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Topic: Halocline

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	Halocline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In oceanography, a Halocline is a strong, vertical salinity gradient.
		Because salinity (in concert with temperature) affects the density of seawater, it can play a role in its vertical stratification.
		Typically, ocean vertical structure is dictated by temperature effects on density, but salinity and haloclines play a dominant role in certain regions of the world ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Halocline (147 words)

	IOW Projects - CARBUD
		Below the halocline a distinct increase in the average Ct was observed.
		A similar distribution was found for the C mineralization rates which were calculated by formulating a simple model that accounts for the diapycnical mixing between the different depth layers and at the halocline.
		No significant difference was detected in the first two layers beneath the halocline, however, at depths close to the redoxcline at about 150 m a substantial PO excess was observed which was probably due to the dissolution of iron phosphates.
	www.io-warnemuende.de /projects/carbud/en_home.html (567 words)

	Haline stratification and the onset of glaciation in the Pliocene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Such a halocline could be related to a number of different factors, including the input of a large volume of fresh river water, a change in ocean circulation patterns or a change in overall ocean water temperature.
		They suggest that the long-term cooling during the late Tertiary, and the superimposed effects of Milankovitch cycling, finally led to a situation where, at 2.7 m.y., the thermal gradient was reduced to a point where an already existing salinity gradient became capable of maintaining stratification.
		Apart from impacting the weather throughout the northern hemisphere, loss of the halocline would enhance the rate at which deep-ocean carbon dioxide is vented to the atmosphere, leading to even greater warming.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~earles/halocline-feb05.htm (853 words)

	Chapter IV - 4.1
		Below the halocline, increased lateral transport of waters with 10-11 psu from the Bornholm and Gdansk Basins occurred during the period 1985-92, causing a decrease in the vertical stability of the intermediate waters.
		In the Northern Baltic Proper (Figure 4.4.2d), the centre of the halocline generally followed the depth of the 8.5 psu isohaline, which deepened from its most shallow position in 1981 at 60 m depth to the extreme depths of 110-120 m observed in 1993.
		By the end of the stagnation period, the deepened and weaker halocline led to higher oxygen concentrations at the 70-90 m depths.
	www.vtt.fi /inf/baltic/balticinfo/text_files/chapter4.4.1.html (2199 words)

	[No title]
		The balances of nutrients and oxygen in the permanent halocline require isopycnal ventilation on a time frame of approximately 10 years; this estimate is consistent with the estimate of VanScoy et al.
		The chemistry of the waters in the halocline is affected by mixing both vertically and along isopycnal surfaces.
		Although the salinity structure of the halocline suggests that vertical processes are important to the distribution of salt, we find that this formulation alone is inadequate to explain the distribution of oxygen and nutrients.
	geosci.uchicago.edu /~archer/reprints/progocean94/papa.html (8965 words)

	AWI: Arctic Ocean-Sea Ice Modelling Group
		This freshwater supply is of paramount importance for the density-driven dynamics of the Arctic Ocean as well as for the formation, the maintenance and the structure of the halocline.
		The Arctic halocline separates the cold, low-saline surface mixed layer from the warmer and saltier Atlantic layer located at intermediate depths.
		Thus, the structure of the halocline plays a pivotal role in the surface energy balance and, hence, in the evolution of the sea ice cover.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Modelling/ARCTIC/projects/rivers/rivers.html (350 words)

	Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean
		Changes are also seen in other halocline types and in the Atlantic Water layer heat content and depth.
		Since the cold halocline layer insulates the surface layer (and thus the overlying sea ice) from the heat contained in the Atlantic Water layer, this should have profound effects on the surface energy and mass balance of sea ice in this region.
		The overall cause of water mass changes in the 1990s might have been a shift in the atmospheric wind forcing and resulting sea ice motion during the late 1980s, which we speculate influenced the location where fresh shelf waters flow into the deeper basins of the Arctic Ocean.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1998/98JC00580.shtml (445 words)

	EVOLUTION OF THE COLD HALOCLINE LAYER IN THE EURASIAN BASIN OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Data from icebreaker and SCICEX submarine cruises of the 1990's document the retreat and subsequent recovery of the cold halocline layer (CHL) in the Eurasian Basin (EB) of the Arctic Ocean.
		The freshwater content from the ocean surface to the base of the halocline was determined for near-repeat transects extending from the Alpha Ridge to the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge.
		IABP ice velocities and sea level pressure fields suggest that the reappearance of the CHL in 1999 was due to a westward shift in the injection point.
	www.olympus.net /biz/IAPSO/abstracts/IA-02/IA02-41.htm (313 words)

	Cave Diving Scuba Tony in Cozumel Mexico, Scuba Instrution, Dive Trips, Cavern Diving and more. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first 20 minutes into the cave is coastal type cave; muddy bottom and moderate visibility (60 ft) with the halocline at 22 feet.
		The current above the halocline is often strong which makes for a nice ride on the way out but below it is calm.
		At one location the ceiling drops below the halocline and actually causes an inverse waterfall where the fresh water is forced below the salt water and then falls upward.
	www.scubatony.com /cave.asp (693 words)

	ARCUS \| Student Awards
		Recent evidence indicates erosion of the highly stratified Arctic Ocean halocline in the Eurasian Basin.
		To understand the evolution of the halocline observed in the 1990s, we must identify the freshwater source component distribution within the halocline and quantify any changes.
		Halocline mean 3H/3He apparent age measured within 33.1 ± 0.3 psu is 4.3 ± 1.7 years and for 34.2 ± 0.2 psu is 9.6 ± 4.6 years.
	www.arcus.org /Award/2nd_Annual/Ekwurzel.html (359 words)

	Halocline
		Salt water is more dense than fresh water, and so light rays are diffracted when they pass through the halocline.
		Because there is active rock dissolution in the halocline, there is also fine silt on the floor, walls, and ceiling of the cave.
		Divers are trained to use special finning techniques to minimize the stirring of silt.
	www.cave-exploration.com /formation/halocline.htm (151 words)

	h a l o c l i n e > a b o u t (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		For some reason, I was late in the game of grabbing domains, so in the quest for a single-word domain I browsed whois for many months to find a something.com that I liked.
		Then one day I saw the IMAX movie Amazing Caves where the divers go hunting for a halocline in the underwater caves.
		If you've seen the IMAX, or been lucky enough to see one in real life, you'll agree that a halocline is both a beautiful and captivating thing.
	halocline.com /about.html (382 words)

	Ventilation and circulation of intermediate waters in the CanadianBasin observed on the SCICEX-96 cruise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This mixed layer is underlain by the halocline, which is a region of strong vertical density stratification caused by the strong increase in salinity with depth and it extends to about 200 m depth.
		The halocline waters are believed to form on the extensive shelf regions surrounding the Arctic Ocean from Pacific and Atlantic source waters that are modified on the shelves by mixing with river water and by the sea ice formation/melt cycle (e.g., Aagaard et al., 1981; Steele et al., 1995).
		The shelf processes produce waters with a wide range of densities and inflow of shelf water is an important process contributing to the formation of all the water masses in the Arctic Ocean extending from the surface mixed layer to the bottom.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~etg/peter/scicex96/manu (9226 words)

	Partial recovery of the Arctic Ocean halocline
		The evolution during the 1990's of the cold halocline layer (CHL) of the Arctic Ocean is investigated using data from icebreaker and SCICEX submarine cruises.
		Salinity at the top of the halocline is used as a measure of halocline development, with high salinity corresponding to a poorly developed halocline.
		In the Nansen, Amundsen, and Makarov basins, upper ocean salinity increased from 1991 to 1998 as the CHL disappeared, then decreased from 1998 to 2000 as it recovered.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001GL014047.shtml (285 words)

	Pacific Halocline paper GRL 2004
		Woodgate, Rebecca A.; Aagaard, Knut; Swift, James H.; Falkner, Kelly K.; Smethie, William M., Jr., 2005, Pacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean's lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin, Geophys.
		Pacific winter waters, a major source of nutrients and buoyancy to the Arctic Ocean, are thought to ventilate the Arctic's lower halocline either by injection (isopycnal or penetrative) of cold saline shelf waters, or by cooling and freshening Atlantic waters upwelled onto the shelf.
		Estimates from observational data confirm that sufficient quantities of Atlantic water may be upwelled to mix with the inflowing Pacific waters, with volumes implying the halocline over the Chukchi Borderland region may be renewed on timescales of order a year.
	psc.apl.washington.edu /HLD/CBL/PacificHaloclinepaper.html (462 words)

	Sources, Occurrence, Trends and Pathways in the Physical Environment - Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I contours at the 59 m depth level from the USS Cavalla cruise delineate the front between Atlantic-origin, halocline water having elevated
		I levels and Pacific-origin, upper halocline water labelled solely by fallout levels of 129I that is oriented along the Alpha-Mendeleyev Ridge.
		I gradient marking the Atlantic-Pacific halocline front is shifted towards the Canada Basin at a water depth of 134 m and, north of the Chukchi Plateau, shows some evidence for topographically steering of halocline water into the interior of the Canada Basin.
	www.ainc-inac.gc.ca /ncp/pub/phy/figb8-2_e.html (159 words)

	HOME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The halocline was one of the features of these systems that MFF wanted to capture on film.
		It is a layer where freshwater from the aquifer meets, flows over, and slowly mixes with the saltwater of the ocean.
		When you pass through the halocline you mix the fresh and saltwater layers, completely destroying visibility until you swim out of it.
	www.cavescience.com /yucatan.htm (788 words)

	Winton: J Climate, 10(1), 37-51, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This behavior is traced to a cooling-induced convective instability near the North Atlantic sinking region, that is, to unstable horizontal spreading of a halocline that stratifies part of the region.
		This is because in a cold climate, high-latitude water masses approach the temperature of maximum density and the convection-driving, upward thermal buoyancy flux induced by surface cooling becomes insufficient to overcome the stratifying effect of surface freshening (a downward buoyancy flux).
		An extensive halocline is then formed and this halocline interferes with the heat loss necessary for the steady production of North Atlantic Deep Water.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~gth/netscape/1997/mw9702.html (198 words)

	Charlie Nelson Pics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Below the halocline, the salt water is just as clear, if not clearer, as the fresh water.
		Above an undisturbed halocline, you feel as if your floating in air above the surface of a lake or river as you see ripples on the surface of the halocline.
		Swimming through a halocline, you feel as if you're the most near-sighted person on earth stumbling along, trying to find your glasses.
	www.discoverydiving.com /charlie_nelson_pics.htm (523 words)

	Arctic Freshwater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The AVERAGE mean residence time of the river-runoff fraction contained in the Arctic Ocean halocline is determined to be about 11 to 14 years.
		Pacific water entering through Bering Strait can be traced using silicate and its influence on the halocline waters of the Canadian Basin is estimated.
		Positive numbers mean addition of freshwater by melting of sea-ice; negative numbers indicate formation of sea ice (removal of freshwater).
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~etg/peter/arc-freshwater/PS.arc-freshwater.html (455 words)

	Halocline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Within the halocline itself, stratified zones of SO and pH have been observed, suggesting the presence of an active and complex aphotic microbial ecosystem
		S near the halocline are so high that divers reported H
		On the floor of the cave system, benthic communities thrive on seawater SO and organic-rich detritus entering the system through cenotes.
	www.cavescience.com /halocline.htm (1225 words)

	Phylogenetic Composition of Bacterioplankton Assemblages from the Arctic Ocean -- Bano and Hollibaugh 68 (2): 505 -- ...
		layer but were rare or absent from halocline samples.
		SAR324) was present in all of the mixed-layer and halocline
		halocline; however, the band was more intense in the halocline
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/2/505 (8040 words)

	COARE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		High resolution measurements in the near-surface layer of the ocean during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Experiment (COARE) revealed cases of quite pronounced spatial variability of near-surface temperature and salinity.
		Under certain conditions the shallow diurnal thermocline and rain-formed halocline are subject to perturbations that look like large amplitude internal waves (Fig.
		Soloviev, A. and R. Lukas, 1996: Observation of spatial variability of diurnal thermocline and rain-formed halocline in the western Pacific warm pool.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /COARE/abstracts/presonant4.html (123 words)

	SVIBOR - Project code: 1-07-145
		By application of existing and development of new methods, organic films are characterized and their role in eutrophication and accumulation of pollutants is investigated.
		Of particular importance is the accumulation of organic particles and pollutants at density interfaces (halocline), formation of organic films and their rola in the eutrophication phenomena, and fate of pollutants.
		Organic thin films are characterized at natural interfaces (halocline) and model interfaces (electrode/solution).
	www.mzos.hr /svibor/1/07/145/proj_e.htm (526 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6162409 - Method of and means for maintaining a halocline in an open body of salt water
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Method of and means for maintaining a halocline in an open body of salt water
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6162409 (140 words)

	e-Prints Soton - Stratified prokaryote network in the oxic-anoxic transition of a deep-sea halocline
		We recently showed that unusual microbial populations, including a new division of Archaea (MSBL1)3, inhabit the NaCl-rich hypersaline brine.
		High salinities tend to reduce biodiversity4, but when brines come into contact with fresher water the natural haloclines formed frequently contain gradients of other chemicals, including permutations of electron donors and acceptors, that may enhance microbial diversity, activity and biogeochemical cycling5, 6.
		Here we report a 2.5-m-thick chemocline with a steep NaCl gradient at 3.3 km within the water column betweeen Bannock anoxic hypersaline brine7 and overlying sea water.
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /25095 (329 words)

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