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Topic: Halabja poison gas attack

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	Halabja poison gas attack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Halabja poison gas attack was an incident on 15 March-19 March 1988 during a major battle in the Iran-Iraq war when chemical weapons were used by the Iraqi government forces to kill a number of people in the Iraqi Kurdish town of Halabja (population 80,000).
		Halabja is located about 150 miles northeast of Baghdad and 8-10 miles from the Iranian border.
		The poison gas attack on the Iraqi town of Halabja was the largest-scale chemical weapons (CW) attack against a civilian population in modern times.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack (1475 words)

	Halabja - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was the site of the Halabja poison gas attack and later a total destruction after the ground re-occupation by Saddam Hussein's forces during the Iran-Iraq Warin 1988, and is a stronghold of the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan.
		In the mountains to the East of Halabja the armed Islamists of the Ansar al-Islam occupied a small enclave in the period 2000 - 2003.
		The Dutch court ruled that Saddam committed genocide against the people of Halabja, which was the first time a court described the use of chemical weapons against the people of Halabja as genocide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Halabja (310 words)

	poison gas on Encyclopedia.com
		POISON GAS [poison gas] any of various gases sometimes used in warfare or riot control because of their poisonous or corrosive nature.
		However, except for the use of poison gas by the Italians in the war against Ethiopia (1935-36) and by the Japanese against Chinese guerrillas (1937-42), poison gas was not employed in warfare after World War I out of fear of retribution, even though the military powers of the world continued to develop new gases.
		Poison gas was used in the Iran-Iraq War, and Iraq has used poison gas on its own civilians, in particular the Kurds.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p1/poisonga.asp (397 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Halabja poison gas attack
		The Halabja poison gas attack was an incident on 15 March-19 March 1988 during a major battle in the Iran-Iraq war when chemical weapons were used, allegedly by Iraqi government forces, to kill a number of people in the Iraqi Kurdish town of Halabja (population 80,000).
		Halabja is located about 150 miles northeast of Baghdad and 8-10 miles from the Iranian border.Most current accounts of the incident regard Iraq as the party responsible for the gas attack, which occurred during the Iran-Iraq War.
		Thus, while some facts surrounding the incident remain murky, most evidence and analyses indicate that the gas attack was an Iraqi attack on Iranian forces, pro-Iranian Kurdish forces and Halabja's citizens during one of the major battles of the Iran-Iraq War.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Halabja_poison_gas_attack (987 words)

	Poison gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Poison gas is a form of chemical weapon.
		The most famous of poison gases is Mustard gas.
		There was use of poison gas in World War I.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /p/po/poison_gas.html (48 words)

	Search: Halabja - FOX News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Halabja poison gas attack was an incident on 15 March-19 March 1988 during a major battle...
		Halabja is a small town in the northern province of Sulaymaniya (about 260 kilometres north-east of the city of Baghdad).
		Halabja poison gas massacre Halabja, Northern Iraq - March 16, 1988 close to the end of the Iraq - Iran war...
	search.foxnews.com /_1_292WTI804BFI26L__info.foxnws/search/web/Halabja (539 words)

	Kurd Poison Gas Victims Demand Death for Saddam
		HALABJA, Iraq, July 3 (Reuters) - Kamil Qadir, lungs wrecked by a poison gas attack on Halabja 16 years ago, sat glued to his television to watch Iraq's Saddam Hussein in the dock for that and other atrocities committed during 35 years of Baathist rule.
		Saddam appeared to shrug off responsibility when the Halabja attack was listed at Thursday's hearing among charges that could lead to a formal indictment for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
		Halabja residents worry that Saddam might escape the death sentence, a penalty which many view as insufficient.
	www.wadinet.de /news/iraq/nw2456_victims.htm (722 words)

	The 1988 Chemical Weapons Attack on Halabja, Iraq - Promotion
		I have recently witnessed the long-term effects of the chemical weapons attack on the large civilian population in Northern Iraq, in the town of Halabja.
		Halabja was a bustling city in Northern Iraq with a population that was predominantly Kurdish and had sympathized with Iran during the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s.
		However, the scale and intensity of the chemical campaign against Halabja was entirely different?this was the first time that chemical weapons had been used on a major civilian population of this size.
	www.terrorismcentral.com /Library/Teasers/ChemIraq.html (1740 words)

	Community Introduction
		Halabja remained a stronghold for Iranian troops and Kurdish guerrillas throughout the length of the war and the Ba’ath regime retaliated with harsh ruthlessness; making Halabja infamous as “the largest case of targeting civilian populations with chemical weapons in the world”
		This savage attack prompted many of our neighbors and families to hid in their basements, not knowing that the attack was chemical.
		The chemical attack bore witness to our selfless nature, for example, one resident chose to inject his neighbor with a antidote for the chemical attack rather than injecting himself or his wife, simply because the neighbor was in more pain.
	bss.sfsu.edu /nfwatts/PLSI250Halabjacommintro.htm (1995 words)

	Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds? (Human Rights Watch Report, March 11, 1991)
		The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million Kurdish population.
		What distinguished Halabja from previous, unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage in the captured town.
		According to the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in the immediate area had ceased.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1991/IRAQ913.htm (13683 words)

	Anniversary of the Halabja Massacre
		Saddam Hussein's chemical weapons attack on Halabja was not an isolated incident.
		We are working towards the day when those ultimately responsible for the decision to order the poison gas bombardment of Halabja can be brought to justice before an international tribunal, in a free and democratic Iraq, or wherever they may be found.
		As we remember Halabja, we wish to reaffirm to ourselves and the international community that Saddam Hussein’s regime must never be permitted to rebuild its programs for the development of weapons of mass destruction.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/prs/ps/2001/1322.htm (271 words)

	Powell in Halabja to honour victims of 1988 gas attack
		HALABJA, Iraq, Sept 15 (AFP) - US Secretary of State Colin Powell flew into the Kurdish town of Halabja Monday to meet local officials and honour the thousands of Kurds gassed by former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein's forces in 1988.
		The secretary of state was welcomed in Halabja, 130 kilometres (80 miles) east of Kirkuk, by Jalal Talabani, leader of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and Massoud Barzani, chief of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, which share power in the region.
		He was later due to meet a delegation of 600 relatives of those massacred in the 1988 gas attack, attend the unveiling of a memorial to the tragedy and visit a mass grave.
	quickstart.clari.net /qs_se/webnews/wed/au/Qiraq-us-powell-kurds.R19J_DSF.html (495 words)

	Chemical warfare - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Image:Mc-1 gas bomb.png Thermal dissemination is the use of explosives or pyrotechnics to deliver chemical agents.
		Before 1915 the use of poisonous chemicals in battle was typically the result of local initiative, and not the result of an active government chemical weapons program.
		I am strongly in favour of using poison gas against uncivilised tribes." [1] Opposition to the use of gas and technical difficulties may have prevented the gas from being used in Mesopotamia (historians are currently divided on the issue)[2].
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Poison_gas (6949 words)

	3
		The attack appeared to be concentrated in the northern sector of the city, well away from its military bases--although these, by now, had been abandoned.
		Halabja was exemplary collective punishment of the most brutal kind, carried out in bald defiance of all international prohibitions on the use of chemical weapons.
		The PUK fighters had been exposed to poison gas several times during the preceding weeks; now the will of the civilian population was to be broken.
	hrw.org /reports/1993/iraqanfal/ANFAL3.htm (6334 words)

	Did Saddam Hussein Gas His Own People?
		On Wednesday, the Star reminded readers that Saddam Hussein's Iraqi army killed 5,000 Kurds in a 1988 chemical weapons attack on Halabja near the end of a bloody, eight-year war with Iran.
		It explained that Iraq and Iran were accusing each other of using poison gas in violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol against chemical weapons.
		As our retrospective on the Halabja story suggests, the bang-bang coverage — gripping though it may be — may not be enough to get the job done.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article1779.htm (848 words)

	Research Topics
		The indiscriminant destruction of the town of Halabja with the use of chemical weapons left 5000 men, woman and children slaughtered and more than 10,000 injured.
		Seventeen years since the massacre, the people of Halabja still suffer from the effects of the attack, including a much higher prevalence of major medical disorders such as cancers, birth defects and miscarriages not to mention the irreparable damage done to the environment.
		Halabja was not the only instance in which the former government of Iraq used chemical weapons.
	www.defenddemocracy.org /research_topics/research_topics_show.htm?doc_id=267013 (359 words)

	JURIST - Paper Chase: Saddam judge investigating Halabja poison gas attack
		The investigating judge from the Iraqi Special Tribunal [official website] visited Halabja in order to "inspect and collect information regarding the use of weapons of mass destruction against the city," according to a statement released the regional Kurdistan cabinet.
		In July, the tribunal filed its first criminal charge [JURIST report] against Hussein in connection with the 1982 killing of some 150 Shiites in the village of Dujail in retribution for an assassination attempt.
		Experts predict that allegations of genocide in Halabja will be much more difficult to prove because the prosecution will have to establish a chain of command that links back to Hussein.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /paperchase/2005/08/saddam-judge-investigating-halabja.php (355 words)

	commercialappeal.com - Memphis, TN
		Those who are behind this attack must be brought to the justice and punished," Talabani said.
		As a result of the attack, he said it is much more difficult to control the streets.
		In Monday's largest single attack aside from the suicide bombing, a rocket hit a building in southeast Baghdad that housed the headquarters of the Shiite Fadhila party, killing seven people and wounding at least 35, including children, police Capt. Ali Mahdi said.
	hosted.ap.org /dynamic/stories/I/IRAQ?SITE=TNMEM&SECTION=US (1210 words)

	March 16, 1988 - Iraqi gas attack on Halabja 15 years ago killed 5,000 Kurds
		The Iraqi army started by bombing the Halabja area with artillery and fighter planes, which led the Kurdish fighters to retreat to the surrounding hills, leaving behind women and children in town.
		The Iraqis had used a deadly cocktail of mustard gas and nerve agents Tabun, Sarin and VX, according to testimony given to the US Senate by Christine Gosden, a genetics specialist at the University of Liverpool, who visited Halabja in 1998.
		An estimated 20,000 Iranian soldiers were killed in Iraqi chemical attacks between 1983 and 1988, according to a statement by the US State Department on the 10th anniversary of the Halabja attack.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/866090/posts (650 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide'
		The court is believed to be preparing a case against him for the use of chemical weapons in Halabja in northern Iraq.
		However, the judges ruled that van Anraat was not aware of the genocidal intentions of the Iraqi regime when he sold the ingredients for poison gas.
		As a Kurd who has lost some dear relatives in the deadly attack of Halabja in 1988, I'm grateful for the Dutch court for its unbiased and conscientious verdict.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/4555000.stm (768 words)

	Wanniski.com
		The defense ministry said it would be ridiculous for them to use poison gas in the town when their forces were going in the direction of the Iranian retreat.
		The Army War College did conduct an inquiry soon thereafter and in April 1990 concluded that both Iran and Iraq had used gas in their warring exchanges, but that the horrible deaths at Halabja were almost certainly the result of gas in the Iranian inventory, gas not available to the Iraqis.
		He also mentioned that the day his regiment arrived to Halabja, General Nezar Al-Khazraji, who then was deputy chief of staff, was in the area and had a meeting with all the commanders, where he was also very shocked and surprised of what happened to the Kurds.
	www.wanniski.com /showarticle.asp?articleid=1967 (2188 words)

	Long Island Press: Long Island Newspaper, News, Entertainment, Real Estate, Classifieds, Automotive, Weddings, Business ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The court said Frans van Anraat, 63, supplied the raw materials knowing they would be used to make poison gas by Saddam Hussein's Iraq in the 1980-1988 war with Iran and used against its own Kurdish population, including an attack on the town of Halabja in 1988.
		The Halabja attack on March 16, 1988 killed an estimated 5,000 people.
		A Kurdish protestor holds up pictures of victims of the 1988 Halabja poison gas attack, prior to a hearing of Frans van Anraat, the man accused providing Saddam Hussein with materials for chemical weapons, outside the Rotterdam court house, March 18, 2005.
	www.longislandpress.com /reuters/1_ds_33865.php (601 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Powell Says Gas Attack On Kurds Justified War
		"Today it is perplexing and rather painful indeed for the people of Halabja to hear voices in the international community that continue to insist on proof for Saddam's weapons of mass destruction," said Barham Salih, the prime minister for the western part of Iraq's Kurdish region.
		This mass grave in Halabja and the other 170 so far discovered mass graves in Iraq should dispel any doubts about the legitimacy of the American and British liberation of Iraq.
		The attack on Halabja occurred in the waning days of Iraq's eight-year war with Iran.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A11974-2003Sep15?language=printer (825 words)

	[No title]
		Iraq's newly elected national assembly convened for the first time on March 16, coinciding with the anniversary of the of the Halabja poison gas attack and accompanied by a series of mortar attacks.
		This is the first such attack in Qatar and came on the second anniversary of the start of the Iraq war.
		The captain and engineer of a gas tanker taken hostage last weekend were released but the kidnapped captain and two crew of a Japanese tugboat are still missing.
	www.terrorismcentral.com /Newsletters/2005/032005.html (4951 words)

	Kurds say Iraq's attacks serve as a warning \| csmonitor.com
		HALABJA, NORTHERN IRAQ – As American military planners consider ways to bring down Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds warn that the Iraqi leader will likely respond to any such attack by deploying weapons of mass destruction – as he has done in the past.
		Halabja was targeted the day after Iranian forces occupied the town, toward the end of the Iran-Iraq war.
		The case of Halabja is full of the same emotive human tremors that emerge when survivors speak of the destruction of Koreme village.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/0513/p08s01-wome.html (1425 words)

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