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Topic: Hallstatt culture

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	Hallstatt Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hallstatt remains one of the richest known cemeteries of its kind, with a wide range of weapons, brooches, pins, and pottery.
		In the fourth century B.C.E., Hallstatt was devastated by a vast landslide.
		It is during the Hallstatt C period that we start to see fortified settlements on hilltops north of the Alps with greater frequency.
	www.celticcorner.com /hallstatt.html (663 words)

	Hallstatt Culture - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Hallstatt Culture, an early Iron Age culture in central and western Europe and the Balkans.
		The people who developed Villanovan culture, which is similar to the Hallstatt culture of Austria, are believed to have come from central Europe.
		The Hallstatt Culture is characterized not only by long iron swords and horse trappings but also by rich chieftain burials under large barrows.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Hallstatt_Culture.html (112 words)

	Hallstatt culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age.
		An eastern Hallstatt cultural zone including Croatia, Slovenia, western Hungary, Austria, Moravia region of the Czech Republic, and Slovakia can be distinguished from a western cultural zone which includes northern Italy, Switzerland, eastern France, southern Germany, and the Bohemia region of the Czech Republic.
		In the central Hallstatt regions, and toward the end of the period, very rich graves of high-status individuals under large tumuli are found in association with fortified hilltop settlements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hallstatt_culture (646 words)

	Geology - ProvenceBeyond
		Hallstatt Culture: (from about 750 to 450 BC) is characteristic of an early stage of the Iron Age in western Europe (named from an Austrian village).
		This early part of the iron age is characterized by elaborate funeral rites and is marked by an increasing use of iron and an increasing skill in ironwork.
		La Tène Culture, is the latter stage of the Iron Age in central and northwestern Europe, from about 450 BC to the subjugation of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 58 BC.
	www.beyond.fr /history/geology.html (1304 words)

	Celt
		The spread of iron-working led to the development of the Hallstatt culture[?] (c.
		The Hallstatt culture effectively held a frontier against incursions from the east by Thracian and Scythian ethnic tribesmen.
		The subject of the succession of Halstatt culture by La Tène culture[?], the final stage of the Iron Age, and its gradual transformation into a characteristically Celtic culture is both complex and diverse, however the technologies, decorative practices and metal-working styles of the La Tène were to be very influential on the Celts.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ce/Celts.html (695 words)

	Hallstatt - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hallstatt, village, Upper Austria prov., W central Austria, in the Salzkammergut, on the Lake of Hallstatt.
		A tourist center, it is one of the oldest settlements in Austria.
		The term Hallstatt now refers to late Bronze and early Iron Age culture in central and western Europe.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hallstat.html (264 words)

	Celtic Art - MSN Encarta
		Celtic art emerged in the environment of the Hallstatt Culture, an early Iron Age culture, identified as Celtic, that was centred in what is now Austria, Switzerland, and Bavaria.
		Although this culture existed from 750 to 450 bc, it is in the Late Hallstatt period (6th to early 5th century bc) that identifiably Celtic artistic features emerge.
		The initial focus of La Tène Culture was what is now Switzerland, the Rhineland, and France; in its later phases it spread westward as far as Britain and Spain, and eastward as far as the Black Sea.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781529542/Celtic_Art.html (1595 words)

	Historical Ancient Celtic Warriors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hallstatt is a village near Salzburg in Austria, and the ancient Celtic burial places discovered there in the 19th century have given their name to this earliest period of Celtic domination in Europe, which lasted from the 7th to early 5th centuries BC.
		The affluent warriors of the Hallstatt period of this Celtic age, especially warlords and their followers, were opulent and extravagant.
		Hallstatt swords could be very big and long, suggesting they were mainly used as slashing weapons, largely from horseback or chariots.
	members.aol.com /skyelander/celts1.html (1769 words)

	(The Hallstatt Culture)
		Hallstatt is situated 30 miles south of Salzburg, Austria.
		The Halstatt culture had settlements near the top of mountains rather than at sea level because it was marshy.
		It was customary for this culture to preserve it's dead with salt and to bury the body then with clothes, food, barley and utensils.
	bally.fortunecity.com /waterford/100/hallstatt.html (284 words)

	Index to Celtic Culture Part I by Elkin Vanaeon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As the name suggests, the people of the Urnfield culture cremated their dead and placed the remains in urns which were buried in flat cemeteries without any covering mound.
		The period of the Urnfield culture, like that of the Tumulus culture, was one of expansion, particularly during the first millennium B.C.E. It is during the period of the Urnfield culture that the Bronze Age was at its peek in Central Europe.
		Hallstatt is a village in Central Austria at which was found an important cemetery; La Tène is near the north-eastern end of Lake Neuchâtel, in western Switzerland.
	members.aol.com /tammuz69/home/Index/History/Proto_Celts.html (4896 words)

	Hallstatt Age in Slovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		South-western Slovakia was from it's beginning the integral part of East-Hallstatt culture, or East-Hallstatt cultural complex, particularly of it's north-eastern Alpine part, where Kalenderberg culture was the unifier of local population.
		Vekerzug culture is branch of cimmero-thraco-scythian nomadic cultures in northern parts of Pannonia and southern Slovakia.
		Eastern Slovakia was from the beginning of Hallstatt period the part of the nomadic cultural sphere.
	www.mujweb.cz /veda/archaeology/hallstatt_03.htm (1253 words)

	Museum Hallstatt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is one of the habits of prehistoric research to unite groups of finds of the same character into cultures“ and name them after an important site of discovery.
		For this reason the culture of the Early Iron Age in Middle Europe from the 800 - 500 B.C, was named Hallstatt Culture“.
		The burial ground of Hallstatt, a cemetery at the foot of the salt mine used at that time, high above the centre of today’s Hallstatt, was discovered in 1846.
	www.museum-hallstatt.at /html/hallkulturen.html (127 words)

	Celts - Hallstatt and La Tene cultures
		Hallstatt C saw the construction of fortified hilltop settlements to the North of the Alps.
		By the time of the Hallstatt D period, these increasingly extravagant burial mounds were clustered around a few major hillforts to the southwest of the region.
		Over the period from 1846 to 1863, a thousand graves were found at Hallstatt, with an astonishing range of artefacts, including clothing and saltmining equipment as well as weapons, jewellery, pottery and imported bronze vessels in the "chieftains'" graves.
	celts.etrusia.co.uk /celtic_cultures.php (550 words)

	Celts - Crystalinks
		The Hallstatt culture was succeeded by the La Tène culture, and during the final stages of the Iron Age gradually transformed into the explicitly Celtic culture of early historical times.
		Stonehenge and the other megalithic monuments long predate the Iron Age Celtic culture, but Genetic evidence indicates that the Celtic populations of the Atlantic Archipelago have been relatively stable for at least 6,000 years, in which case the modern Celts would be the direct descendants of their builders.
		Later research indicated that the language and culture had developed gradually and continuously, and in Ireland no archaeological evidence was found for large intrusive groups of Celtic immigrants, suggesting to historians such as Colin Renfrew that the native Late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed influences to create "Celtic" culture.
	www.crystalinks.com /celts.html (1898 words)

	[No title]
		The Celts evolved from the Urnfield Culture (given that name because of the burial system of cremation and placement of ashes in urns which in turn were buried in fields...) much earlier than the Romanized Celtic world of the late 500-400 BC.
		For example, artifacts found in Ireland dated four-hundred years later than those found at Hallstatt may still be described as Hallstatt based on the way in which they were made and the reflections of their local society.
		As the Hallstatt cultural period of the Celts lasted from between 800/700 B.C. to 600/500 B.C., "La Tene denotes a period which took over from Hallstatt Culture".
	www.ibiblio.org /gaelic/Celts/celtshistory.html (1057 words)

	Celtic Impressions - The Celts
		Indeed, the Celts can be credited with many of the greatest developments of the Hallstatt period, such as the fine hill forts constructed during the sixth century BC or the rich tombs from the 'princedoms' of the western Hallstatt lands.
		The La Tene culture evolved during the fifth century BC in part of the Hallstatt area, when Rome was an infant republic and Athens was beating off the Persians and making her own bid for empire.
		Hallstatt Artifacts were first unearthed at Hallstatt in Upper Austria early in the nineteenth century, and excavations continued at the site from 1846 to 1863.
	www.celticimpressions.com /celts.asp (2060 words)

	CelticIdiom
		However the religious and farming culture continued as the essential outlook of the Iron Age Celt and it is not surprising that Celtic Art apparently reemerge at the end of the Roman period.
		The dynamics of the cultural and political interactions that took place among the British Isles in the 18th to 20th centuries to produce this strong Celtic’; identity is very complex.
		Due to the strong tradition of metalwork and jewellery in the history of Celtic culture, it is not surprising that this medium is saturated with the influence of the Celtic style.
	homepage.mac.com /cjcampbell/portfolio/cjc/Dissert/celticidiom.html (9650 words)

	Hallstatt
		Hallstatt in the Dachstein Mountains of the Austrian Alps is probably best known for its prehistoric cemetery, from which the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture derives its name.
		Using material from the abundant early Iron Age burials, Reinecke defined the periods Hallstatt C and D, which today are generally accepted divisions of the early Iron Age of Central Europe (ca.
		The nearby Hallstatt salt mine, which was exploited in late medieval times (after AD 1311), has since revealed material left behind by prehistoric miners, including bodies of possible accident victims.
	www.athenapub.com /hallstatt.htm (817 words)

	myArmoury.com: An Introduction to the Sword
		In the Hallstatt culture (900-500 B.C.) swords made of bronze and swords with iron blades coexisted and were modeled after earlier forms.
		In the La Tène culture (from 500 B.C. to the beginning of the Christian era), the somewhat angular lines of the sword blade typical of the Hallstatt culture were softened.
		During the Hallstatt culture there had been a gradual lengthening of the sword; during the La Tène period the length was first reduced, then increased once more to between 31-35", as progress in metalworking made it possible to construct lighter and stronger blades.
	www.myarmoury.com /feature_swordintro1.html (2265 words)

	The Celts--The Culture History Forgot
		Being a relatively illiterate culture depending on word of mouth to recount their history, much of who and what they were has been lost.
		Celtic culture is mostly confined to the British isles now, but excavations show they had a widespread influence in ancient times.
		This discovery, in 1846, was significant in that it first brought to light the importance of Celtic culture, alongside that of the classical Greeks and Romans.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/irelands_mythical_history/36403 (547 words)

	Glossary
		In central European archaeology the terms Hallstatt A (12th -11th century B.C.) and Hallstatt B (10th - 8th centuries B.C.) are used as a chronological framework for the urnfield cultures of the Late Bronze Age.
		During the Hallstatt D (or II) period, in the 6th century, the most advanced cultures are found further west, in Burgundy, Switzerland and the Rhinland.
		By the close of this period in the mid 5th century, elements of Hallstatt culture (though without wagon burials) are found from southern France to Yugoslavia, Czech Republic and Slovakia.
	archweb.cimec.ro /Arheologie/arch/terms.htm (2389 words)

	The Peoples
		It was these who founded the Mycenean culture in the Mediterranean; this culture, with its eastward and southward orientation, would form the root from which would grow the classical culture of Greece and Rome.
		Populated by diverse and frequently migratory cultures, the predominant characteristic of European life in the prehistoric and classical periods is one of multiculturalism, migration, and frequent population disruptions.
		were importing culture and cultural practices from the east and remaking them in their own image.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/PEOPLES.HTM (1365 words)

	Celtic Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, from this mixed bronze age population, sprung the first culture of the early iron age, the hallstatt culture.
		The population of this culture are the children of their hallstatt parents, which on their own are the children of their bronze age parents, to speak in family terms, with foreign people (like invaders from whereever) only very seldom marrying into the family.
		Their culture was markedly Latinized (still retaining many Celtic customs), and the Celtic language was lost, but the "genetic make-up" of the people was Celtic.
	www.cyberius.net /~loki/history/kelt/keltic.html (1182 words)

	Travel Austria » Hallstatt
		Hallstatt is a village in the Salzkammergut, a region of the federal province in Upper Austria.
		The village also gave its name to the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture and is part of the World Heritage List.
		Active trade and thus wealth allowed for the development of a high culture, which, after findings in the Salzberghochtal, was named Hallstatt culture.
	www.travel2austria.com /?p=34 (505 words)

	Symposium: Hallstatt-Textiles
		The Austrian Textile Research Society (Österreichische Gesellschaft für Textilkunstforschung; TKF) and the Department of Prehistory of the Natural History Museum, Vienna are jointly organizing a conference on the prehistoric textiles from Hallstatt, to be held from the 4th to 6th of June 2004.
		In 1997 the Hallstatt region was granted UNESCO World Heritage status because of its unique cultural and natural environment.
		Visitors are particularly welcome in the Hallstatt Museum, newly opened in 2002, as well as in the charnel house of the Catholic Parish Church and the exhibition galleries of the salt-mine itself.
	members.aon.at /textile-techniken/TKF/main_e.html (395 words)

	RealMagick Article: Origins of the Celts by Michael Wangbickler
		The Únêtice culture became the pre-eminent culture in Central Europe by the middle of the second millennium B.C.E..
		The Tumulus culture which followed the Únêtice, and from which they descended, dominated Central Europe during much of the second part of the second millenium B.C.E..
		As the name implies, the Tumulus culture is distinguished by the practice of burying the dead beneath burial mounds.
	realmagick.com /articles/32/1032.html (1028 words)

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