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Topic: Hakra River

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Ghaggar River

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Vedic Saraswati River

Saraswati River

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	Sarasvati River Information
		The Sarasvati River is an ancient river that is mentioned in Hindu texts and one of the chief Rigvedic rivers.
		Sarasvati is mentioned both as the chief of the Sapta Sindhu, the seven holy rivers of the early Rigveda, and listed in the geographical list of ten rivers in the Nadistuti sukta of the late Rigveda, and it is the only river with hymns entirely dedicated to it, RV 6.61, 7.95 and 7.96.
		The Sarasvati by this time had become a mythical 'disappeared' river, and the name was transferred to the Ghaggar which disappeared in the desert, which under the influence of the early hymns was made into an invisible river joining the Gangu and Yamuna.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Sarasvati_River (2896 words)

	Sarasvati River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Saraswati River (Sanskrit: सरस्वती नदी) is an ancient river that is mentioned in Hindu texts and one of the chief Rigvedic rivers.
		Saraswati is mentioned both as the chief of the Sapta Sindhu, the seven holy rivers of the early Rigveda, and listed in the geographical list of ten rivers in the Nadistuti sukta of the late Rigveda, and it is the only river with hymns entirely dedicated to it, RV 6.61, 7.95 and 7.96.
		Yajurveda 34.11 says: "The five equally celebrated rivers, merged with the mighty Saraswati The same Saraswati got (divided)into five glorified flows in the country." The commentator Uvat wrote that the five tributaries of the Saraswati were the Punjab rivers Drishadvati, Satudri (Sutlej), Chandrabhaga (Chenab), Vipasa (Vyas) and the Iravati (Ravi).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vedic_Sarasvati_River (3027 words)

	Ghaggar-Hakra River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The wide river bed of the Ghaggar river suggest that the river once flowed in great strength, and that it formerly continued through eastern Pakistan in the presently dry channel of the Hakra River, possibly emptying into the Rann of Kutch.
		The Hakra is the dried-out channel of a river in Pakistan that until about 2000 BC - 1500 BC was the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India.
		The disappearance of the river may have been caused by earthquakes which may have led to the redirection of its tributaries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hakra_River (1948 words)

	Indus River Information
		The IVC was extended from Balochistan to Gujarat, with an upward reach to the Punjab from east of River Jhelum to Rupar on the upper Sutlej.
		The population of fishes in the river is moderate, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres - all in the lower Sindh course.
		The river is also sacred for Hindus in both India and Pakistan, and India's control of the river in its Kashmir course has created conflict for the use of the river's resources between the two nations.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Indus_River (2393 words)

	Hakra River
		The Hakra is the dried-out channel of a river in Pakistan that until about 2000 BC - 1500 BC was the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India.
		Many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilisation have been found along the Ghaggar and Hakra rivers.
		The rivers are often identified as the Vedic Saraswati River.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ha/Hakra_River.html (54 words)

	Saraswati - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Next, the river flowed southwest across the Punjab and Haryana regions along the course of the modern Ghaggar-Hakra River in a pathway roughly parallel to the smaller Indus River to its west.
		In the post-Vedic age, She began to lose her status as a river goddess and became increasingly associated with literature, arts, music, etc. Her name literally means "the one who flows", which apparently was applied to thoughts, words, or the flow of a river (in Sanskrit: "dhaara-pravaah").
		She is the only goddess to be worshipped equally by all the gods, the Asuras (demons), the gandharvas (the divine musicians), and the nagas (the divine serpents).
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Vaak (1719 words)

	Ghaggar River
		The Ghaggar is a seasonal river in India, flowing when water is available from monsoon rains.
		Until about 2000 BC - 1500 BC, the river was much larger, taking water from other nearby rivers that now flow into the Indus.
		The dried-out channel of the river continues into Pakistan where it is known as the Hakra River.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gh/Ghaggar_River.html (119 words)

	[No title]
		The changes in the courses of two of these rivers, together with the drying up of the Hakra, Wahindah, or Bahindah were so considerable that they reduced a vast extent of once fruitful country to a howl ing wilderness, and thus several flourishing cities and towns became ruined or deserted by their inhabitants...
		Sutlaj was a tributary of the Hakra or Wahindah...
		The river Sarasat unites with the ocean to the east of Suminath.
	www.geocities.com /ravi_sans/indus_sarasvati.htm (8280 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Indus Valley Civilization extended from Balochistan to Gujarat, with an upward reach to Punjab from east of the river Jhelum to Rupar on the upper Sutlej.
		Dry river beds overlap with the Hakra channel in Pakistan and the seasonal Ghaggar River in India.
		Certain scholars propose that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and suggest that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rigveda.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4480 words)

	Sarasvati River: Ancient courses in Sindh, Rann of Kutch and Gujarat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The river Sarasat unites with the ocean to the east of Suminath.
		Hakra and Nara were the bed of the mythical Sarasvati which was fed by the Ghaggar and by the source river of the present Sutlej before the old Sutlej lost its hydrographic independence and became a tributary of the Indus.
		Hakra and Nara are an earlier course of the Indus, the Indus has migrated to the west and left this course.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/kach/rannofkutch1.html (13089 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ghaggar-Hakra River
		The Ghaggar-Hakra River is an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows opnly during the monsoon season.
		The Ghaggar is an intermittent river in India, flowing during the monsoon rains.
		The wide river bed of the Ghaggar river suggest that the river once flowed full of water, and that it formerly continued through the entire region, in the presently dry channel of the Hakra River, possibly emptying into the Rann of Kutch.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_River (1534 words)

	Saraswati – the ancient river lost in the desert
		Judged in the broader perspective of geological evolution, disappearance or disintegration of rivers, shifting of their courses, capture of one river by another (river piracy), steady decline of waters culminating in drying up of their beds, are all normal responses to tectonism (uplift, faulting, subsidence, tilting), earthquakes, adverse climate and other natural events.
		A few of the south Indian rivers like the east-flowing Pennar, Palar and Cauvery draining into the Bay of Bengal and west-flowing Swarna, Netravathi and Gurupur draining into the Arabian Sea are known to have changed their courses or got dismembered due to uplift of land.
		Mainly, Indus and Saraswati, were the two major river systems of northwestern India during the Vedic period but the network of their tributaries, some of which are known to have deviated from their initial course or become non-existent today, have given scope for grouping these rivers into convenient classifications.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/oct25/articles20.htm (4076 words)

	The Saraswati - Where lies the mystery
		Some experts consider these two rivers as a single river whereas others consider the upper course of the Saraswati as Ghaggar and the lower course as the Hakra River, while some others call the Saraswati of the weak and declining stage as the Ghaggar.
		The diversion of the river water through separation of its tributaries led to the conversion of the river as disconnected lakes and pools; ultimately it was reduced to a dry channel bed.
		It is found that the course of the river Saraswati in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan is clearly highlighted in the LANDSAT imagery by the vegetation cover thriving on the rich residual loamy soil along its earlier course.
	www.gsbkerala.com /saraswati.htm (1371 words)

	Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization (c. 3000 B.C.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The changes in the courses of two of these rivers, together with the drying up of the Hakra, Wahindah, or Bahindah were so considerable that they reduced a vast extent of once fruitful country to a howling wilderness, and thus several flourishing cities and towns became ruined or deserted by their inhabitants...
		Sutlaj was a tributary of the Hakra or Wahindah...
		This last named river is, of course, the Saraswati, which falls into he sea near Pattan Som-nath, not the classical river, the tributary of the Ghag-ghar, described farther on, the sacred river of the Brahmans...
	www.ucl.ac.uk /~ucgadkw/members/indus.html (9911 words)

	Indus River information - Search.com
		The Indus River in Northern Areas of Pakistan, near the rock Aornus.
		The Indus, known in Sanskrit as the Sindhu and in Tibetan as the Sengge Chu ('Lion River'), and in Urdu as Darya-e-Sindh, is the longest and one of the most important rivers in South Asia.
		The Indus River Dolphin is a sub-species of Dolphins found only in the Indus River.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Indus_River (2427 words)

	Sarasvati Sindhu Civilisation - Dr.S.Kalyanaraman
		Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization flourished circa 3000 to 1700 BC on the river valleys of Indus and Sarasvati rivers.
		The changes in the courses of two of these rivers, together with the drying up of the Hakra, Wahindah, or Bahindah were so considerable that they reduced a vast extent of once fruitful country to a howling wilderness, and thus several flourishing cities and towns became ruined or deserted by their inhabitants...
		This last named river is, of course, the Saraswati, which falls into he sea near Pattan Som-nath, not the classical river, the tributary of the Ghag-ghar, described farther on, the sacred river of the Brahmans...
	www.tamilnation.org /heritage/saraswathi.htm (9949 words)

	Saraswati
		The Sarasvati river is often identified with the Ghaggar-Hakra River which dries up in the Thar desert.
		In the post-Vedic age, She began to lose her status as a river goddess and was increasingly associated with literature, arts, music, etc. Her name literally means the one who flows, which can be applied to thoughts, words, or the flow of a river (in Sanskrit: "dhaara-pravaah").
		She is usually depicted near a flowing river, which may be related to her early origins as a water goddess.
	www.thaiexotictreasures.com /saraswati.html (1174 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The dried-up river beds overlap with the Hakra channel in Pakistan, and the seasonal Ghaggar river in India.
		A section of scholars claim that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and propose that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rig Veda.
		Most archeologists dispute this view, arguing that the old and dry river died out during the mesolithic age at the latest, and was reduced to a seasonal stream long before the Vedic period.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiadailylife.html (3348 words)

	Cholistan
		The desert was under perennial regular irrigated cultivation till 1200 B C and under seasonal regular irrigated cultivation till about 600 B C. The area turned into arid and desolate desert with drying up of River Hakra.
		This vast and arid piece of land was once an irrigation land and it was fed by the mighty Hacra River, whose dry bed is now home to the Cholistani people.
		The 400 uncovered archaeological sites along the dried up bed of this river is the indication that this area was lived in by many ancient civilisations.
	www.world66.com /alt/xhtml/asia/southasia/pakistan/cholistan (685 words)

	Sarasvati River: Maps and Images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pushkar; Rajasthan: Sarasvati River, Tributary of Luni River.
		Map: Ancient Sarasvati river draining beyond Rann of Kutch, through Little Rann and Nal Lake into Gulf of Khambat (Nal Lake expands, during monsoon, into Little Rann and into Gulf of Khambat, cutting off the peninsula of Saurashtra from, Ahmedabad (S.R.Rao, Lothal Report; Gazetteers).
		Satellite composite: The white patch in NW India is the semi-arid zone, which is the Sarasvati River Basin Project Area (Satellite image from European Space Agency).
	www.hindunet.org /hindu_history/sarasvati/sarasvati_river/images.html (517 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization
		There is evidence of dry river beds overlapping with the Hakra channel in Pakistan and the seasonal Ghaggar River in India.
		It is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley to the west, and predates the Kot Diji Phase (2800-2600 BCE, Harappan 2), named after a site in northern Sindh, Pakistan, near Mohenjo Daro.
		It should be noted that only the easternmost section of the Indus Civilisation people could build their lives around the monsoon, a weather pattern in which the bulk of a year's rainfall occurs in a four-month period; others had to depend on the seasonal flooding of rivers caused by snow melt at high elevations.
	en.explicatus.org /wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4400 words)

	INDUS VALLEY: 1
		Harappan urban settlements were distinguished from that of the other civilizations by their uniformity of architecture, town planning, and crafts.
		The most intensive concentration of settlement lay along the Ghaggar-Hakra river with settlement thinning towards the peripheries of the Indus region where walled towns were located.
		During the Mature Harappan period the Indus Valley Civilization was in close trading contact with Mesopotamia via overland routes across the Iranian Plateau and by sea up the Arabian Sea coast and the Persian Gulf.
	www.unm.edu /~gbawden/328-ind1/328-ind1.htm (1229 words)

	IMAGINING RIVER SARASVATI
		Indeed, "the ebb and flow of the ancient Sarasvati river determined the fate of the Harappan Civilization".
		Yet her ‘seven sisters’ are treated as recalling the sapta sindhavah, the ‘Seven Rivers’, of frequent occurrence in the Rigveda, referring obviously to the Indus and her tributaries.
		The possibility cannot, of course, be excluded that remains of large numbers of chalcolithic settlements on the floodplains of the great rivers have simply been washed away, a fate that remains of similar settlements on the Hakra have escaped.
	members.tripod.com /ahsaligarh/river.htm (8990 words)

	Ancient Indus Saraswati Civilization
		Harappa was settled before what we call the ancient Indus civilization flourished, and it remains a living town today.
		This was the ancient Saraswati-Ghaggar-Hakra River (which some scholars associate with the Saraswati River of the Rg Veda).
		Many more new facts and theories will be published here in the coming years, for we are only at the beginning of what are likely to be a long series of exciting future discoveries in the Indus and Saraswati river basin.
	www.harappa.com /har/har1.html (746 words)

	Ghaggar-Hakra and Indus-Saraswati civilization (varnam)
		Archaeologists knew that these towns could not survive in the desert and satellite images have now shown that in what is now Thar Desert, once traversed a river with its own fertile banks[2].
		This may be interpreted either as a river or an inland delta in the area around Derawar.
		By the time of the Painted Grey Ware period (ca 1200–500 cal BC) the river must have been dry, because several sites of this period are found in river bed contexts.
	varnam.org /blog/archives/2006/09/ghaggar-hakra_and_indus-saraswati_civilization.php (455 words)

	The Indus Valley
		Except in outposts and in its most remote colonies, Indus Valley cities were all built of baked-brick blocks with a standard proportion of length to width to thickness of 4:2:1.
		Mohenjo-daro is situated along the west bank of the Indus River while Harappa is located 640 km northeast of Mohenjo-daro.
		Southwest of Kalibangan along the same bed of the ancient Ghaggar-Hakra River, several more cities have been discovered, indicating that at the height of the Indus civilization multiple regional centers may have been built according to a standard plan.
	members.tripod.com /thorbloodaxe/indus_valley_civilization.htm (600 words)

	Amazon.com: "Hakra River": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Saraswati (or Ghaggar-Hakra) river ran parallel to the Indus,...
		The desert nomads always dug J their tobas in the clay depressions along the bed of the ancient Hakra River,...
		Compared to the Nile, the Indus River, and probably the Ghaggar-Hakra River as well, were relatively unpredictable, with great annual fluctuations in their volume and course.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Hakra-River (603 words)

	Development work helping Tharis to quench thirst
		“There is a legend that Saraswati River passed from here in ancient times and we are in fact drinking freshwater from that river,” says Mohammad Siddique, 50, a resident of the village.
		Most scholars agree that at least some of the references to the Saraswati in the Rigveda refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River, while the Helmand is often quoted as the locus of the early Rigvedic river.
		The goddess Saraswati was originally a personification of this river, and later developed an identity and meaning independently from the river.
	www.thenews.com.pk /daily_detail.asp?id=44340 (764 words)

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