.
		Haikouella, a chordate similar to Yunnanozoon, but with additional traits, such as a heart and a relatively larger brain (Chen et al.
		Conodont animals had bony teeth, but the rest of their body was soft.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CC/CC211.html (208 words)

	Duffy: Chordate Origins
		With such debate, it is clear that the search for chordate ancestors is anything but resolved.
		In addition, with possible early craniates, such as Haikouella lanceolata (Chen, Huang and Li, 1999), being described from the same locality, the timing of chordate origins actually may be earlier than the Lower Cambrian, so a Precambrian search might be necessary.
		With various interpretations and reinterpretations, it is possible that a general concensus for chordate origins may never be reached, but it is certain that the continued search will provide fuel for much future debate (and papers in Nature!).
	www.biology.ualberta.ca /courses.hp/biol606/OldLecs/Lecture2K.08.Duffy.html (971 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abstract The Early Cambrian Haikouichthys and Haikouella have been claimed to be related to contribute in an important way to our understanding of vertebrate origin, but there have been heated debates about how exactly they are to be interpreted.
		Over 1400 newly-discovered specimens of Haikouella provide a wealth of anatomical information on this organism.
		Keywords: primitive vertebrate Haikouichthys, non-chordate Haikouella, Early Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstatte, origin of vertebrates, deuterostome evolution.
	scienceinchina.com /ky/0308/ky0725.stm (336 words)

	People's Daily Online
		Chen and his colleagues have called the fish-like fossils "Haikouella".
		In 1995, Chen and his colleagues discovered what they thought to be the earliest of vertebrates in Yunnan, the Yunnanzoon (a primitive chordate).
		After watching the 300 specimens of Haikouella, Professor Nicholas Holland, a noted American lancelet specialist from the University of California at San Diego, said the discovery was "a spectacular advance in our efforts to reconstruct the history of life on earth."
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /199912/03/eng19991203T112.html (231 words)

	Comment on "A New Species of Yunnanozoan with Implications for Deuterostome Evolution" -- Mallatt et al. 300 (5624): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		preservation of the Haikouella fossils, and wisely adopted the
		pharyngeal arches (1, 8) that likewise characterize Haikouella.
		The interpretation of gilled Haikouella as a stem deuterostome
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/300/5624/1372c?ck=nck (840 words)

	Agnatha - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They have been tentatively assigned to Agnatha by Janvier.
		A third possible agnathid from the same region is Haikouella.
		A possible agnathid that has not been formally described was reported by Simonetti from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia.
	en.freepedia.org /Agnatha.html (310 words)

	Insight on the News: Paleontologic Agitprop?
		Indeed, the chance to engage Chinese paleontologist Jun-Yuan Chen is one of the prime motivations for Westerners to travel east.
		Chen has coauthored half of all papers on the Chengjian animals, and he recently discovered Homo sapiens' earliest traceable ancestor, a small fish-like animal called Haikouella.
		(While other paleontologists have claimed to have found Cambrian chordates, Chen assembled more than 300 specimens of Haikouella before announcing this discovery.) Haikouella had a full complement of eyes, a brain, a heart, an esophagus, intestines and so on -- organs so sophisticated that some are classifying the animal as a vertebrate.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_27_16/ai_63692884 (1227 words)

	Figure 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
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		Figure 1 Anatomical interpretation of Haikouella lanceolata (gen. et sp.
		Note: Figures may be difficult to render in a web browser.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v402/n6761/fig_tab/402518a0_F1.html (42 words)

	Brainstorms: Common descent
		I'd assume, if we are talking post-Cambrian, and we are asking the question whether there is common descent for all vertebrates, would we be asking whether the newly-discovered Haikouella is likely to be the common ancestor of all vertebrates, as opposed to some vertebrates being from Haikouella and others from the earlier-known Pikaia?
		I believe there is concensus that Pikaia could not be a descendant of Haikouella.
		I. e., there could be a question as to whether the invertebrate to vertebrate transition occurred by a population of previous invertebrates adapting themselves into vertebrates over many generations, as opposed to one pair only (assuming they reproduced bisexually) occurring somehow and becoming the common ancestors.
	www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000056.html (4914 words)

	Fall'96Syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One of the earliest chordates in the fossil record is worm-like Pikaia from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale; although it possesses a notochord, it lacks vertebrae ("backbones", though the vertebral column is not always bony).
		An even older chordate, Haikouella, has been recently described from the Early Cambrian of China.
		Traditionally, vertebrate chordates are placed in the subphylum Vertebrata.
	ijolite.geology.uiuc.edu /00SummerClass/geo143/lectures/lect06A.html (513 words)

	Evolution by Monroe W. Strickberger
		The first chordates to be found are in Cambrian sediments.
		Haikouella lanceol was recently described in China as one of the earliest found chordates.
		Chien, Huang, and Li, paleontologists associated with discovery describe the fossil and its signifcance.
	www.jbpub.com /evolution/weblinks/links.cfm?ChapterNumber=14 (156 words)

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