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Topic: Hale Telescope

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1949

	Telescope - MSN Encarta
		Ultraviolet telescopes are similar to optical reflecting telescopes, but their mirrors have special coatings that reflect ultraviolet light very well.
		The fundamental optical principles of the telescope were first described in the 13th century by English scientist Roger Bacon.
		Early telescopes were not used to explore the heavens; rather, they were employed for military purposes, to detect advancing armies or ships.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557777_3/Telescope.html (1288 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Palomar Observatory 200-inch Reflector)
		The foundation of the dome is anchored to the mountain while the foundation for the telescope is separately built on a base of crushed granite to protect the telescope from jar and vibration in the event of an earthquake.
		In 1963, using the 200-inch Hale reflector, Schmidt realized that the unfamiliarity of the spectra was the result of an enormous red shift and that the lines were familiar ones that ought to be in the ultraviolet section of the spectrum.
		While new technologies have led to the construction of larger telescopes based upon techniques not known in 1948, the Hale reflector remains in the forefront of research in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics and is the largest successful reflecting telescope in the world today.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4e.htm (2759 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Mount Wilson Observatory)
		The polar axis of the telescope, on which the 87-ton instrument must turn smoothly to counteract the rotation of the Earth, is defined by self-aligning journal bearings, while the bulk of the load is carried by two steel drums that float in mercury.
		Hale, who was appointed the director of Mount Wilson in 1904 long dreamed of establishing a mountaintop observatory that would combine a solar telescope and a large reflecting telescope.
		Hale's experience at Yerkes, with its large 40-inch refractor, convinced him that the future of astronomy resided with the large reflecting telescope that would prove a suitable instrument for the study of astrophysics--the application of the principles of physics to astronomical objects beyond the earth.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4d.htm (3535 words)

	Hale, George Ellery - MSN Encarta
		While Hale was still in college, his father built the Kenwood Observatory, a small observatory near Chicago.
		Hale used the observatory for original research and in 1889 invented the spectroheliograph, a device used to study the surface of the sun.
		In 1892 Hale was appointed associate professor of astrophysics at the University of Chicago and in 1895 he organized the Yerkes Observatory, in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, of which he served as director until 1904.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563562/Hale_George_Ellery.html (197 words)

	The Scoundrel and the Scientist
		Hale fitted a photographic plate across the eyepiece of a telescope with a clockwork device to move the apparatus at the same pace that the sun crosses the sky.
		To accomplish his ambitious plan, Hale included a large spectroscope and spectroheliograph for the forty-inch telescope, two smaller telescopes (one the former Kenwood instrument, as his father had agreed) and accompanying instruments, the best micrometers available for detailed measurements of the position and size of the planets and stars, and a fully equipped spectroscopic laboratory.
		Hale disliked being so far from the action and returned to Chicago without completing his Ph.D. Instead, he oversaw the construction of the building and the testing of the lens in Cambridgeport in October of 1895.
	www.sff.net /people/Hodgson/science.html (3877 words)

	Telescopes - 2
		George Ellery Hale (1868-1938), who helped raise money for the Yerkes 40-inch refractor, was also responsible for even larger telescopes in California: the 60-inch and 100-inch Mt. Wilson reflectors and the 200-inch Mt. Palomar reflector, called the Hale Telescope in his honor.
		The Hubble telescope is arranged so that all instruments are installed behind the main mirror, and a hole in that mirror faces a smaller mirror which reflects images back into the instrument area for recording and analysis.
		The telescope would be restricted to pointing only to the half of the sky it is facing, and the sun and sunlit Earth would have to be constantly avoided.
	www.crystalinks.com /telescopes2.html (4663 words)

	Yerkes Observatory: A century of stellar science
		Hale's father, knowing of his son's desire to build bigger and better instruments, bequeathed the Kenwood Observatory to the University on the condition that a new observatory be built for not less than $250,000 within two years of the time that Hale began his appointment.
		Hale was appointed Associate Professor of Astro-Physics and Director of the Observatory in July 1892.
		Hale set out to build a complete observatory facility, which would include not only the telescope and the building to house it, but instruments and equipment necessary for a complete astronomical laboratory.
	chronicle.uchicago.edu /970320/yerkes.shtml (1671 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science -- Telescope maker's drawings a look into the past
		When Palomar Observatory's Hale telescope was being built in the 1930s, the nation was in the grip of the Great Depression and on its knees.
		The white dome that houses the Hale telescope, with its 200-inch mirror that gathers starlight from the far reaches of the universe, is 135 feet high and 137 feet in diameter.
		Hale was spearheading the 200-inch telescope project at Palomar, and in 1928 he hired Porter as a designer for the observatory.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/science/20061015-9999-2m15palomar.html (981 words)

	Hale Telescope was a sight for starry eyes \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The telescope with its mirror was dedicated on June 3, 1948, and named in honor of the late George Hale, who had initiated the project.
		The Hale Telescope held the record of being was the world's largest telescope for 45 years, from 1948 to 1993.
		Astronomers from around the world continue to use the Hale Telescope on an average of 290 nights a year, depending on weather conditions.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20051002/news_m1m02history.html (661 words)

	Corning Museum of Glass \| Resource on Glass \| The Hale Reflecting Telescope
		Using this technique, the world's largest telescope mirror blank (8.31 meter, or 27+ feet, diameter, 9 inches thick, 33 tons) was made from ultra-low expansion glass for a telescope located on top of Hawaii's 14,000 foot high Mauna Kea mountain.
		The telescope is expected to be operating in the year 2000.
		Careful, precise grinding and polishing is important to the success of a mirror meant to be the heart of a reflecting telescope.
	www.cmog.org /index.asp?pageId=720 (577 words)

	Palomar Telescopes
		Although the structure and building were nearly complete by 1941, World War II delayed the polishing of the mirror, needed to transform the glass to the precise shape and size required for astronomical observations.
		Although electronic detectors have replaced photographs at Hale, this is not the case at the Oschin Telescope, a Schmidt Camera designed for wide-field viewing.
		Currently, this telescope is involved in the Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, a decade-long program to photograph the entire northern half of the celestial sphere at blue, red, and far-red (I wavelengths).
	www.spie.org /web/oer/march/mar98/palomar.html (510 words)

	Keck Revolution in Telescope Design Pioneered at Lawrence Berkeley Lab
		In 1977, UC formed a five-member committee to come up with a design for a proposed ground-based optical telescope whose reflecting mirror would be double the size of the Hale Telescope at Mount Palomar, the 5-meter (200-inch) behemoth that had been the nation's biggest telescope since 1948.
		The surface of the reflecting mirror of any large telescope is continually subjected to stress from such factors as atmospheric temperature changes, shifting winds, or changes in the mirror's position as it scans the sky.
		Galileo's telescope was similar to a pair of opera glasses in that it used an arrangement of glass lenses to magnify objects.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/keck-telescope.html (3877 words)

	IfA -- Comet Hale-Bopp -- Images and Spectra
		February 17, 1997: The complex jet structure of Hale-Bopp, from the UH 2.2-meter telescope.
		The central region of Comet Hale-Bopp, from the UH 2.2-meter telescope.
		In the deep stretch (lower panel) of this same image, the comet is seen to extend almost to the edge of the CCD field.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /images/hale-bopp/hb_images.html (938 words)

	Cornell Spys Neptune Hot Spot
		Cornell researchers have built an infrared camera for the California Institute of Technology's 200-inch Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory on the summit of California's Palomar Mountain that is providing detailed images unobstructed by atmospheric turbulence.
		Hayward believes that the latest optics on the Hale telescope are competitive with any telescope in the world, and even the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope, for the clarity of images.
		The next object to be studied using the new Hale system will be Titan, the largest of Saturn's 18 known satellites, in a research collaboration led by Michael E. Brown of Caltech.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/telescopes-99c.html (850 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / REFLECTED GLORY: HOW THEY BUILT PALOMAR
		In fact, the 200-inch, the world’s largest telescope for a full three decades after its dedication in 1948, was the first telescope to detect the comet during its current return, back in 1982.
		Even as new telescopes are launched into space and larger ones employing radically new technologies begin to be built on earth, the Hale Telescope’s usefulness to astronomers does not diminish.
		Hale ruined his health, suffering prolonged, excruciating headaches and repeated nervous breakdowns, but one by one he got the telescopes.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/1985/1/1985_1_12.shtml (5150 words)

	Historic Observatories of the United States
		Hale built the largest telescope in the world four times - the 1 meter refractor at Yerkes, the 1.5 meter and 2.5 meter reflectors at Mount Wilson, and the 5 meter reflector at Mount Palomar.
		The 5 meter reflecting telescope on Mount Palomar in San Diego county was the largest telescope in the world when it went into service in 1949.
		The 5 meter instrument remained the largest telescope in the world until the Soviet 6 meter reflector was built in the middle 1970s.
	www.cerritos.edu /ladkins/a106/modern.htm (484 words)

	Keck Telescope Facts
		The Hale Telescope's mount is extremely massive and complicated, in part because one of its axes is aligned with earth's axis (it is an equatorial mount).
		The observatory is designed to permit interferometric observations using both telescopes, a technical feat which will achieve the resolving power of a telescope equal in aperture to the distance spanned by the two Keck Telescopes, which is 85 meters.
		The Keck Telescopes are owned and operated by the California Association for Research in Astronomy, which is an association of the California Institute of Technology and the University of California.
	scikits.com /KFacts.html (1083 words)

	George Ellery Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		By the time Hale established the Mt. Wilson Observatory in 1904, he had already invented the spectroheliograph, founded the Astrophysical Journal (and invented the word astrophysics), founded the Yerkes Observatory (which then housed the world's largest working telescope), and had been appointed a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
		Hale was as influential locally as he was globally.
		And, of course, Hale was the force behind the founding of Palomar Observatory and the building of the 200-inch Hale telescope.
	www.mwoa.org /hale.html (443 words)

	Hale telescope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hale Telescope is the largest telescope at the Palomar Observatory.
		The 200-inch (5-m) telescope is named after George Ellery Hale (1868-1938).
		It continues to be used every clear night for scientific research by astronomers from Caltech and their operating partners, Cornell University and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hale_telescope (314 words)

	Astronomical Leage - Reflector Book Review: The Perfect Machine
		The true story of building the Hale Telescope is a tale of heroic struggle, romance, and genius to rival any work of fiction.
		George Hale, the telescope's namesake, was the project's main architect and protector.
		Hale suffered from incapacitating periods of mental illness, which Mr.
	www.astroleague.org /al/bookserv/instrmt/rev96082.html (384 words)

	One Billion Light-Years -- Monday, Mar. 14, 1949 -- Page 1 -- TIME
		Hubble pointed the telescope at a small patch of sky (Area No. 57 in the constellation Coma Berenices) that had been thoroughly studied through the old 1001nch telescope on Mt. Wilson.
		When the 100-inch telescope was first used, it performed so well and the astronomers were so interested in what it showed that they would not let go of it.
		The great telescope will not start on its real program of charting the outer universe until it is as perfect as scientific skill can make it.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,794704,00.html (524 words)

	Palomar Observatory's 200-inch Hale Telescope
		The 200-inch (5.1 m) Hale Telescope (f/3.3) was the world's largest effective telescope for 45 years (1948 - 1993).
		Watch another instrument change as the Large Format Camera is pulled out of prime focus (at the top of the Hale Telescope) and the Wide-field Infrared Camera is installed in its place this time-lapse movie (~31 mb Quicktime movie).:
		The Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory is operated as part of a collaborative agreement between the California Institute of Technology, its divisions Caltech Optical Observatories and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (operated for NASA), and Cornell University.
	www.astro.caltech.edu /palomar/hale.html (222 words)

	Thirty–Meter Telescope Design Funded
		The proposed Thirty-Meter-Telescope will dwarf the 200-inch Hale Telescope (left) on Palomar Mountain, which was the largest successfully operating optical telescope in the world from 1949 to 1993.
		For example, the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Palomar Mountain was both a bold undertaking in 1949 and the era’s greatest achievement in telescope design.
		Now, the dream of a 30-meter optical telescope has moved one step closer to reality, thanks to a $17.5 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded as part of the foundation’s 10-year commitment to the Institute.
	pr.caltech.edu /periodicals/EandS/articles/LXVI3/tmt.html (466 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. George Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 1889 Hale invented the spectroheliograph, a device used to study the surface of the
		Hale conceived and helped design the first giant reflecting telescope, an instrument installed at Mount Palomar Observatory near San Diego, California, in 1948.
		Beginning at age 42, Hale received regular visits from an elf who advised him on numerous matters, including the administration of Mt Wilson and the planning for Palomar.
	fusionanomaly.net /georgehale.html (140 words)

	[No title]
		Never has a comet been observed so extensively at such large heliocentric distances and not even in the case of Comet Halley was it possible to obtain such detailed information about the progressive changes that took place in the coma of Comet Hale-Bopp as it approached the Sun.
		In his appreciation for the enthusiasm, receptivity and vivid imagination of children Will has chosen to focus his music primarily on performance and teaching with children and families.
		Comet Hale-Bopp photographed with the ESO 1-metre Schmidt Telescope on January 4, 1998 on a red-sensitive film/filter combination (Kodak 4415 + RG630), recording the comet's light in the 6300-7000 A spectral interval.
	www.lycos.com /info/hale--miscellaneous.html (430 words)

	Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) : Johns Hopkins University
		The image to the left is from a 300 second exposure and shows how the ``pinwheel'' structure of the cometary coma clearly distinguishes Hale-Bopp from the numerous stars in the field (at the time of these images the comet was passing near the galactic plane in the constellation Sagittarius).
		Above: In this plot we have divided the spatial profiles by that expected for a typical comet to show that the brightness in the clump is approximately eight times larger than expected by uniform outflow from the nucleus.
		Note that it is not necessary to resolve the nucleus physically (i.e., the telescope's resolution element needn't be as small as the nucleus itself); one simply needs enough resolution so that there is some contrast between light from the (unresolved) nucleus and light from the coma.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~weaver/Hale-Bopp.html (2997 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When the University of Southern California abandoned the project for lack of funding, Hale urged the University of Chicago to acquire the lenses and construct the telescope and an observatory.
		The porcupine appearance of the multiple dust jets very much resembles the coma structures in Comet Hale-Bopp that were observed in the second half of 1996, for instance with the Danish 1.54-m telescope at La Silla, cf.
		The photo is a colour composite of several exposures in different wavebands, obtained with the Wide-Field Imager (WFI) camera at the MPG/ESO 2.2-m telescope at the La Silla Observatory.
	www.lycos.com /info/hale--hale-telescope.html?page=2 (539 words)

	Caltech Astronomers Unveil Powerful New Infrared Camera for the 200-Inch Hale Telescope \| SpaceRef - Your Space ...
		The Hale telescope's newly commissioned digital camera, whose format is 2048 x 2048 pixels, will bring unprecedented speed to surveying the heavens for near and distant objects that emit radiation primarily in the infrared spectral regions.
		Using the 200-inch Hale, the "first light" images were taken by Ellis; Smith; Keith Taylor, the associate director for development of the Caltech Optical Observatories; and colleagues from Cornell led by Professor Steve Eikenberry.
		The images, reduced by Caltech grad student Kevin Bundy and Chris Conselice, a postdoctoral scholar, demonstrate the dramatic leap in imaging capability: with the new camera, a single exposure of NGC 891 (a nearby star-forming spiral galaxy) is all that's needed to capture an entire galaxy.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewpr.html?pid=9541 (1275 words)

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