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	Haitian Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the most successful of the many African slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere and established Haiti as a free, fl republic, the first of its kind.
		Closely shaping the course of the conflict was the French Revolution which began in 1789, and was at first widely welcomed in the island.
		The end of the Haitian Revolution in 1804 marked the end of colonialism, but the social conflict that had been cultivated under slavery continued to affect the population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Haitian_Revolution (1922 words)

	Boston Haitian Reporter
		Haitian President Jean Bertrand Aristide opened the 200th anniversary celebration in Port-au-Prince, on January 1st of this year, with a visit at the Museum of Heroes, a flag raising ceremony followed by some cultural events at the national palace, and a trip to Gonaives, the city where Haiti's forefathers proclaimed the independence of the country.
		The 1791 revolution, which took place during the 18th Century, beside the American Revolution of 1774 and the French Revolution of 1789, was excluded for years from the pages of world history textbooks, despite its contribution to the abolition of slavery in the world.
		This acknowledgement on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Haitian revolution was an overdue debt to mankind.
	www.bostonhaitian.com /despiteproblemsbicentennia.html (1058 words)

	Haitian Revolution
		The victory of the slaves in 1793 was, ironically, a victory for colonialism and the revolution in France.
		The leftward drift of the revolution and the implacable zeal of its colonial administrators, especially the Jacobin commissioner Léger Félicité Sonthonax, to eradicate all traces of counterrevolution and royalism—which he identified with the whites—in Saint Domingue facilitated the ultimate victory of the fls over the whites.
		The crucial link then, between the metropolitan revolution and the fl revolution in Saint Domingue seems to reside in the conjunctural and complementary elements of a self-determined, massive slave rebellion, on the one hand, and the presence in the colony of a practical abolitionist in the person of Sonthonax, on the other.
	www.swagga.com /haitian.htm (4066 words)

	The Haitian Revolution - Early History of Haiti
		Aboriginal Haitians called the Arawak Indians, who referred to their home as "Hayti" or mountainous land, were the original inhabitants of the island.
		Haitian exports such as cocoa, cotton, sugar cane and coffee became the key to the islands wealth due to the enormous demand in the European market.
		The French Revolution of 1789 was the spark which lit The Haitian Revolution.
	www.emergingminds.org /articles/2004/jul04_haiti.html (880 words)

	The Haitian Revolution
		Unlike the French Revolution and the American Revolution, the Haitian revolution was entirely driven by the passions of men and women who had been enslaved most if not all of their lives.
		The great hero of the Haitian Revolution and a man considered one of the great revolutionaries and generals in his own time throughout America and Europe, was François Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture.
		Despite the fiery vengeance that animated the beginning of the revolution, Toussaint managed to maintain a certain level of racial harmony&emdash;in fact, he was as well-loved by the French on Haiti as he was by the freed slaves.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/DIASPORA/HAITI.HTM (1097 words)

	Africans in America/Part 3/The Haitian Revolution
		The French Revolution of 1789 not only propelled all of Europe into a war, but also touched off slave uprisings in the Caribbean.
		A bloody, thirteen-year revolution ensued, a complex web of wars among and between slaves, whites, free people of color, France, Spain and Britain that would eventually create the first independent fl nation in the Western world.
		• Douglas Egerton on the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint L'Ouverture, and Jefferson
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part3/3p2990.html (282 words)

	Haiti
		The Haitian Revolution was a unique case in history as the revolution resulted in the complete shift in the social, political and economic life of the colony.
		However, he never retrieved his slaves as the Haitian government sited article forty-four of the Haitian Constitution which "recognized all people of their description [the slaves] to be citizens of Hayti the moment they landed on the territory of the republic" (Sheridan 332).
		The Haitian Revolution was the pride of all fl globally as noted by Davis Brion Davis that "while the Haitian example inspired a number of slave conspiracies and revolts, it had a deeper and more lasting impact on the self-image and nascent national identity of free fls" (Davis 748).
	www.trincoll.edu /classes/hist300/group3/haiti.htm (1613 words)

	haitian revolution
		The success of Haiti against all odds made social revolutions a sensitive issue among the leaders of political revolt elsewhere in the Americas during the final years of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth century.
		Yet the genesis of the Haitian Revolution cannot be separated from the wider concomitant events of the later eighteenth-century Atlantic world.
		The French Revolution may be followed in, among others, Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York, 1989); Leo Gershoy, The French Revolution, 1789–1799 (New York, 1960); Albert Soboul, The French Revolution, 1787–1799: From the Storming of the Bastille to Napoleon, Alan Forest and Colin Jones, trans.
	www.ipoaa.com /haitian_revolution.htm (5910 words)

	Representation and exploitation: the Haitian Revolution and Carpentier's 'The Kingdom of this World'
		Trouillot's situating of the Haitian Revolution and its history into a "narrative of global domination" is convincing, especially when he argues that Haitian scholars themselves have not enjoyed sufficient access to historical archives, and have thus not been able to adequately write their own history.
		The Revolution has served as a trope in literature and history precisely because it was a traumatic event for the Caribbean region, and especially for the Western world.
		Building on his community's obsession with Haitian culture during this period, Lawrence's Toussaint series is an allegorical interpretation of the life of […] Toussaint Louverture and his role in the establishment of the first fl republic.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /romance/gra/WPs2002/mariana_1.htm (2372 words)

	The Impact of the Haitian Revolution
		As the 2004 bicentennial of the Republic of Haiti's independence approaches, with numerous commemorative events planned throughout the world, the question of the impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic world is a very timely one.
		The second section considers the revolution's impact on white political actors in Germany, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the United States (it is oddly entitled "Politics," given that all of the sections deal with politics of some kind).
		Its impact on the French revolution, on the military balance between the great powers, on the expansion of plantation economies, on the cultural landscape of the Greater Caribbean, and on processes of decolonization are all downgraded or downplayed.
	www.nathanielturner.com /impacthaitianrevolution.htm (1575 words)

	Jim Thomson \| The Haitian Revolution and the Forging of America \| The History Teacher, 34.1 \| The History Cooperative
		The impact of the Haitian Revolution on the United States was not confined, however, to the slave-versus-free-state debate.
		This is the first person account of the French and Haitian Revolutions told by a young French Creole author (16 years old at the time of the events described in the book) whose family fled the terrors of the French Revolution in 1791 and moved back to Haiti seeking asylum.
		It does a particularly good job of describing the life of a Haitian slave, noting, for example, that the nature of sugar cane as a crop made the work of a slave on the sugar plantations more back-breaking than was true of the work of slaves on, for example, cotton plantations..
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/34.1/thomson.html (7985 words)

	Children of Guinea: Voodoo, The 1793 Haitian Revolution and After (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The roots of the Haitian revolution are in the French revolution, as the French revolution’s are in Haiti.
		Haitian history is even more highly politicised—and racialised—than usual, with criticism of a national leader of a century ago immediately assumed to be criticism of the nation’s current leader also.
		Moreover, with particular reference to the Haitian experience, Nicholls adds that such a revolution also “provides no insurance against the development of a personality cult, and in the case of Haiti it was the basis upon which such hero worship was built”.
	www.greenanarchist.org /books/guinea.html (15930 words)

	Chapter 8 Page 1
		Since the revolutionaries explicitly proclaimed liberty as their highest ideal, slavery was bound to come into question during the French Revolution.
		He described many of the features of slave life that worried slaveholders, including voodoo imported from Africa, the presence of many people of mixed race (mulattos), the threat of slaves becoming Maroons (runaways), and the intense fear among slaveholders that their slaves would try to poison them.
		The Caribbean colonies were quick to respond to the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789.
	chnm.gmu.edu /revolution/chap8a.html (728 words)

	The Haitian Revolution, Pt. III
		QUICK REVIEW OF REVOLUTION PART II The middle period of the Haitian Revolution is the story of Leger Felicite Sonthonax, French Commissioner to San Domingue, and the rise of Toussaint Louverture.
		Thus if the revolution were to once again catch fire, he was in a position to bolt the French and take up leadership of the rebels, which is exactly what he did.
		The last year of the Haitian Revolution was as savage as any conflict one can read of in human history.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/43a/105.html (3377 words)

	EchodHaiti.com: History/Istwa: The Haitian Revolution (part I)
		The French Revolution of 1789 In France was the spark which lit the Haitian Revolution of 1791.
		The revolution progressed quickly in France, and on August 26, 1789 the newly convened Estates General (a general parliament of the people) passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
		Typically historians date the beginnings of the Haitian Revolution with the uprising of the slaves on the night of August 21st.
	www.echodhaiti.com /history/revolution/revolution_pt1.html (4300 words)

	The Haitian Revolution, Pt. 1
		Since this is Black History Month, and since the Haitian Revolution is one of the wonderful stories of fl achievement, I thought I would post this story in the four essays which I published in STRETCH magazine in 1991 as part of my honoring the 200th anniversary of the beginning of that revolution.
		The shortest account which one typically hears of the Haitian Revolution is that the slaves rose up In 1791 and by 1803 had driven the whites out of Saint-Domingue, (the colonial name of HAITI) declaring the independent Republic of Haiti.
		Analyze the antecedents of the revolution and clarify some of the complex and shifting positions of the various interest groups which participated in it.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/43a/102.html (4328 words)

	Spring04haitian
		Most revolutions introduce some type of disjuncture in social arrangements, and are by necessity mentally or physically brutal, and focused on creating new or re-arranged versions of liberty and justice in response to the plight of the general population.
		In our case, the Haitian Revolution, which has been tragically avoided by many social scientists, is a dynamic theater of a tragic play between African slaves and a European power broker in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries.
		In the Haitian case, the notion and import of a revolution to usher in liberty, justice, and a sense of self-definition sets the stage for centuries of utter neglect, marginalization, and relegation to social nadirity.
	www.neiu.edu /~tokosun/Courses/HaitianRevolutionSpring2004.htm (1122 words)

	The Age of Revolution: Founding Fathers Dreamed of Uprisings, Except in Haiti
		For the American Revolution initiated an age of democratic revolutions in the 18th century.
		By contrast, the Haitian Revolution of 1791 is rarely mentioned in discussions of this age of revolution.
		Yet it is the message Haiti carried during the age of democratic revolution, the aspiration for equality across the color line, that remains the necessary hope of the unfinished American revolution.
	haitiforever.com /windowsonhaiti/amer-haiti.shtml (1048 words)

	haiti.html
		They supported the French Revolution as a means of gaining greater political autonomy, although they had certainly not meant to extend the rhetoric of freedom to their own slaves.
		The Haitian Revolution was a bloody one, as the slaves massacred the whites wherever they could find them, and the whites responded to kind to captured slave rebels.
		In 1794, during the Terror period of the French Revolution, the French radical leader Robespierre outlawed slavery in all French possessions as part of his effort to rationalize the French state and extend the principles of the Enlightenment to all Frenchmen.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/haiti.html (1067 words)

	Haiti: 200th anniversary of the Haitian revolution
		The revolution proved unable to deliver full national and social liberation; capitalism was still young and played a progressive role, and the working class – the only class capable of overthrowing class rule and running a new socialist society - barely existed anywhere.
		This is not an easy task given the defeats suffered by the Haitian masses and the immense levels of poverty and class oppression they face.
		Two hundred years after the Haitian revolution, the masses of that poor country can again be to the forefront of revolutionary movements.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2004/07/26haiti.html (1586 words)

	Haitian Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In looking at the revolution of the slaves from the colony of Saint Domingue, we must consider several different aspects that helped to create the atmosphere that was suitable enough for this revolution to take hold.
		This vast difference in numbers is not something without significance to the revolution, because it represented the apex of the discrepancy, and made the apparent balance of power seem less and less clear.
		The incredible Haitian Slave Revolt (1791-1804) was not far off in the distance, and while it was eventually sparked by the revolution that occurred in France in 1789, there were many other smaller tripwires that helped to push this already rowdy colony over the edge.
	www.trincoll.edu /~jgranum/final.htm (1445 words)

	ZNet \|Haiti \| The Haitian Revolution and Black History
		Elie asserts that the Haitian revolution was not only a momentous event for Haitians, but for people all over the world in demonstrating that freedom, not slavery, was the natural state of humankind.
		So, truly, for Haitians this is the 3rd century, not the 21st, because we had to start from scratch.
		When you speak of Haitian history as being one of the most violent in the world, this is complete hogwash.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=55&ItemID=9669 (3188 words)

	The Haitian Revolution - Toussaint Louverture leads his Army
		This is the time when the greatest hero of the Haitian Revolution emerged onto the scene, General Toussaint Louverture.
		His ability to organize and lead proved to be just what the Africans needed to push themselves into victory and his first move when he joined the revolution was to train a small military group to lead the masses.
		The English saw the revolution as an opportunity for regaining a foothold in the Western Hemisphere after being defeated in North America.
	www.emergingminds.org /articles/2004/jul04_haiti_pg2.html (928 words)

	The Haitian Revolution
		The Haitian Revolution was a remarkable phenomenon, which is of great importance for many people concerned with revolutionary class struggles, colonialism, fl history, Latin American and the Caribbean, particularly with the country of Haiti.
		Although much of the notable research on the Haitian Revolution was written in French, this pathfinder is limited to English language publications.
		Research about the Haitian Revolution is found in the literature of Haiti history and Latin American and the Caribbean.
	www.albany.edu /~js3980/haitian-revolution.html (3145 words)

	H-Net Review: Kevin D. Roberts on The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Haitian Revolution is one of the most shadowy events in the teaching of Latin American or Atlantic history, as we all recognize its importance but often base our knowledge on general conceptions rather than detailed analysis.
		To be sure, a handful of chapters summarize events of the revolution, but in thinking about how one might use this book in the classroom, or how it might open new avenues of research, I could not escape the need for an entire chapter on the actual revolution.
		Considering the arguments of the volume's contributors, Geggus assesses that the revolution's influence in most of these categories was, in his words, "diverse," "ambiguous," and even "contradictory." His ultimate conclusion that "the repercussions of Haiti's revolution were thus richly complex and varied" (p.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=227151076535147 (2052 words)

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