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Topic: Hakka language

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Hakka (linguistics)

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	Hakka (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a Chinese dialect/language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world.
		The Hakka people have their origins in several episodes of migration from northern China into southern China during periods of war and civil unrest.
		For Meixian Hakka, the yin ping and qu tone characters exhibit sandhi when the following character is of a lower pitch than it is. The pitch of the yin ping tone changes from /44/ to /35/ when sandhi occurs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hakka_(linguistics) (1436 words)

	Hakka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hakka farmers were known to have used their feet while standing upright to pull weeds off rice paddies, as their cultural pride would not allow them to kneel and crawl on land belonging to the Manchus.
		Hakka were active in the Taiping Rebellion led by the failed Qing scholar Hong Xiuquan who thought he was the brother of Jesus, and led a following which formed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Taiping Tian Guo).
		Hakka women never practiced foot binding and were known for their high academic achievement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hakka (1579 words)

	Hakka (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese.
		Moreover, Hakka rimes exhibits the final stops found in Middle Chinese, namely [m, n, ŋ p t k] which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation.
		Currently the single largest work in Hakka is the New Testament and Psalms (1993, 1138 pp., see [1] (http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/chinesehakka.html)), although that is expected to be surpassed soon by the publication of the Old Testament.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Hakka_(linguistics) (1137 words)

	Hakka (linguistics)
		Moreover, Hakka rimes exhibits the final stops found in Middle Chinese, namely (m, n, ŋ p t k) these are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation.
		In Taiwan, Hakka has been written in a Latin orthography, largely for religious texts, since at least the early 20th century.
		Currenly the single largest work in Hakka is the New Testament and Psalms (1993, 1138 pp., see [1]), although that is expected to be surpassed soon by the publication of the Old Testament.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/hakka__linguistics_ (1114 words)

	Hakka - An important element of Chinese culture
		The spelling "Hakka" is derived from the pronunciation in Hakka dialect (pronounced as "haagga" in Hakka and "kejia" in Mandarin).
		Hakka people are noted for their preservation of certain cultural characteristics that could be traced to pre-Qin period (about 2200 years ago) as expressed in the custom, foods, spoken language, etc.
		Hakka people are also known to be very adamant in defending their cultural heritage, which was the reason for their migration to flee from the "northern" influence at that time.
	www.asiawind.com /hakka (2284 words)

	Related Topics: Non-legal Considerations: Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Hakka is of Altaic origin with sinicized adoption of Chinese characters as the means of written communication.
		The political suppression of the Hakka language has been so effective in the media, especially television, that a number of Hakka youth are unable to speak their mother tongue.
		Secondly, Hakka children must have the opportunity to learn their language in school as a means of communication.
	www.taiwandocuments.org /language.htm (874 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Talk:Hakka (linguistics)
		In cases of different languages, the changes have gone so far that there is no longer a systematic relationship between most words in the two languages.
		Similarly, Norwegian, Swedish and Danish are largely comprehensible to speakers of any of those languages, but they're called 'languages' because Norway, Denmark and Sweden are separate countries who have an interest in having their speech be a language of its own.
		The language most people speak south of Kaohsiung is commonly known as "Taiwanese", and the guest-families language is usually called "Hakka" (though this doesn't really match the pronunciation in Hakka or Mandarin).
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Talk:Hakka_%28linguistics%29 (1259 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		As a result, the languages of our indigenous people are effectively now in the emergency room to preserve their existence, Hakka is under intensive care, and Hokhlok or Minnan language, commonly called "Taiwanese," is now receiving treatment in the language hospital.
		Hakka people are very modest and do not readily express emotions, but their eyes are very clear and know in their hearts what happened in the past.
		In the 1980s, Hakka intellectuals called for efforts to revive the Hakka language, the formation of a Hakka television station and a Hakka college as well as the passage of a language equality law, but the KMT did none of these things and did not let anyone else do them either.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art3234.txt (1414 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The first of the three proposed Hakka dialect teaching centers was formally inaugurated at Tunghsing Elementary School in the rural township of Lunpei in Yunlin County Wednesday in a ceremony presided over by CHA Vice Chairman Chuang Ching-hua.
		About 72 percent of the Hakka people surveyed said they are proud to be Hakka, although 46 percent said that they would not mention their ethnic origin without first being asked.
		The Hakka people, whose ancestors originated in central China more than 1,000 years ago, have been scattered around the world since the early 19th century due to their trademark characteristics of hard-work and perseverance.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art5101.txt (795 words)

	History of chinese dialects - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		The common language was often used by the imperial court and in the capital.
		Hakka cannot be traced to late Shang, as the Yin-Shang Dynasty originated from Eastern China and not of the Central Plains region.
		The Hakka people also migrated south far later than 4th century, otherwise the established Sinitic Cantonese population wouldn't have called the Hakkas "Guest People." The Hakka language is closer to Mandarin than Cantonese or Middle Chinese, it doesn't have many elements that are found in older forms of Chinese.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=835 (1721 words)

	Brief introduction to the Hakka and their language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Hakka (Kejia in Mandarin) means 'guest' or 'strangers', given to them during the Song dynasty (960-1279 A.D.) or later to distinguish them between local inhabitants and migrant northerners.
		Uptill the last century, Hakka people were very keen on the preservation of their culture, traced to pre-Qin period, as expressed in the spoken language, custom, and food (e.g Hakka were the only group where women did not bind their feet).
		The Hakka dialects are one of the oldest languages of China and constitute one of the seven major language groups of Chinese.
	www.chinalanguage.com /Language/Hakka/Survival/Grammar/intro.html (539 words)

	Hakka language resources
		Hakka immigrants, from southeastern China and who account for some 15 percent of the 23 million population, fear for their language despite arriving at about...
		Hakka spoken language is the 32nd widest spoken language in the world.
		The Hakka language, The Hakka dialects are one of the oldest languages of China and constitute one of the seven major language groups of Chinese.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Hakka.html (813 words)

	TAIWANESE HAKKA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		They said the origins of Hakka are unknown and the most common opinion is that they moved from northern or central China in stages whenever population pressures demanded or during periods of frequent warfare.
		The Hakka were called this when they began migrating into Yue-speaking territory, and the exotic name seems to have stuck quite simply because, until fairly recently, many Cantonese and Min mistakenly thought that the Hakka were not Chinese at all, but rather some kind of strange non-Han "barbarians" like the Tai or the Miao.
		If the Hakka language is not established in the new area, then immigrants disappeared and adopted the new identity of the ethnic group of other language.
	home.i1.net /~alchu/hakka/toihakka.htm (3931 words)

	AsiaMedia :: Story, Print Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) yesterday launched its first televised Hakka camapign advertisement highlighting the DPP administration's efforts to preserve the language and cultural assets of the Hakka people, who have been showing weak support for the party and are deemed a crucial element for the DPP's electoral prospects.
		Hakka is considered a minority language and according to statistics from the Council for Hakka Affairs, less than 10 percent of Hakka teenagers can speak fluent Hakka.
		Chung said the idea of setting up a Hakka TV station had been initiated during the premiership of KMT Chairman Lien Chan and that other pro-Hakka projects for which the DPP takes credit, including the establishment of the Council for Hakka Affairs, were the result of the joint efforts of parties across political lines.
	www.asiamedia.ucla.edu /print.asp?parentid=7039 (538 words)

	Seminar looks at Hakka culture, language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		He said that Hakka TV should present a Hakka contact window to others and it should also be a platform for the presentation of contemporary Hakka culture.
		Fan said that when he got in touch with a few young people who were interested in working with Hakka images last month, he found that their impressions about the Hakka were still mostly "negative" and "vague," similar to the typical viewpoints other groups had about these people.
		He mentioned that during the Ching dynasty the government saw that the Hakka people were strong and they would solicit their cooperation to suppress rebellions from the Hokkien quarter.
	www.taiwanheadlines.org /20030804/20030804s2.html (723 words)

	Hakka language (NewsAttic.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		According to the source below, Hakka language had been used as common language since long time ago before mandarin (beijing hua) has replaced it in Qing dynasty.
		Whether Hakka tongue should be called a dialect or language is still a question.
		It is believed to be the official tongue for the Middle Kingdom prior to the immigration of the northern tribes of Xiongnu, Turkistan, Liao2, Jin1, Yuan2, and Manchurian.
	www.browsenews.com /d/hl/hakka_language.html (156 words)

	Chinese Language (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		This extreme high homophony (equal sounds) in Chinese language comes from the simplification of the language in shape of the governmental official's language (guanhua å®è©±, in portuguese called Mandarin) that developed during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in the northern capital in Peking.
		The problem in reconstructing old Chinese language is that we do know how words were written, but because Chinese script is not a sound script (at least not in general) but a symbolic script, we do know nothing about the pronunciation of the old words.
		As a monosyllabic (one word is one syllable), non-flecting language (there exists no verbal conjugation or noun declination), a character script is very suitable for Chinese language.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /Literature/language.html (3800 words)

	Hakka
		Hakka (kèjiāhuà) is spoken in south eastern China, parts of Taiwan and in the New Territories of Hong Kong.
		There are also significant communities of Hakka speakers in such countries as the USA, French Guiana, Mauritius and the UK.
		Cantonese, Dungan, Gan, Hakka, Mandarin, Shanghainese, Taiwanese, Teochew, Xiang
	www.omniglot.com /writing/hakka.htm (239 words)

	Language
		Hakka as one of the oldest Chinese dialects
		Hakka, Mandarin, and other Han dialects are monosyllabic languages distinct from the Altaic languages are multisyllable (as exemplified by Japanese).
		Hakka "has the same initial consonants, final consonents, and syllabic nasals as Standard Cantonese; the vowels are close to Modern Standard Chinese [Mandarin].
	www.asiawind.com /hakka/language.htm (2798 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The 30 million Hakka are part of the Han Chinese, a majority people group in China.
		The Hakka are particularly known for their love of folk songs that include themes of hard work, poverty, love, and relationships.
		The Hakka build ancestral halls, where their ancestors are represented by individual "soul tablets" placed on the altar.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code/981.html (758 words)

	Asia Times Online - News from greater China; Hong Kong and Taiwan
		The word "Taiwanese" in fact is rather misleading in its common application because at times it is used to mean "non-mainlander", while in other instances it refers to one of Taiwan's principal ethnic groups prior to 1945, when the island was freed from Japanese control.
		The Hakka probably account for another 15 percent of Taiwan's population, and their relations with the Hoklo have always been fraught: communal fighting over land ownership was endemic between the two groups until the Japanese takeover of Taiwan in 1895.
		However, in its early years the DPP often appeared to be a party of chauvinistic Hoklo nationalism, so minority fears, such as those of the Hakka and the mainlanders, are not without foundation, nor are they manufactured by the pan-blues.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/FC03Ad04.html (2154 words)

	Konrad's Taiwanese Languages Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		His research interests are: Taiwanese linguistics, sociolinguistics, cultural anthropology, language planning, language, gender, ethnic group, and nationalism, the de-Sinicization in east Asia, post-colonial studies, writing systems of the world.
		Japanese was the official language on Taiwan (Formosa) during the Japanese era of colonial rule (1895-1945).
		Mandarin Chinese is a dialect of Han language that was foreign to Taiwan until 1945, when the KMT forced Mandarin upon the Taiwanese under a ROC monolingual National Language Policy.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~oniows/taiwan/languages.html (442 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This dictionary aims to include all major aspects of the Hakka language in everyday speech, and this will include terms which are slang, borrowings from other languages, and exclamations which may be of foul language, everyday sayings, etc. As such, it is intended to be a record of the Hakka language.
		There is also Thomas Chin's excellent character dictionary which gives Hakka (also Cantonese, Mandarin, Sino-Japanese, and Sino-Korean) pronunciation to characters, but there are words which are composed of two or more characters, and some items of Hakka vocabulary may not necessarily have characters for themselves.
		It is a spoken language first and foremost, and I feel that a consistent romanisation such as the one presented is adequate to account for the way the language is spoken by myself and my nearest and dearest.
	www.dylanwhs.ukgateway.net /dict/more.htm (466 words)

	Taipei elementary school makes Hakka language fun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The "morning invitation" time before regular school hours is also used for instruction in Hakka language by teachers and the parents of students, with Hakka being incorporated into the teaching of various other subjects.
		During Wednesday's Hakka language observation activities, students wore pointed bamboo farmers' hats, and carried shoulder poles to get a taste of the industrious spirit infusing rural Hakka life.
		The Taipei City Hakka Language Instruction Conference held at Kuting Elementary School on Wednesday featured an address by Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou, who the students welcomed with a Hakka song.
	www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw /20020425/20020425s3.html (320 words)

	Hakka Dialect and Other Topics
		The idea of using rhymes has lead the scholars in the past to use one character in each of the four basic tone types to represent a rhyme sound that could be compared to all words which had the same rhyme and tone.
		In Hakka, the first class of tones, Pin2, or level tone, has words which have a level tone in both a high and a low pitch, hence Pin tones have two subtypes, a high level tone, and a low level tone.
		Hakka -ia- can be thought of as -e- as well, rhyming with the english "bed", so ngiad4 can be nged4 (though there seems to be a slight glide before the e, hence ngied4), and ngian2 (year) is ngen2 or ngien2, tian2 (paddy field) is ten2 or tien2 etc....
	www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk /sapienti/haklfaq.htm (4710 words)

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