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Topic: Half-uncial

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Uncial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Half-uncial was brought to Ireland in the 5th century, and was then carried to England. In later uncial scripts, the letters are sometimes drawn haphazardly; for example, double-l runs together at the baseline, bows (for example in b, p, r) do not entirely curve in to touch their stems, and the script is generally not written as cleanly as previously. Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Half-uncial

Production First Software Encyclopedia of Typography and Electronic Communication : U Half-Uncial - A degenerate, sloppier form of Uncial, evolved due to the needs of Roman society for faster writing, where minuscules are mixed with lower height majuscules. Natural Uncial - A form where the ascenders and descenders equal the length of the minim stroke. The term « uncial » is thought to be derived from the term « uncia, » Latin for « inch » (in height), or from « uncas, » meaning « crooked. ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/profirst/u.htm

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Palaeography The uncial is the chief script of parchment Manuscripts from the fourth to the ninth century. The letters E, V, H retain the uncial form; the D has sometimes the uncial form, sometimes the minuscule; the N is in capital. It was also from the Greek uncial that Ulfilas, Bishop of the Goths, borrowed, in the fourth century, the characters of which he made use to translate the Bible into the Gothic language (Socrates, "Hist. www.newadvent.org /cathen/11403a.htm

Medieval Calligraphy Many of the roman half uncial styles were borrowed by other scripts, which followed it. courses.dce.harvard.edu /~humae105/fall97/twest/romhalfunc.htm

Uncial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The early forms of half-uncial were used for pagan authors and Roman legal writing, while in the 6th century the script came to be used in Africa and Europe (but not as often in insular centres) to transcribe Christian texts. In later uncial scripts, the letters are sometimes drawn haphazardly; for example, double-l runs together at the baseline, bows (for example in b, p, r) do not entirely curve in to touch their stems, and the script is generally not written as cleanly as previously. Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Half-uncial

calligraphy -> European Calligraphy on Encyclopedia.com 2002 AD the development of the half uncial or minuscule letter from the Roman capital gave rise to an extraordinarily beautiful and long-lasting calligraphy. Cursive script was used for letters and records, while far more polished writing styles, called uncials, were used for literary works. As tools and materials of high quality came into use, masterpieces of calligraphic art were produced, e.g., the Irish Book of Kells (8th cent.; Trinity College, Dublin; see under Ceanannus Mór) and the English Lindisfarne Gospels (8th cent.; British Mus.; see Holy Island). www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/calligra_EuropeanCalligraphy.asp

Carolingian minuscule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The script ultimately developed from Roman Half Uncial and its cursive version, which had given rise to various Continental minuscule scripts, combined with features from the "Insular" scripts that were being used in Irish and English monasteries. The letter d often appears in an uncial form, with an ascender slanting to the left, but the letter g is essentially the same as the modern minuscule letter, rather than the previously common uncial g. The uncial form of the letter a is still used in manuscripts from this period. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caroline_minuscule

Versions of the New Testament Even this manuscript has lost nearly half its pages, but enough have survived to tell us that the books are in the "Western" order (Matthew, John, Luke, Mark), and that the manuscript included Mark 16:9-20 but omitted John 7:53-8:11. The history of the Syriac versions probably begins with the Diatessaron, the gospel harmony which Tatian compiled (in Greek or Syriac) in the second half of the second century. The gospels are preserved primarily in the Codex Argenteus of the sixth century. www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn/Versions.html

The Schoyen Collection: Literature -- 3.5 Classical Roman literature (complete), 24x18 cm, single column, (19x13 cm), 21 lines in uncial and a good Carolingian minuscule with pre-Carolingian letterforms by several scribes, headings and titles in uncial and half-uncial throughout, 39 pp. MS in Latin on vellum, Leon?, North Spain, 2nd half of 12th c., 132 ff. MS 246 Spain, 2nd half of 12th c., www.nb.no /baser/schoyen/4/4.3/435.html

History of Type The history of uncials and half-uncials is chronicled in the history of the Christian Church. The uncial was very easy to write and became the prevailing script for several centuries.The appearance of the uncial coincided with the improvement of technical writing aids.Parchment replaced papyrus and the quill provided a better writing tool than the reed. Romans gave this style the name uncial because in some early manuscripts containing these letters, the letters were an uncia or a Roman inch online.sfsu.edu /~dai425/typehistory.html

HistoryEnglishScripts.doc Its main differences from uncial are a with a rounded bowl, b with a single bowl, d with an upright stem, f with an intralinear stem, g with a flat-topped open head, r with a stem and right shoulder like its modern counterpart, long-stemmed s and t with a curved shank. The first of these was the uncial in its Roman form, fostered by the arrival of St Augustine in Kent in 597 and the development of a school of writing at Canterbury and other monastic centres. With the establishing of gothic script, Roman capitals gave way to uncials, which were adapted to the angularity of the miniscule by elongation, broken strokes, reinforcing lines and in the later, more cursive hands, further adornments like cusps, spurs and lozenges. www.iteu.gla.ac.uk /datadir/HistoryEnglishScripts.doc

Production First Software Encyclopedia of Typography and Electronic Communication : R Roman square capital The large and wide capital letterforms used by the Romans approximately 1 A.D. which evolved borrowing the Greek serif and the capability of a variable stroke width (from the adoption of the reed pen). Roman This term is used interchangably with the term « Latin » for the basic alphabet used in most Indo-European languages. Roman Rustic A design based on a calligraphic style derived by holding the pen at nearly 45 degrees. ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/profirst/r.htm

Survival of Roman Types This paper is concerned with the evolution of roman type: a story of monumental changes in the technology of inscription and yet of the survival and persistence of forms through many centuries; of the development of a high art, yet one which strives to remain invisible. The roman face which was defined and perfected in metal in the fifteenth century is a study in survival -- and which in itself was a survival from centuries before. Roman letters begin with the Romans, obviously, but their evolution follows the history of western civilization from the time of Charlemagne forward. thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca /People/jmax/Papers/Typo

History of Calligraphy The Uncial was then followed by the half- Uncial ( school down to see an example of the half-Uncial hand).When the term half-Uncial was first used it was probably thought that they had evolved from the Uncial, in fact it developed from early Greek scripts, and therefore had the characteristic flat pen angle. Uncial letters were used by monks in Ireland, Scotland and other places, hence the name “Insular style” ( meaning from an island) for this type of writing. Some scholars believe that Uncial was developed at the time of the Emperor Constantine, as a specific Christian book hand to replace Rustic and Square capitals which were used for pagan texts. home1.gte.net /houseofcalligraphy/history.html

scrpt-develop-art.rtf The Roman Square Capitals were used for titles and explicits, Roman Rustic and the full, rounded Uncial script for chapter headings, table of contents, f irst lines, subtitles, and the beginning of paragraphs and sentences, and the Half-Uncial for prefaces and second lines of texts in descending order of rank. Roman Rus tic was consequently replaced by Uncial. It appears safe to assume that the quill pen came into gradual use with the establishment of Roman formal capital letters, of graduated thick and thin st rokes, and the supplanting of papyrus by parchment as a writing material about 190 B.C. The quill pen was the principal writing instrument during the Middle Ages. www.florilegium.org /files/SCRIBAL-ARTS/scrpt-develop-art.rtf

Wikinfo Roman cursive Ancient Roman cursive, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Roman alphabet, and even emperors issuing commands. Roman cursive is a form of handwriting used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; "a", "b", "d", and "e" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are proportionate to each other rather than varying wildly in size and placement on a line. www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Roman_cursive

Re: Name Pronunciation Half Uncial is merely a particular style of script, not an alphabet. Insular Half Uncial probably originated as a variant of Roman Half Uncial, which is far from Roman Cursive. I and J were were variant shapes of a single letter, as were U and V, and there was still no W, so at the time of classical Latin the alphabet had 23 letters. www.usenet.com /newsgroups/rec.org.sca/msg00267.html

Letraset: Type Gallery After Half Uncials, the next significant form of writing to emerge was the Caroline Minuscule which evolved under the supervision of the Anglo Saxon churchman and scholar Alcuin of York. These Half Uncials are a mixture of Uncial and cursive writing but created with greater speed and freedom and used as a book hand during the sixth and seventh centuries. This said, the Half Uncial style of writing is a mixture of majuscule and minuscule forms which are not used in the same way as we use them today. www.letraset.com /us/info/type_gallery/alphabet.asp

Medieval Calligraphy The Book of Kells is an excellent example of Irish Half Uncial, which is distinctively an ornate and decorative book hand. Also called Insular Majuscule or Insular Miniscule, this script was taught to the Anglo-Saxon students traveling to the Celtic land. lab.dce.harvard.edu /extension/humae105/fall97/twest/irhalfunc.htm

ODLIS: Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science minuscules, half uncial began in the early 6th century as a The use of half titles dates from the 17th century and may have evolved from the practice of including a false bands, half bands are not an imitation of the lu.com /odlis/odlis_h.cfm

Calligraphy and illumination book reviews Mostly photographs, running about half and half between black and white and color. Has instructions on how to do Uncial, Round Hand, Black Letter, and Italic alphabets. It shows many examples of period manuscripts and covers alphabet styles that almost no one else does. www.therotunda.net /elspeth/ci-books.html

The Schoyen Collection: 5.15. Russia (-16), 27x20 cm, single column, (21x13 cm), 25 lines in Cyrillic uncial, 2 2- to 4-line interlaced initials in twisting strapwork in ink on red ground, a very fine decorative teratological headpiece with elaborate interlocking strapwork twisted into the form of 4 rampant griffins in ink on red ground. Binding: Vologda, Russia, 14th c., dark brown calf over thick wooden boards, sewn on 3 thongs, spine raised "alla Grecca", central metal pin and one corner pin in upper cover. www.nb.no /baser/schoyen/5/5.15/index.html

Carolingian Scripts Perhaps developing in second half of the third century, the uncial script gains popularity during the fourth century. Uncial would supplant the rustic capitals as the most popular script from the fifth century. Significantly a large number of the extant uncial texts were Christian manuscripts. employees.oneonta.edu /farberas/arth/arth212/Carolingian_Culture/carolingian_scripts.html

§6. The Irish School of Writing. II. Runes and Manuscripts. Vol. 1. From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21 The Irish alphabet was founded on the Roman half-uncial hand, manuscripts of this type having been brought over to Ireland by missionaries, perhaps during the fifth century. Owing to the isolated position of the island and the consequent absence of extraneous influence, a strongly characteristic national hand developed, which ran its uninterrupted course down to the late Middle Ages. www.bartleby.com /211/0206.html

Character design standards - Lowercase In early Roman scribe's literature, it appeared with lowercase ascenders in the minuscule, or half-uncial, alphabet. Uncial came to England with Roman missionaries in the Christian literature of the sixth and seventh century. To the left the bar should extend approximately one half the width of the lower bowl of the d and in italic designs visually one half the bowl. www.microsoft.com /typography/developers/fdsspec/lowercase.htm

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Early Christian Inscriptions More than one half are probably correctly ascribed to him, even though it is necessary to remember that after his death Damasine inscriptions continued to be set up, i. Thus the open cross is found in the epitaphs of the catacombs as early as the second century, and from the third to the sixth century the monogrammatic cross in its various forms appears as a regular part of the epitaphs. While the copious material obtained from the early Christian epitaphs, especially the inscriptions of the Roman (Latin) and the Greek-Oriental groups, is equivalent to a book in stone on the faith and life of our Christian forefathers, the purely literary side of these monuments is not insignificant. www.newadvent.org /cathen/08042a.htm

Manuscript Studies: Paleography: Historical Notes Uncial: from Latin "uncia," "inch-high." A formal, majuscule bookhand used especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts from the fourth to the ninth centuries. Despite its name, it is no longer considered to be derived from uncial. Rustic capitals: a Roman majuscule bookhand of the first to sixth centuries; revived for a time in England in eighth century and in France in ninth. www.ualberta.ca /~sreimer/ms-course/course/pal-hist.htm

The Schoyen Collection: Palaeography -- 4.3. Latin book scripts Roman wax tablets were usually made from silver fir (abies alba), not a wood native to Britain, but ideal for the purpose since it splits cleanly and evenly into boards ca. Dacus an honourable discharge from the navy of Emperor Vespasian, Roman citizenship for himself and his descendants, and the right of legal marriage. The Walbrook crossed the Roman city from north to south, joining the Thames at Vintry. www.nb.no /baser/schoyen/4/4.4/443_1.html

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