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Topic: Hakka (linguistics)

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	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Hakka (linguistics)
		Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese.
		The Hakka people have their origins in several episodes of migration from northern China into southern China during periods of war and civil unrest.
		For Meixian Hakka, the yin ping and qu tone characters exhibit sandhi when the following character is of a lower pitch than it is. The pitch of the yin ping tone changes from /44/ to /35/ when sandhi occurs.
	upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=hakka (1026 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hakka (linguistics)
		Hakka (Simplified Chinese: å®¢å®¶è¯, Traditional Chinese: å®¢å®¶è©±, Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, pinyin: KÃ¨jiÄhuÃ ) is a Chinese dialect/language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world.
		Hakka is not mutually intelligible with Mandarin, Cantonese, Minnan or most significant languages/dialects of China.
		The Hakka farmers were known to have used their feet while standing upright to pull weeds off rice paddies, as their cultural pride would not allow them to kneel and crawl on land belonging to the Manchus.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hakka-(linguistics) (1630 words)

	Facts about topic: (Hakka (linguistics)) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Hakka is one language (A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols) in the family of languages known as Chinese (Any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system).
		For instance, common vocabulary are found in Hakka, Min (Any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province) and Cantonese (The dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China) Chinese languages.
		The Hailu 海陸 Hakka dialect speakers found on Taiwan (A government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the communists led by Mao Zedong) originated from this region.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/hakka_(linguistics).htm (964 words)

	Hakka (linguistics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese.
		The Hakka people have their origins in several episodes of migration from northern China into southern China during periods of war and civil unrest.
		For Meixian Hakka, the yin ping and qu tone characters exhibit sandhi when the following character is of a lower pitch than it is. The pitch of the yin ping tone changes from /44/ to /35/ when sandhi occurs.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Hakka_(linguistics) (1225 words)

	Hakka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hakka (Chinese: 客家; pinyin: kèjiā, literal meaning "guest families") are a Han Chinese people whose ancestors are said to originate from around Henan and Shanxi in northern China over 2700 years ago.
		Hakka women never practiced foot binding and were known for their high academic achievement.
		Hakka people are also found in South Africa, Mauritius and the islands of the Carribean, particularly Jamaica.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hakka (1575 words)

	Hakka (linguistics) Summary
		Hakka languages are one of the seven major Chinese language groups (the others groups are Mandarin, Wu, Yue, Gan, Min, and Xiang).
		Hakka(Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Pronunciation in Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, Pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a spoken variation of the Chinese language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendan...
		Hakka and Hoklo originally were two main dialects in Taiwan.
	www.bookrags.com /Hakka_(linguistics) (164 words)

	Hakka at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Hakka (Chinese: 客家; pinyin: kèjiā, literal meaning "guest families") are a Han Chinese people whose ancestors are said to originate from around Henan and Shanxi in northern China over a millenia and a half ago.
		Hakka were active in the Taiping Rebellion led by the failed Qing scholar Hong Xiuquan who thought he was the brother of Jesus, and lead a following which formed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Taiping Tian Guo).
		Hakka (kèjihuà) is spoken in south eastern China, parts of Taiwan and in the New Territories of...
	www.springknow.com /Hakka.html (933 words)

	Hakka Languages History \| ema_02_package.xml
		The estimated population of the native Hakka dialect speakers in 1988 was 37 million.
		From 1850 to 1920, the Hakka and the indigenous population clashed, which contributed to the development of the well-known strong sense of ethnic and linguistic identity of the Hakka.
		Because the Hakka dialects share some common phonological features and lexical items with Gan, Yue, and Min (to a lesser degree), some scholars have argued that the Hakka dialect should be grouped with Gan to form a major Gan-Hakka group, while others prefer to assign the Hakka dialects to a different group.
	www.bookrags.com /history/hakka-languages-ema-02 (691 words)

	biology - Hakka (linguistics)
		Moreover, Hakka rimes exhibits the final stops found in Middle Chinese, namely [m, n, ŋ p t k] which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation.
		Further away from Meixian, the Hong Kong dialect lacks the [-u-] medial, so whereas Meixian dialect pronounces the character 光 as [kwɔŋ44], Hong Kong Hakka dialect pronounces it as [kɔŋ33], which is similar to the Hakka spoken in neighbouring Shenzhen.
		The Hailu 海陸 Hakka dialect speakers found on Taiwan originated from this region.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Hakka_(linguistics) (1023 words)

	Hakka language resources
		Hakka Research Institute Meizhou City, abounding in Hakka humane resources, is one of the major regions where the Hakka live in compact communities.
		Hakka was the first ruler of the famous kingdom of Vijayanagar, and Bukka, his brother, the second ruler.
		The spelling "Hakka" is derived from the pronunciation in Hakka dialect (pronounced as "haagga" in Hakka and...
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Hakka.html (1355 words)

	Pacific Linguistics New Books
		The Ninth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics and the Fifth International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics were both held...
		Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other materials concerned with languages of the Pacific, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Southeast Asia and minority languages of South and East Asia.
		The Pacific Linguistics Out of Print Catalogue is available as a PDF file.
	pacling.anu.edu.au (1095 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Linguistically, the situation is comparable to that of Romance languages, which are mutually unintelligible but all derive from Latin and so share many common underlying features.
		Most linguists classify all of the variations of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and believe that there was an original language, called Proto-Sino-Tibetan, similar to Indo-European languages Proto Indo-European, from which the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages descended.
		Chinese morphology (linguistics) morphology is strictly bound to a set number of syllables with a fairly rigid construction which are the morphemes, the smallest building blocks, of the language.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Chinese_language.html (6927 words)

	CHINESE LANGUAGE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		From a purely descriptive point of view, "languages" and "dialects" are simply arbitrary groups of similar idiolects, and the distinction is irrelevant to linguists who are only concerned with describing regional speeches scientifically.
		Most linguists classify all of the variations of Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language_family and believe that there was an original language, called Proto-Sino-Tibetan, similar to Proto Indo-European, from which the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages descended.
		However, the concept of ''cÃ'' was historically a technical linguistic term that until only the past century, the average Chinese speaker was not aware of.
	www.omnicellphone.com /Chinese_language (5622 words)

	Hakka (linguistics) bei eLexi - das Onlinelexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		PRC and the ROC), Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and other countries where Hakka Chinese migrants have settled.
		The Guangdong Ministry of Education created an official romanisation of Meixian Hakka dialect in 1960, one of four languages recieving this status in Guangdong.
		For Meixian Hakka, the Yin Ping and Qu tone characters suffer sandhi when the following character is of a lower pitch than it.
	www.elexi.de /en/h/ha/hakka__linguistics_.html (1176 words)

	Wikinfo \| Mandarin (linguistics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		The Gan and Hakka languages are grouped together, as the second of the seven.
		For example, the Mandarin spoken in Taiwan by students who speak Taiwanese (a dialect of Southern Min) or Hakka as their mother tongue is usually spoken with a grammar and accent that renders it different from the Kuoyu standard, creating a version of Mandarin commonly known as Taiwan Mandarin.
		In the 20th century, Chinese linguists proposed various transcription systems, one of which even introduced a whole new syllabic alphabet: the Zhuyin system.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Mandarin_(linguistics) (3208 words)

	The American Communication Association: Studies Center, Language and Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		LINGUIST is developing this searchable database of information about graduate and undergraduate linguistics programs throughout the world.
		The Department of Linguistics at Indiana University is one of the oldest linguistics departments in the United States.
		The Department of Linguistics offers programs of study leading to the B.A., M.A. and the Ph.D. Theoretical approaches in all areas of linguistics are emphasized, providing a thorough grounding in five core areas of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics and historical linguistics.
	www.uark.edu /~aca/studies/language.html (1565 words)

	Institute of Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		The purposes of linguistic research are to conduct in-depth explorations on the cultural, biological, and mathematical and physical universals of human languages and to develop new scientific knowledge to enrich human civilization.
		Linguistic Informatics: studies of the topography of linguistic variation, and linguistic communication inside and outside of community.
		Furthermore, the linguistic corpora and digital archives of Old Chinese, Modern Chinese, Taiwan Min and Formosan Languages have been established and open for use on line.
	www.ling.sinica.edu.tw /introduction.html (476 words)

	Hakka Dialect and Other Topics
		It has turned into an essay on Hakka and linguistics and there seems to be a number of loose ends to tie up yet.
		In Hakka, the first class of tones, Pin2, or level tone, has words which have a level tone in both a high and a low pitch, hence Pin tones have two subtypes, a high level tone, and a low level tone.
		Hakka -ia- can be thought of as -e- as well, rhyming with the english "bed", so ngiad4 can be nged4 (though there seems to be a slight glide before the e, hence ngied4), and ngian2 (year) is ngen2 or ngien2, tian2 (paddy field) is ten2 or tien2 etc....
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Pagoda/3847/sapienti/haklfaq.htm (4710 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.1844: Chinese Language/Linguistics
		Hakka was widely spoken in the rural area of Hong Kong before the city +developed into a metropolis after the seventies.
		Hakka is now restricted to remote settlements, old people and only in the family or village domain.
		The author's analysis shows that Hakka as spoken in Hong Kong is strongly affected by Cantonese, and almost every Hakka speaker is subject to with different degree of Cantonese influence.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/11/11-1844.html (816 words)

	Hakka - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-13)
		Hakka (Chinese: ??; pinyin: kčjia, literal meaning "guest families") are a Han Chinese people whose ancestors are said to originate from around Henan and Shanxi in northern China over 2700 years ago.
		Like their kin in Fujian, the Hakkas in the Xingning and Meixian area developed unique architectural styles, most notably the weilongwu (Chinese: ???, wéilóngwu) and sijiaolou (Chinese: ???, sějiaolóu).
		For example, in the Hakka language, the word "ho-ló-mŕ," literally "Hoklo girl," means mistress, and in the Hoklo language, the word "keh-hian," literally "Hakka guy," means a woman's partner in an affair.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Hakka (1583 words)

	Hakka_(linguistics) LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the language literally means "guest families" or "guest people": Ha å®¢ (Mandarin: kÃ¨) means "guest", and ka å®¶ (Mandarin: jia) means "family".
		A regular pattern of sound change can generally be detected in Hakka, as in most Chinese dialects, of the derivation of lexemes from earlier forms of Chinese.
		Like other southern Chinese languages, Hakka retains single syllable words from earlier stages of Chinese because it can differentiate a large number of working syllables by tone and rime.
	language.school-explorer.com /info/Hakka_(linguistics) (1367 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Hakka (linguistics)
		In modern Meixian Hakka however, part of the Yin Ping tone characters have sonorant initials
		, which is similar to the Hakka spoken in neighbouring Shenzhen.
		Currently the single largest work in Hakka is the New Testament and Psalms (1993, 1138 pp., see http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/chinesehakka.html), although that is expected to be surpassed soon by the publication of the Old Testament.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Hakka_(linguistics) (999 words)

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