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Topic: Half lives

	Radioactive Half-Life
		The radioactive half-life for a given radioisotope is the time for half the radioactive nuclei in any sample to undergo radioactive decay.
		After two half-lives, there will be one fourth the original sample, after three half-lives one eight the original sample, and so forth.
		The radioactive half-life gives a pattern of reduction to half in any successive half-life period.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/halfli.html (0 words)

	What are Half Lives and Mean Lives?
		Specifying the half life or mean life of a process is a way of quantifying how fast it is occurring, when the whole process would in principle take forever to complete.
		Given our radioactive element, if half of its atoms have decayed after one half life, then we can expect there to be some kind of well defined average life expectancy: the mean life of the atoms, which is somewhat longer than their half life.
		with a half life), but instead decayed linearly, meaning its rate of decay was always equal to its initial rate (giving rise to a simple "first half in one minute and the second half in the next minute--and then, all gone" sort of idea).
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/HalfLife/halfLife.html (2899 words)

	Articles / Impact / Consequences of Time Dependent Nuclear Decay Indices on Half Lives - Institute for Creation ...
		The energy of emitted particles from the nucleus is related to the velocity of light through the relativistic expression for kinetic energy and the half life of a radioactive atom is related to the energy of the ejected particle by means of the empirical relation called the Geiger-Nuttal law.
		The half life of a radionuclide is determined by the time t it takes for the parent material to be reduced to one half of its original value.
		For the linear case the calculated half life is approximately one half of the currently accepted half life and in the exponential case it is approximately one third.
	www.icr.org /index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=200 (1566 words)

	Half Known Lives - Reviews
		The Half Known Lives of the female characters whose lives criss-cross in the course of this narrative invited no real empathy or sympathy from this reader, and seemed at times to be simply occasions to take cheap shots at various moments in feminism.
		Although the plot of HALF KNOWN LIVES turns on the impregnation of an anti-abortion male politician, the real story here is the relationships and interactions between the female co-conspirators and their associates—all brilliant, damaged and intriguing characters.
		These are the "half known lives" of the title, revealed in a subtle, understated narration that sharply contrasts with the tragedies and transcendences of their experiences.
	uregina.ca /~givnerj/reviews_halfknownlives.html (1226 words)

	Half Lives (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Uranium with 92 protons and between 143 and 146 neutrons is the heaviest element on earth having very long half lives for its isotopes.
		A half life simply is the time it takes for one half of the atoms in a sample of radioactive material to decay.
		Since decay is a reliable statistical event, we can use half lives to calculate ages of historical artifacts, heat generated by plutonium batteries in space craft, and how long we might wish to worry about a nuclear waste site.
	neon.chem.uidaho.edu /~honors/halflife.html (652 words)

	Opinion: How the other (open-source) half lives
		With more and more participants stirring the open-source pot, I started thinking about how far open-source has come and specifically about how the other half lives -- the "other half" being those who have already chosen not to work within the confines of proprietary and closed software.
		The other half is already developing, using and contributing to open-source on a daily basis.
		This past year, venture capitalists also awoke to the open-source phenomenon and were more willing to invest their cash to see it grow.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2006/0,4814,108451,00.html (1186 words)

	Biological half-lives of manganese and cobalt.
		The biological half life for cobalt is complex.
		Half of the material entering the blood stream is assumed to go directly to excretion, 5% goes to the liver and the remaining 45% goes to other tissues where it assumed to be uniformly distributed.
		The half life for material in the blood stream is 0.5 days.
	hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q379.html (361 words)

	Steroid . com - Anabolic steroids half life information
		In medicine, the term half-life refers to the duration it takes for half of a given drug dosage to break down in the body.
		It is not half of the total activity time, as this figure always refers to the time it takes to metabolize 50% of what is in still the body.
		Although half of the original amount are tailed and removed on the first flip, it takes many successive tries to clear them all.
	www.steroid.com /halflife.php (1154 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because the decay rates are such small numbers, it is more convenient to express the decay of a radioactive parent isotope to a stable daughter in terms of the half-life of the parent isotope.
		The half-life is the time it takes for one-half of a quantity of radioactive parent isotope to decay to a daughter product.
		After one half-life, the parent-daughter ratio is 1:1 (one-half parent, one-half daughter), after two half-lives the ratio is 1:3 (one-quarter parent, three-quarters daughter), and after three half-lives, the ratio is 1:7 (one-eighth parent, seven-eighths daughter).
	cse.cosm.sc.edu /hses/AbsolDat/pages/halflife.htm (596 words)

	How the Other Half Lives
		The half that was on top cared little for the struggles, and less for the fate of those who were underneath, so long as it was able to hold them there and keep its own seat.
		The men were paid a dollar and a half a day, kept what they found that was worth having, and allowed the swarms of Italians who hung about the dumps to do the heavy work for them, letting them have their pick of the loads for their trouble.
		Half a dozen blocks up Mulberry Street there is a ragpicker's settlement, a sort of overflow from "the Bend," that exists to-day in all its pristine nastiness.
	worldebooklibrary.com /eBooks/WorldeBookLibrary.com/otherhalf.htm (18898 words)

	[No title]
		A half-life is defined as the amount of time required for one-half or 50% of the radioactive atoms to undergo a radioactive decay.
		Radiocarbon dating relies on the assumption that C-14 exists in an "equilibrium" concentration in the carbon of living biological materials, meaning the ratio of C-14 in the body to that of stable Carbon, or C-12, stays constant.
		Half of the radioactivity will be gone after 70 days, another half of the radioactivity in another 70 days, etc.
	www.iem-inc.com /prhlfr.html (3457 words)

	Half-life Summary
		As defined by geophysicists, the half-life (or half-value period) of a substance is the time required for one-half of the atoms in any size sample to radioactively decay.
		In this situation the term usually refers to the time it takes for half of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and be converted into aproduct, that is the time required for the reactant concentration to decay to one-half its initial value.
		Therefore, determining the point at which half of the original number disappears (the half-life) is usually the most accurate way of describing this process.
	www.bookrags.com /Half-life (2316 words)

	Half-Life \| Radiation Protection Program \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is the time required for the disintegration of one-half of the radioactive atoms that are present when measurement starts.
		The biological half-life is the time an organism takes to eliminate one half the amount of a compound or chemical on a strictly biological basis.
		Thus, if a stable chemical compound were given to an individual and half of it were eliminated by the body (perhaps in urine) within three hours, the biological half-life would be three hours.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/halflife.htm (316 words)

	Radioactive Half-Life (cont.)
		After another 86 minutes, half of the 5 grams of Barium-139 would decay into Lanthanum-139; you would now have 2.5 grams of Barium-139 and 7.5 grams of Lanthanum-139.
		Another way to look at this is that if the radiation intensity is cut in half; the source will have only half as many curies as it originally had.
		It is important to recognize that the intensity or amount of radiation is decreasing due to age but not the penetrating energy of the radiation.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/HighSchool/Radiography/halflife2.htm (501 words)

	How The Other Half Lives Summaries of (Site not responding. Last check: )
		“One half of the world does not know how the other half lives.” This describes what is going on in New York with their overcrowding problems.
		People want to live near their work no matter how crowded it is. The sanitary police have started doing midnight inspections and forcing people out of their tenant-homes.
		They normally live in the nest town and are described as wealthy.
	daphne.palomar.edu /marguello_students/Spring_2003/005331187/how_the_other_half_lives_summari.htm (366 words)

	How the Other Half Lives 3-2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Often times the family living in the tenements would work for their landlords, making a certain given amount of money but never seeing it, because their landlords would take the money in advance sometimes up to ¾’s of what their earnings.
		And this all being very disturbing because ¾’s of all those who lived in the city of New York were those that lived tenements.
		He then goes on to talk about how the rooms were divided into smaller rooms so that more people could live in them, and the owners of the buildings would urge the tenants to be dirty so they would have an excuse to leave the tenements in the filthy state they were in.
	daphne.palomar.edu /marguello_students/Spring_2003/005667196/how_the_other_half_lives.htm (515 words)

	Half Life Questions -- Page 2 of 17
		On the animated graph below, click and move the slider to the right to simulate the passage of time in a mineral.
		The red and blue curves represent the changing amounts of parent and daughter isotopes, respectively.
		Each division on the slider represents one half-life, which is the amount of time required for one-half of a given amount of parent isotopes to decay.
	www.sciencecourseware.org /VirtualDating/files/2.0_HalfLife.html (175 words)

	How the Other Half Lives: Embedded in the Real World, Back in Iraq
		The base, and the people who live on it, are completely sealed off from the small villages around the area by earthen berms, machine-gun posts, and piles of razor wire.
		The lower half of his left arm has been almost totally blown apart from the rest of the limb, and it hangs by bloody sinews from his elbow.
		In fact, her office also employs "Preventative Teams", that live among the front-line infantry troops, trying to determine if any of the combat-fatigued soldiers is in danger of "losing it".
	www.ccmep.org /2004_articles/iraq/020304_how_the_other_half_lives.htm (2735 words)

	Amazon.ca: How the Other Half Lives: Books: Jacob Riis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Published in 1890, Jacob Riis's remarkable study of the horrendous living conditions of the poor in New York City had an immediate and extraordinary impact on society, inspiring reforms that affected the lives of millions of people.
		Like books by Steinbeck, How the other half lives is a eye opening expose of life for the have-nots in the late 19th century.
		How the other Half Lives does an excellent job of bringing to light the plight and destitution of early immigrants to this nation.
	www.amazon.ca /Other-Half-Lives-Jacob-Riis/dp/0486220125 (773 words)

	UIC - Radiation and Life
		Living things have evolved in an environment which has significant levels of ionising radiation.
		The half-life is the time taken for half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay.
		In the large chemical molecules of which all living things are made the changes caused may be biologically important.
	www.uic.com.au /ral.htm (3438 words)

	Radiometric Dating
		A half-life is the time it takes for half of the parent radioactive element to decay to a daughter product.
		Living things are in equilibrium with the atmosphere, and the radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed and used by plants.
		At death, Carbon 14 exchange ceases and any Carbon 14 in the tissues of the organism begins to decay to Nitrogen 14, and is not replenished by new C-14.
	www.gpc.edu /~pgore/geology/geo102/radio.htm (857 words)

	Half-life
		There will be a certain half-life (perhaps 20 minutes) after which the amount of gas in the kitchen is reduced to half.
		After another 20 minutes the gas is reduced to one-fourth of the original amount; then to one-eighth the original amount, etc. The half-life is 20 minutes.
		In the example of the radioactive A's, half of these nuclei are gone after the first 6 minutes.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /physics/sobel/Nucphys/half.html (1002 words)

	Foundations to Chemistry - adapted from "Chemistry, Matter and the Universe"
		The half-life is the length of time required for half of any given amount of an element to decay into another element.
		Because it decays so fast carbon-10 is not found in nature, although it can be observed as the product of some nuclear reactions.
		Whereas half of any starting quantity of carbon-16 decays to nitrogen-16 in three quarters of a second, the same reaction for carbon-14 decaying to nitrogen-14 takes nearly six thousand years.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /vrchemistry/Conservation/page34.htm (191 words)

	Half Life
		Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of previously living things based on the abundance of an unstable isotope of carbon.
		Since living creatures are constantly swapping atoms with their environment, the abundance of
		C in a piece of living organic matter will be the same as it is in the atmosphere but larger than in a piece of dead organic material.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/half-life (1957 words)

	Nick Halfinger: How the Other Half Lives in Iraq
		The base, and the people who live on it, are completely sealed off from the small villages around the area by earthen berms, machine-gun posts, and piles of razor wire.
		The lower half of his left arm has been almost totally blown apart from the rest of the limb, and it hangs by bloody sinews from his elbow.
		In fact, her office also employs "Preventative Teams", that live among the front-line infantry troops, trying to determine if any of the combat-fatigued soldiers is in danger of "losing it".
	www.counterpunch.org /halfinger02032004.html (3115 words)

	Introduction
		LONG ago it was said that "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives." That was true then.
		To-day three-fourths of its people live in the tenements, and the nineteenth century drift of the population to the cities is sending ever-increasing multitudes to crowd them.
		If it shall appear that the sufferings and the sins of the "other half," and the evil they breed, are but as a just punishment upon the community that gave it no other choice, it will be because that is the truth.
	www.cis.yale.edu /amstud/inforev/riis/introduction.html (964 words)

	GCSE Nuclear Radiation: Half life
		If the count rate has fallen by half, then the number of unstable atoms has fallen by half.
		Second finger: after two half-lives (another 2 hours), half of that is left, so we're down to a quarter.
		Third finger: after three half lives (that's 6 hours) half of that is left, so it's down to
	www.darvill.clara.net /nucrad/hlife.htm (394 words)

	Jack Newfield: How the other half STILL lives
		I wanted to understand better how the other half lives now, and who was responsible for this misery in the midst of this new, twenty-first-century Gilded Age of excess produced by the money culture, corporate scandal and the concentration of wealth and power.
		Three-quarters of those earning less than $8.10 an hour are living in poverty." According to a comprehensive CSS study, 52.6 percent of low-wage workers are women; six out of ten have a high school diploma; and more than one in ten is a college graduate.
		Most of them live doubled up, or tripled up, in Chinatown, which has by far the highest population density of any New York neighborhood: 189 people per acre compared with eighty-two people per acre in the rest of Manhattan.
	academic.uprm.edu /~laviles/id179.htm (4713 words)

	How the Other Half Lives
		Half that would have helped the students with their examinations.
		While one third of our rural population lives only on Rs 12 a day, a fresh graduate from a Management Institute can get an annual salary of Rs one crore, that is, about Rs 25,000 a day.
		On this reckoning, the percentages of the Indians living in poverty should be taken as 48.
	www.theotherindia.org (3736 words)

	Man Lives Pollution-Free in First Solar-Hydrogen House \| Green Options
		And Strizki isn’t a hermit living in the dark off of snails and rainwater, either.
		By the time the process is complete, the hydrogen that is converted back into electricity is only half of the energy with which the process started.
		If the battery runs out first, the survivors will all be living like in the 18th century again.
	www.greenoptions.com /blog/2007/03/16/man_lives_pollution_free_in_first_solar_hydrogen_house (0 words)

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