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	Halford John Mackinder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mackinder was always extremely critical of the German exploitation of his ideas.
		Although Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik (as British High Commissioner he tried to unite the White Russian forces), the principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).
		Mackinder was given a personal chair at the London School of Economics in 1923.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Halford_John_Mackinder (600 words)

	Test Area: Halford Mackinder
		Halford John Mackinder was born on 15 February 1861 at Gainsborough, a small port and market town at the river Trent in England.
		Mackinder always pushed for the founding of a geographical institute in London arguing that there has to be a central place for lectures which are devoted to geography.
		From 1913 to 1946 Halford Mackinder was chairman, and in 1916 he was elected President of the Geographical Association.
	www.valpo.edu /geomet/histphil/test/mackinde.html (2062 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Mackinder, Sir Halford John (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		MACKINDER, SIR HALFORD JOHN [Mackinder, Sir Halford John], 1861-1947, English geopolitician.
		Revisiting the 'pivot': the influence of Halford Mackinder on analysis of Uzbekistan's international relations.
		Halford Mackinder and the 'geographical pivot of history': a centennial retrospective.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Mackinde.asp (331 words)

	Dr Pascal Venier : Research
		The absence of a systematic study of Mackinder's strategic thought is most puzzling on account of its considerable influence on the history of the twentieth century.
		Mackinder's methodology will therefore be carefully scrutinized, the internal coherence of his arguments will be tested; it will also be necessary to unravel the author's textual strategies.
		Bearing in mind that Mackinder primarily defined himself as a geographer, it is important to apply to his work an "an approach to geography's history that will do full justice to the intellectual and social context within which geographical knowledge is produced" (Livingstone, 1993).
	www.pascalvenier.com /mackinder_research_project.htm (1064 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Summer 2000
		Mackinder believed that the world had evolved into what he called a "closed system." There was no more room for expansion by the end of the 19th century, for colonialism had brought the entire world under the sway of Europe.
		Mackinder's theories might have faded into irrelevance were it not for their apparent influence on the foreign policy of Nazi Germany.
		Mackinder, Kissinger, Brzezinski, Gray, and the rest all would have us believe that they can see the proper course for policy because they understand the "eternal" realities that the earth provides, despite the fact that their assumptions are often baseless or archaic.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/00summer/fettweis.htm (5556 words)

	Geostrategy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alfred Thayer Mahan and Halford J. Mackinder outlined the American and British conceptions of geostrategy, respectively, in their works The Problem of Asia and Heartland.
		Spykman's key contribution was to alter the strategic valuation of the Heartland vs. the "Rimland" (a geographic area analogous to Mackinder's "Inner or Marginal Crescent").
		Mackinder, Halford J. Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geostrategy (2743 words)

	homepage\theory
		Mackinder was interested in political motion and he observed that the spatial distribution of strategic opportunities in the world was unequal.
		Thus, Mackinder believed that the focus of warfare would be shifted from the sea to the hinterland (interiors).
		Mackinder developed a "pivot area" which was the northern and interior parts of the Eurasian continent where the rivers flow to the Arctic or to salt seas and lakes.
	www.list.org /~mdoyle/theory.html (1575 words)

	NORTRASHIP and the provocation of the German attack on Norway 1940
		Mackinder was the son of a physician of Scottish descent.
		Mackinder, working also at Reading and London, continued at Oxford until 1904, when he was appointed director of the recently founded London School of Economics and Political Science, a constituent body of the University of London.
		In 1919 Mackinder went as British high commissioner to southern Russia in an attempt to unify the White Russian forces and was knighted on his return in 1920.
	arno.daastol.com /history/nortraship.html (1342 words)

	Mackinder Sir Halford John - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Mackinder, Sir Halford John (1861-1947), British geographer, civil servant, Member of Parliament, and privy counsellor, often described as the...
		The British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder was also heavily influenced by the concept of the region and by environmental determinism.
		However, during this period geographers in Britain, France, and Germany were also developing the idea of the region as an analytical approach.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Mackinder_Sir_Halford_John.html (120 words)

	Guru Profile
		All this new perspective was development after read some about Sir Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) who propounded the view of Eurasia as the geographical pivot and “heartland” of history.
		I choose Mackinder as my ideal Geographer not only because he outlined his ideas of a "New Geography", and also his theories about heartland are the extension of the theater of operations in Europe nowadays.
		Halford John Mackinder was born on 15 February 1861 at Gainsborough.
	geog.tamu.edu /~ariasc/guru.htm (486 words)

	Heartland Geopolitics: The Case of Uzbekistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Mackinder believed that a collection of independent but integrated states, anchored in the north by Poland, could provide security, if not deterrence, against Germany.
		Mackinder thought that the mid-Atlantic should be "pledged together" with Russia in case "any breach of the peace is threatened," anticipating NATO and its expansion eastward, along with the EU.
		It can be an economically integrated and stable buffer zone of independent states, where friction among regional powers accordingly dissipates (as Mackinder might suggest); or it will be a place where tension builds among competing states and surrounding powers even as the region's jobless youth are recruited and retained by terrorists.
	www.globalengagement.org /issues/2004/01/heartland.htm (959 words)

	Serbian News Network: The New Geopolitics of Empire
		Mackinder was a strong advocate of British imperialism, arguing that colonies in Africa and Asia constituted a safety valve for European society, and that a closure of the world to European imperialist expansion would lead to the unleashing of uncontrollable class forces within European societies.
		Mackinder is best known for his doctrine of the “Heartland.” Geopolitical strategy was about the endgame of controlling the Heartland—or the enormous transcontinental land mass of Eurasia, encompassing Eastern Europe, Russia through Siberia, and Central Asia.
		Mackinder insisted that the most immediate foreign policy objective for the British Empire was to prevent any kind of alliance or bloc between Germany and Russia, and to keep either one from dominating Eastern Europe.
	www.antic.org /Weblog/2006/01/new-geopolitics-of-empire.html (5430 words)

	[No title]
		Mackinder was appointed a lecturer in natural science and economic history in 1886 and that same year joined the Royal Geographical Society.
		Mackinder's avowed purposes in writing the "pivot" paper were to establish "a correlation between the larger geographical and the larger historical generalizations," to provide "a formula which shall express certain aspects.
		The Heartland, in essence, wrote Mackinder, was equivalent to the territory of the Soviet Union, minus the land east of the Yenisei River.
	ic.ucsc.edu /~rlipsch/Pol177/Sempa.doc (3300 words)

	[Hydro] THE CHIEF MOTIVE OF THE BALKANS WAR
		Mackinder especially focused on East Europe for strategic control of what he called "The Heartland" and on the Heartland (including much of the territory of the Slavic nations) for domination of the "World Island" (Europe, the Near East, Asia, and Africa).
		Mackinder's book was translated into German shortly after its first publication in 1919, because in it he acknowledges the desire of what was then an independent Germany to unite German-speaking peoples of East Europe.
		Mackinder was subsequently blamed for the Lebensraum strategy of the Third Reich, which actually was founded on the work of German master political geographer Gen. Karl Haushofer, who of course had read Mackinder.
	www.mail-archive.com /hydro@topica.com/msg00732.html (1197 words)

	Industrial Revolution in Europe 1750-1914: Geography History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Halford Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, in Lincolnshire, England, the eldest son of a doctor.
		Mackinder also is famous for holding the first university chair in geography and establishing the contours of the new discipline through his influential writings.
		For Mackinder the New Imperialism and the new discipline of Geography mutually reinforced one another.
	www.bookrags.com /history-european-industrial-revolution-geography/sub8.html (453 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Reexamining Old Concepts About the Caucasus and Central Asia
		The so-called "heartland" theory was first advanced in January 1904 lecture delivered by Sir Halford Mackinder, then the director of the London School of Economics and one of the most prominent British geographers of the era.
		To Mackinder, world history was essentially the story of an eternal struggle between what he called the "seaman" and the "landman." The emergence of railroads, he argued, allowed land powers to be almost as mobile as naval powers.
		Mackinder, in an essay published in the journal Foreign Affairs in 1943, raised the possibility that the West and Russia could one day develop into genuine partners.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav020404a.shtml (1511 words)

	mackinder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		H.J. (later Sir Halford) Mackinder (1861-1947), the most prominent British academic geographer of the time, joined LSE on its foundation in 1895 and remained on the staff as Reader and Professor (1923) until 1925.
		In brilliant lectures he expounded the principles of the 'new' geography which synthesised the study of the physical landscape and human activity in a historical context.
		Mackinder was active in politics, at first as a Liberal Imperialist standing for social reform, wider educational opportunities and greater economic efficiency: later he became a Conservative.
	www.lse.ac.uk /resources/LSEHistory/mackinder.htm (285 words)

	1. Critical geopolitics varies from political economy analyses of world politics to largely textual analyses of foreign ...
		This approach is evident in a ërevisionistí literature on Halford Mackinder, a widely celebrated ëfounding fatherí of geopolitics (despite the fact that he never used the term in his writings and personally disliked it).
		Halford Mackinderís life and work was conditioned by the structural geopolitics of British imperial decline.
		Mackinderís strategic ideas had understandably little influence over British foreign policy at the time and might well have sunk into obscurity if it were not for the historical accident of their ëre-discoveryí during World War II amidst sensationalist and ill-informed media speculation about Karl Haushofer and German Geopolitik.
	www.nvgc.vt.edu /toalg/Website/Publish/papers/stratstud.html (6386 words)

	Sempa \| Mackinder’s World (I)
		At Oxford, Mackinder fell under the influence of Michael Sadler and Henry Nottidge Mosely, key figures in the effort to establish geography as an independent field of study in England.
		Mackinder’s avowed purposes in writing the “pivot” paper were to establish “a correlation between the larger geographical and the larger historical generalizations,” to provide “a formula which shall express certain aspects… of geographical causation in universal history,” and to set “into perspective some of the competing forces in current international politics.”
		Mackinder noted that between the fifth and sixteenth centuries, a “succession of … nomadic peoples” (Huns, Avars, Bulgarians, Magyars, Khazars, Patzinaks, Cumans, Mongols and Kalmuks) emerged from Central Asia to conquer or threaten the states and peoples located in the “marginal crescent” (Europe, the Middle East, southwest Asia, China, southeast Asia, Korea and Japan).
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_14/sempa_mac1.html (1127 words)

	Top Picks: Globalization. (printer version) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Halford J. Mackinder, the grandfather of geopolitics, offers one of the primary texts on global thinking in his book, Democratic Ideals and Reality (1942).
		Mackinder, like those who have followed him, recognized that our maps not only affect our perception of land but also our treatment of people.
		If Mackinder is right, then his words may have been written for such a time as this.
	www.globalengagement.org /issues/2002/01/globalization-picks-p.htm (968 words)

	MacKinder Family Crest
		MacKinder is a name for a pilgrim from the Gaelic word deoradh.
		In continental Europe, the most ancient recorded family crest was discovered upon the monumental effigy of a Count of Wasserburg in the church of St. Emeran, at Ratisobon, Germany...
		In the MacKinder coat of arms as in all coat of arms the crest is only one element of the full armorial achievement.
	www.houseofnames.com /xq/asp.fc/qx/mackinder-family-crest.htm (456 words)

	CFP: Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland: A Help or Hindrance? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It has attracted much attention from both admirers, who consider Mackinder a prophet of subsequent geopolitical events and a champion of democracy, and critics who lambaste him for geo-determinism and imperialism.
		This symposium highlighted the versatility and contentiousness of Mackinder's legacy, and also gaps in our knowledge of how his ideas travelled from the UK to other countries.
		Before the symposium, Mackinder's 1904 paper will be translated and made accessible to local participants, and all participants will be assisted in accessing relevant sections of his later work (in English).
	www.staff.ncl.ac.uk /nick.megoran/mackinder_cfp.htm (629 words)

	Geopolitics and the Eurasian Alternative
		The idea behind geopolitics is based on the assessment that geography is a crucial factor in the system of causes, forming the parameters of politics.
		Sir Halford Mackinder, argued in 1904 that the new trend in the modern industry and particularly the development of the railroad as the main infrastructure and communicative meant a change in the balance between land and sea power and favor the dominance of land powers in the twentieth century.
		The whole tradition of Anglo-Saxon and American geopolitics (from Mahan and Mackinder to Spykman, Brzeszinski and Wolfowitz) sees foreign policy through the eyes of atlantism, moving step by step towards the final triumph of the "sea power", towards the globalization of their civilization kind.
	www.geocities.com /mahabala_awake/alternative.html (1679 words)

	MacKinder Sir Halford John - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Halford John MacKinder was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England.
		Ross, Sir John (1777-1856), British explorer of the Arctic, who led expeditions in 1818 and 1829 in search of the Northwest Passage.
		Search for books about your topic, "MacKinder Sir Halford John"
	encarta.msn.com /MacKinder_Sir_Halford_John.html (115 words)

	“The Coming Siege” - theTrumpet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The great “World Island”—as the early 20th-century British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder described Eurasia and the conjoined landmass of Africa—dominates the planet south of the Arctic to the Indian Ocean, east to the South China Sea and west to the Atlantic.
		A principal thesis of his strategic studies was based on turn-of-the-20th-century geographer Sir Halford Mackinder’s concept of the globe.
		Mackinder “feared a day when Eurasia and land-linked Africa might become a united base of sea power, capable of outbuilding and outmanning the island nations” (Ray S. Cline, The Power of Nations in the 1990s).
	www.thetrumpet.com /print.php?id=2138 (2670 words)

	British Strategy fo Global Conquest - - voxnyc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The earliest known statement of this plan for world conquest was expressed by imperial strategist Halford Mackinder, who outlined the central global strategic problem in 1904 in a letter to the British Royal Geographical Society.
		They also intend that the mass of the remaining population will be reduced to peasant social status, and kept in perpetual ignorance so that any revolt against their overlords will be impossible.
		The following quoted passage is from a letter written by British imperial strategist Halford Mackinder to the British Royal Geographical Society.
	www.voxfux.com /features/global_conquest.html (2089 words)

	Commentary & Reply.(Saving Private Ryan)(Sir Halford Mackinder)(Letter to the Editor) - Parameters - HighBeam ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		I read with dismay the intellectual confusion presented by Christopher J. Fettweis in his article "Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics, and Policymaking in the 21st Century" (Parameters, Summer 2000).
		Fettweis, lumping all geostrategic theories in with Mackinder's ideas from 1904, 1919, and 1943 oversimplifies things considerably and denies the richness of the literature.
		However, my article was not an examination of tactics, but rather a critical look at Mackinder and geopolitical approaches to US national interests and grand strategy.
	www.highbeam.com /library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:74522185&ctrlInfo=Round19:Mode19b:DocG:Result&ao= (6135 words)

	Mackinder, Sir Halford John - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Demokratizatsiya; September 22, 2001; Stoecker, Sally W. prescient words of Sir Halford John Mackinder, professor of geography...
		In the early 1920s, Sir Halford Mackinder stated, `Glasgow has...
		This region was, Mackinder argued, the geographical pivot of history (Mackinder 1904; see also Blouet...
	www.highbeam.com /ref/doc3.asp?docid=1E1:Mackinde (295 words)

	books about: halford (intervention geographical contemporary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Mackinder is a central thinker in the late nineteenth century development of geopolitics.
		His theory of the 'heartland' had great influence on political thought and policy in the twentieth century.
		John Bellamy Foster writes of the idea of the heartland as follows: "Mackinder is best known for his doctrine of the "Heartland." Geopolitical strategy was about the endgame of controlling the...
	www.very-clever.com /books/halford (638 words)

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