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Topic: Hakka dialect

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Hakka language

Hakka (linguistics)

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Suzhou dialect

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Yue language

Hakka

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	Hakka (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a Chinese dialect/language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world.
		For Meixian Hakka, the yin ping and qu tone characters exhibit sandhi when the following character is of a lower pitch than it is. The pitch of the yin ping tone changes from /44/ to /35/ when sandhi occurs.
		However, there are dialects which have lost all of their Ru Sheng tones, and the characters originally of this tone class are distributed across the non-Ru tones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hakka_(linguistics) (1436 words)

	Hakka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hakka farmers were known to have used their feet while standing upright to pull weeds off rice paddies, as their cultural pride would not allow them to kneel and crawl on land belonging to the Manchus.
		Hakka people are now found in the southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, western Fujian, Jiangxi, southern Hunan, Guangxi, southern Guizhou, south eastern Sichuan, Hainan and Taiwan islands.
		Hakka were active in the Taiping Rebellion led by the failed Qing scholar Hong Xiuquan who thought he was the brother of Jesus, and led a following which formed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Taiping Tian Guo).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hakka (1579 words)

	Hakka (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese.
		Moreover, Hakka rimes exhibits the final stops found in Middle Chinese, namely [m, n, ŋ p t k] which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation.
		Further away from Meixian, the Hong Kong dialect lacks the [-u-] medial, so whereas Meixian dialect pronounces the character 光 as [kwɔŋ44], Hong Kong Hakka dialect pronounces it as [kɔŋ33], which is similar to the Hakka spoken in neighbouring Shenzhen.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Hakka_(linguistics) (1137 words)

	Hakka - An important element of Chinese culture
		The spelling "Hakka" is derived from the pronunciation in Hakka dialect (pronounced as "haagga" in Hakka and "kejia" in Mandarin).
		Hakka people are noted for their preservation of certain cultural characteristics that could be traced to pre-Qin period (about 2200 years ago) as expressed in the custom, foods, spoken language, etc.
		Hakka people are also known to be very adamant in defending their cultural heritage, which was the reason for their migration to flee from the "northern" influence at that time.
	www.asiawind.com /hakka (2284 words)

	ISCSLP 2002 Abstract: Gu / Li (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In this paper, using an existing pitch-contour model of a Chinese dialect (Mandarin here) to generate pitch-contour parameters for another dialect’s sentences (Hakka here) is studied.
		This approach is also useful for synthesizing speech of a weak dialect to help reserve it from disappearance.
		Syllable signals for Min-Nan are borrowed from the recorded Hakka syllables, and pitchcontour parameters are generated using the same approach.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/iscslp2002/clp2_049.html (245 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Three of the five major Hakka dialects, namely the Rao-ping, Dah-pu and Shao-an dialects, are on the verge of dying out in Taiwan as few people speak them.
		The first of the three proposed Hakka dialect teaching centers was formally inaugurated at Tunghsing Elementary School in the rural township of Lunpei in Yunlin County Wednesday in a ceremony presided over by CHA Vice Chairman Chuang Ching-hua.
		About 72 percent of the Hakka people surveyed said they are proud to be Hakka, although 46 percent said that they would not mention their ethnic origin without first being asked.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art5101.txt (795 words)

	History of chinese dialects - China History Forum, online chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hakka cannot be traced to late Shang, as the Yin-Shang Dynasty originated from Eastern China and not of the Central Plains region.
		The Hakka people also migrated south far later than 4th century, otherwise the established Sinitic Cantonese population wouldn't have called the Hakkas "Guest People." The Hakka language is closer to Mandarin than Cantonese or Middle Chinese, it doesn't have many elements that are found in older forms of Chinese.
		Actually according to the World Hakka Association,Hakka dialect can be traced back to as early as Spring and Autumn period or Warring States era.I don't believe that Hakka dialect originated around or after Song dynasty because some language scholars had already verified that it is closest to ancient rhyme of old central plains.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=835 (1721 words)

	Meizhou (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The standard dialect Hakka dialect is spoken here, the traditional Hakka culture is present.
		Hakkas are a unique ethnic group of Han Chinese originally from around the Yellow River area, later they migrated to the south to avoid the chaos created by wars centuries ago.
		Hakkas are among the most conservative keepers the tradition.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Meizhou (531 words)

	The Hakker Chinese preview
		Hakkas are a distinct group of people found in parts of the provinces of China including Guangdong (廣東省;), Jiangxi (江西省;), Guangxi (廣西省;), Fujian (福建省;), Hunan (湖南省;), Sichuan (四川省;) and Taiwan (台灣省).
		The main concentration of Hakkas is in the province of Guangdong.
		In Guangdong province, in some places which are partly populated by Hakkas they have settled on the higher lands, and they have been called "Chinese Highlanders" which is a misnomer because there are many Hakkas living in the plains as well as in the hilly districts.
	www.poseidonbooks.com /hakkabook.htm (2019 words)

	Language
		Hakka as one of the oldest Chinese dialects
		Hakka, Mandarin, and other Han dialects are monosyllabic languages distinct from the Altaic languages are multisyllable (as exemplified by Japanese).
		Hakka spoken language is the 32nd widest spoken language in the world.
	www.asiawind.com /hakka/language.htm (2798 words)

	Hakka Dialect and Other Topics
		In Hakka, the first class of tones, Pin2, or level tone, has words which have a level tone in both a high and a low pitch, hence Pin tones have two subtypes, a high level tone, and a low level tone.
		Hakka -ia- can be thought of as -e- as well, rhyming with the english "bed", so ngiad4 can be nged4 (though there seems to be a slight glide before the e, hence ngied4), and ngian2 (year) is ngen2 or ngien2, tian2 (paddy field) is ten2 or tien2 etc....
		The Hakka Dialect; A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon.
	www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk /sapienti/haklfaq.htm (4710 words)

	Numerals - SE Asian Readings of Characters
		In Hakka, the velar consonants endings in Cantonese manifest themselves as alvelors when preceeded by the consonant -i- consistently (eat C. sik, H. sit).
		In the FuZhou dialect, all -t and -p endings have gone to -k, (1, 7, 8, 10), a velar plosive, which demonstrates the gradual movement of the occlusive ending from being articulated at the lips (bilabial -p) to the teeth ridge (alveolar -t) and backwards to the palate (velar -k), an observation made by others.
		This observation is in contrast with Hakka, and its strength seem to lie in the fact that we take Mandarin as a dialect with no occlusive endings, a state which all dialects would supposedly progress to.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Pagoda/3847/sapienti/cjkvnum.htm (5340 words)

	The Hakkas
		However, like migrant communities worldwide, these refugee Hakkas had the resolution to prove themselves as a capable group, able to rise to the challenge and to achieve more than the indigenous population they found themselves in.
		Because the Hakkas were officials in the civil service or were army officers, the indigenous population were disinclined to refer to them as refugees.
		The peripatetic tendency of the Hakkas meant that they were unable to sprout deep roots in any one place.
	www.lyen.net /gpage7.html (517 words)

	Hakka (from Chinese languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Their origins remain obscure, but the people who became the Hakka are thought to have lived originally in Honan and Shansi provinces in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley.
		Mandarin Chinese is spoken in all of China north of the Yangtze River and in much of the rest of the country and is the native language of two-thirds of the population.
		Provides a history of this community, news, notes on the Hakka dialect, academic papers, informaion on the people and their houses, and comprehensive collection of links on Chinese culture.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-75034?tocId=75034 (835 words)

	Current Project - Lizzie Chen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hakka is the second largest Taiwanese ethnic group, and it is about 15% of the Taiwanese population.
		Every year there are around 500 music albums being released in Taiwan’s music market, but there are only less than 10 albums delivered via Hakka dialect.
		This documentary will lead you to the workd of Yen Chih-wen, who is one of the pioneers working on promoting Hakka culture through transforming traditional music into Hakka popular music.
	www.msu.edu /~chenyuf1/proj.html (101 words)

	Comparing Asian Nationalities \| Asian American Poll \| GoldSea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although Cantonese and Hakka saw each other as less Chinese, the fact is that their dialects and DNA are the closest to each other than to other Chinese groups.
		Hakka dialect is probably midway between Cantonese and Minnan (Fukien dialect).
		In a sense, both the Hakkas and Cantonese are "guest families and Yueh aboriginals." It is in their blood and language (both Han and Yueh).
	goldsea.com /Poll/Comparing/comparing_20708.html (7342 words)

	Chineselanguage.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chen, XJ (1993) Dongguan fangyan shuolue (A Brief Introduction on the Dongguan Dialect), Guangdong Renmin Press.
		Hakka Pinyim dictionary, The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, ISBN 962-201-750-9.
		MacIver, D., M.A. (1904), A Hakka Index to the Chinese-English Dictionary of Herbert A. Giles, LL.D. and to the Syllabic Dictionary of Chinese of S. Wells Williams, LL.D., American Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai.
	www.chinalanguage.com /cms/index.php?id=about (547 words)

	Research on Hakka - Especially On Hakka Dialects
		The stratum of r initial Changing to n in Hakka* dialects, in Xie and Li (eds.)
		On the disintegration of Tone C in Liancheng dialects
		An etymological study of stem as a measure word in dialects of west Fujian
	www.freewebs.com /hakkaresearch/mypapers.htm (224 words)

	Dylan's Hakka Homepage
		SaTdiuGok Hak Ga Va is a regional Hakka dialect of Chinese.
		Geographically the influence of this sub variety of the Hakka family spreads over the New Territories of what is now Hong Kong (SAR China), into the border regions of the ShenZen and Bao An Districts of GuangDong Province.
		There is a very large population of people from this area who are Hakka, that live overseas on nearly all the continents.
	www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk /sapienti/hakintro.htm (479 words)

	Konrad's Taiwanese Languages Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Japanese was the official language on Taiwan (Formosa) during the Japanese era of colonial rule (1895-1945).
		Many written and spoken dialects and languages are classified as Chinese languages.
		Mandarin Chinese is a dialect of Han language that was foreign to Taiwan until 1945, when the KMT forced Mandarin upon the Taiwanese under a ROC monolingual National Language Policy.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~oniows/taiwan/languages.html (442 words)

	Chinese Index
		The notes given in this section pertain to the Chinese languages, Mandarin, Wu, Yue, Hakka, Min, Gan and Xiang.
		The sounds are represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and where I am able, there are romanisation equivalents provided.
		, p.29, "The Hakka Dialect", Mantaro J. Hashimoto, 1973.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Pagoda/3847/chinese (600 words)

	TAIWANESE HAKKA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		All pronunciation of Honsii (Han characters) will be pronounced according to Hakka Taiwanese using Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabets (TLPA) except for those are well established words such Taiwan, Kwangtung etc. However, when a reference is cited, the author's original format is used.
		The Encarda encyclopedia also said "They differ from the Chinese in dress and customs and they speak a distinct dialect related to those of southern China." In the words of the author, it seems taht the Hakka are not Chinese.
		The above discussion about the special characters of Hakka is certainly much less prominent in Taiwanese Hakka in the modern era.
	home.i1.net /~alchu/hakka/toihak1.htm (207 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hashimoto, Mantaro J. The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax, and Lexicon.
		Phang Tet-siu (1994) Thai-ka Loi Hok Hak-fa (Everybody Learn Hakka).
		Any other relevant information: This is an update to an existing registration, adding an additional native name and additional references.
	www.iana.org /assignments/lang-tags/zh-hakka (73 words)

	Cheng & Tsui: A Chinese English Dictionary (Hakka Dialect), Chinese, Dictionary, Printed Matter
		Cheng & Tsui: A Chinese English Dictionary (Hakka Dialect), Chinese, Dictionary, Printed Matter
		Cheng & Tsui: A Chinese English Dictionary (Hakka Dialect)
		The standard reference in English to the Hakka Dialect is spoken throughout the chinese diaspora.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Products/101378.htm (271 words)

	Guest Writers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		How do you tell if a person is of LANNA descent?
		By dialect he/she uses, we cannot be sure since the person may have brought up in Chiangmai and thus speak the dialect.
		I notice that most people inside the temple are sitting with their legs to side and not in the cross legged manner like monks?
	thai-blogs.com /index.php?blog=7&...&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 (8740 words)

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