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	Hamitic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hamitic Myth was used as a justification for European colonial policy in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries as well as the slave trade in earlier times.
		This hypothesis was a significant factor in the Rwandan genocide.
		Although this hypothesis is often compared to the ideology of Nazi Germany, it should be noted that in Rwanda, the genocide was conducted against those the hypothesis described as superior, whereas the victims of the Holocaust were seen as the inferiors by the Nazis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hamitic (1225 words)

	Hamitic - TheBestLinks.com - Africa, Ancient Egypt, Book of Genesis, Christian, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The Hamitic language group is no longer considered a useful concept, though the phrase Semito-Hamitic is an obsolete term for the Afro-Asiatic group.
		For example, the ancient Egyptians were "Hamitic," the Tutsis of Central Africa were Hamitic because they were more caucasian in appearance, and ruled over other peoples in the area.
		The term Hamitic was applied in different ways by different people, and was applied to many different groups from Ethiopians to Berbers, Nubians, the Masai, Abyssinians, Somalis and many others.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Hamitic.html (914 words)

	Free Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		As well as the ancient Egyptians, the Tutsis of Ruanda were deemed Hamitic because they were more Caucasian in appearance, and thus destined to rule over the Hutus.
		Although the actual origin of Tutsis is disputed, if they had once been a ruling-class of invaders, as was claimed by colonial race-theorists, they had long since lost that social position.
		As racial theories became increasingly complex and convoluted the term Hamitic was used in different ways by different writers, and was applied to many different groups from Ethiopians to Berbers, Nubians, the Masai, Abyssinians, Somalis and many others.
	www.freeencyclopedia.net /index.php?title=Hamitic (1077 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hamitic
		Map showing the distribution of Afro-Asiatic languages The Afro-Asiatic languages are a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia.
		Khoisan is the name for several ethnic groups of southern Africa, where they seem to have appeared many tens of thousands of years ago, that share some specific physical and linguistic characteristics.
		Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hamitic (2655 words)

	rootswomen.com - Ayanna - The Hamitic ( Semitic) Hypothesis and Scientific Racism
		The primary objective of scholars, philosophers, and historians during the 18th and 19th centuries was to construct an image of the African as inferior, incapable of civilization, deserving of enslavement and belonging to some subset of humanity.
		The Hamitic (Semitic) Hypothesis and Scientific Racism were both racist doctrines that set up a system of proof and counterproof, reasoning and rationalization with the intent of completely negating any concept of African ability and achievement.
		The Hamitic (Semitic) Hypothesis stated unequivocally that anything of value found in Africa was brought in by the Hamites who were allegedly a branch of the Caucasian race.
	www.rootswomen.com /ayanna/articles/15112002.html (2516 words)

	HI 130
		These were declared to be Hamitic, or of Hamitic descent, and endowed with the myth of superior achievements and considerable beneficial influence on their Negro brothers.
		The confusion surrounding the "Hamite" was steadily compounded as the terms of reference became increasingly overlapping and vague.
		Because the Hamites discovered in Africa south of the Sahara were described as pastoralists and the traditional occupation of the Negro was supposedly agriculture, pastoralism and all its attributes became endowed with an aura of superiority of culture, giving the Hamite a third dimension: cultural identity.
	www.bethune.cookman.edu /faculty/johnson/Hamitic.htm (6527 words)

	Weekly Worker 491 Thursday July 31 2003
		Particularly in the ‘Hamite’ permutation, this piece of biblical nonsense was a justification for the crudest forms of racism, designed to justify the treatment of humanity in a fl skin in general like animals.
		The modified Hamitic thesis that grew out of this, and which is an element central to Mamdani’s explanation of the genesis of the Rwandan genocide, affirmed, as before, the utterly inferior and effectively worthless status of the Bantu.
		The Hamitic hypothesis was seized upon by the Belgians as the key to ruling the country and creating servility among both Hutu and Tutsi, and Mamdani devotes a whole section of his book to this process of racialisation.
	www.cpgb.org.uk /worker/491/rwanda.html (3945 words)

	Hamitic hypothesis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This hypothesis was a major cause of the (Click link for more info and facts about Rwandan genocide) Rwandan genocide.
		Because of the wide-spread (The prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races) racism in the area, and the belief among Tutsis that they were superior to the Hutus, the Hutus began to see the Tutsis as an outside invader to their land.
		One Hutu political activist suggested that the Tutsis be floated down the river to (Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia) Ethiopia, the country John Hanning Speke claimed is the ancestral home of the Tutsis.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Ha/Hamitic_hypothesis.htm (119 words)

	Hamitic - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		These Hamitic ideas are often referred to as the Hamitic Myth today because they have been widely discredited.
		As well as the ancient Egyptians, the Tutsis of Central Africa were deemed Hamitic because they were more Caucasian in appearance, and ruled over other peoples in the area.
		(See: White man's burden.) For example, in the mid-20th century some works on Africa would claim that the Bantu race was formed by a merger of Hamitic and Negro races, and the 'Hottentots' (Khoisan) were formed by the merger of Hamitic and Bushmen races, theories which are now completely outmoded.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /hamitic.htm (1016 words)

	THE OLD EDO HISTORIANS
		But this hamitic hypothesis has since been demystified and largely discarded, in spite of Chiekh Anta Diops seminal thesis on The African Origin of Civilization, in which he made a strong case for the linkage of African history with Egypt in order to establish the common origin and unity of African peoples.
		T he rejection of the hamitic hypothesis came long after Chief Jacob Egharevba had published his magnus opus A short history of Benin, which was a major contribution to the development of African Historiography, which was still then in its infancy and unweaned from racist colonial historiography.
		Jacob Egharevba’s hypothesis on the origin of Benin henceforth was an attempt to marry the ideas of committee of six Egyptian- origin, Talbot;s -Sudanic Origin and Johnson/Lucas — flight from Islamic takeover of Mecca and Egypt origin as well as the oral tradition of relationships between the monarchies of Benin and Ife.
	www.edo-nation.net /uyi1.htm (1379 words)

	Ethnicity in Rwanda: An Interpretation
		Caught up by the notion that differences and conflicts in human society are the result of racial differences, early European explorers and administrators came up with the "Hamitic hypothesis": that the Tutsi were a superior non-Bantu race who had come from the direction of Ethiopia and conquered indigenous agriculturalists (Hutu) and forest dwellers (Twa).
		Neither the dietary hypothesis nor the theory of peaceful coexistence gets to the question that I think is the key to understanding the precolonial period: the nature of the political power organized as the Rwandan state.
		While Mafeje dismisses the Hamitic hypothesis, his work is based on a critical summary of colonial anthropology.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_906.asp (4575 words)

	Panel 94 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The census of 1933 (in which ethno-racial identity was conferred by diverse means, but glossed as biologically determined) crystallised identities in the form of ID cards and reified the discourse of ‘Bantu’ and ‘Hamite’ which was, in turn, absorbed into an emerging élite Tutsi historiography.
		With the invasion of the Rwandan Patriotic Front in October 1990 (composed mainly of the descendents of Tutsi who had fled Rwanda in the 1950s and 1960s), the representation of ‘the Tutsi’ as ‘foreign Hamites’ was reactivated discursively in genocidal propaganda and performatively in massacres that culminated in the 1994 genocide.
		Even founded on wrong premises, this hypothesis was conceived in a context of debates on national origins, which were generated by European nationalisms and were projected onto peoples targeted by colonialist/missionary civilizing projects.
	www.nomadit.co.uk /~aegis/panels/94t.htm (2702 words)

	John Hanning Speke - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		John Hanning Speke (May 4 1827-September 15 1864) was an officer in the British Indian army, who made three voyages of exploration to Africa.
		He also created the Hamitic hypothesis, a major cause of the Rwandan genocide.
		In 1854 he made his first voyage, joining the already famous Richard Francis Burton on an expedition to Somalia.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /John_Hanning_Speke (339 words)

	Darwin-L Message Log 5: 172-185 (January 1994) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This opinion was held largely by adherents to the Hamitic and Nilo-Hamitic hypotheses, hypotheses that fell, interestingly, as a result of Greenberg's highly successful work on the classification of African languages.
		Greenberg argued that the term Hamitic, as used in Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, suggested that the non-Semitic languages of what he calls Afro-Asiatic are a genetic linguistic grouping collateral to Semitic.
		It is possible that he adopted the hypothesis because nothing else seemed to work at the time.
	www.rjohara.net /darwin/logs/1994/9401-15.html (3063 words)

	The Myth of the Hamite
		The concept of the Hamite shifted in the 19th century with the intervention of not only scientific racism but also the discovery of the wonders of Egypt by French explorers and archeologists in the time of Napoleon.
		The core of this hypothesis was simply to ‘prove’ that any achievement in Africa had to be as a result of an invading white or near white race.
		The Hamite went from being the cursed father of African people, doomed to slavery, to being some superior, civilizing white or near white race in order to rationalize the presence of ‘civilization’ in Egypt.
	www.raceandhistory.com /cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/1588 (823 words)

	Chaper Two: Origins of Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		According to the Hamitic view, “every trace and/or sign of what is usually termed ‘civilized’ in Africa was attributed to alien, mainly Hamitic, origin” (Sanders 1969, 530).
		The Hamites were supposedly Caucasian in origin (Sanders 1969, 521) which explained their superiority to other non-Caucasian races, particularly the “negroes” of sub-Saharan Africa.
		What the Hamitic hypothesis provided was a ‘scientific’ basis for ascribing biological and cultural superiority to Tutsi as a group.
	www.isanet.org /archive/fujii.html (8854 words)

	Hamitic hypothesis Definition / Hamitic hypothesis Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The Hamitic hypothesis is a racialist hypothesis created by John Hanning SpekeJohn Hanning Speke (May 4, 1827-September 15, 1864) was an officer in the British Indian army, who made three voyages of exploration to Africa.
		He additionally created the Hamitic hypothesis, a major cause of the Rwandan genocide....
		Hamitic hypothesis is a racialist hypothesis created by John Hanning Speke that taught that the Tutsi people (Hamites) were.
	www.elresearch.com /Hamitic_hypothesis (466 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.1490: Comparative syntax
		W was, of course, not influential in his beliefs about East Sudanic anyway, as t he Nilo-Hamitic hypothesis was the more influential theory, given the ritual fa scination of European civilisation with its debt to Ancient Egypt and the Near East, until G came along.
		Since I have come across occasional grumblings, begrudging G's Niger-C ongo hypothesis as lifted from Westermann, it is fair to mention that G had to separate W's beliefs about "Niger-Congo" from his beliefs about "Sudanic".
		W w as, of course, not influential in his beliefs about East Sudanic anyway, as the Nilo-Hamitic hypothesis was the more influential theory, given the ritual fasc ination of European civilisation with its debt to Ancient Egypt and the Near Ea st, until G came along.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/5/5-1490.html (1594 words)

	[No title]
		Colonial bishops, anthropologists, and soldier-administrators explained it away with a racial fantasy: the so-called "Hamitic hypothesis." Longffince discredited, it held that all "civilized" institutions in central Africa were the result of an invasion by "Hamites"-variously identified as "fl Caucasians" and "AfricanAryans."
		The elevation of the Tutsi meant the relegation of the Hutu to the status of Bantu serfs, and of the Twa (a small group of potters and hunter-gatherers) to the lowest position of aboriginal "pygmoids"-supposedly remnants of an earlier stage of human evolution.
		These Hutu extremists took the "Ethiopian invasion" hypothesis, turned it back in the face of the Tutsi, and called for them to return "home." A prominent Hutu ideologue, Leon Mugesera (recently arrested in Canada and likely to be charged with crimes against humanity), repeatedly incited Hutu peasants to send the Tutsi "back" to Ethiopia.
	www.mosquitonet.com /~prewett/whitefathers.html (1150 words)

	TWATCH-L archives -- June 1998 (#629) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		When colonialism put forward the Hamitic hypothesis and defined the Tutsi as a race, and not an ethnic group -- like the Asian or the Arab -- that definition was more political than biological.
		The second distinction is between two different periods of state formation, first the four centuries preceeding colonial rule and second the nearly half century of Belgian colonialism, and the relation that each forged between state and society on the one hand, and the Hutu and the Tutsi on the other.
		Anyone who taqkes into account this second distinction would also recognize that the Hamitic hypothesis did not stop at being a racist construct, but actually became the ideological justification of political institutions that distinguished between the Tutsi as a race and the Hutu as an ethnic group.
	listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9806&L=twatch-l&P=R84834 (5705 words)

	Africa in History: A Critical Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		He dismisses the "Hamitic hypothesis" as "great nonsense" (ll,l2).
		The "Hamitic hypothesis" stated that the Hamites (Caucasians) were responsible for any process in history identifiable in Africa.
		The hypothesis stated that Negroes were too primitive to embark on any such processes of history (l2).
	webster.commnet.edu /faculty/~archives/history/daley.htm (773 words)

	OneWorld Magazine - The Lost Cities of Africa
		These "Hamites" were said to have a "white morphology" deriving from "Caucasoids" -- from "Europeans" -- although this was so long ago that nothing secure could be said about them.
		Anthropologists divided them into "eastern Hamites" and "western Hamites." Little or nothing was known about their origins or migrations, but they were generally said to have entered Africa long ago and to have mingled with the "Negroes," whom they "civilized" and helped to develop.
		Yet the myth of "Hamitic superiority," veiling as it generally has an "inarticulate major premise" that Africans are a naturally inferior people, dies hard.
	www.oneworldmagazine.org /focus/etiopia/lost2.html (1361 words)

	The Hamitic Hypothesis - EgyptSearch Forums
		posted 01 February 2005 05:14 PM The terms "Hamite" and "half-Hamite" was used by Seligman to describe the phenotype of millions of Africans--for Seligman the Bantus were "half-Hamites" who did not conform to the silly stereotype of "true negro".
		Seligman's race theory was that a caucasoid race whom he called Hamite invaded Africa millenia ago and mixed to varying degrees with the indigenous "negroes"(silly term).
		In fact the ancient Egyptians were deemed by post-Seligman linguists to speak a Hamitic language distinct from the Semitic languages spoken by other African and West Asian peoples.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/001483.html (3487 words)

	THE HAMITIC HYPOTHESIS
		The Hamitic Hypothesis derives principally from Genesis 9:18-27.
		- the fact of the matter is, the Hamitic Hypothesis was (is) a sham cooked up by bigots to justify their racism, their past exploitation of fl labor (fl slavery), and their economic rape of the African continent.
		Interestingly, it should be noted that prior to the insertion of this particular twist of the Hamitic Hypothesis, the three groups had lived together in relative peace.
	www.antipasministries.com /html/file0000094.htm (1194 words)

	MORE: Afroasiatic Language and the Ancient Egyptians
		When he started work, debunking the Hamitic hypothesis was the last thing on Greenberg's mind.
		The Hottentot language and the tongues of the Dinka, Shilluk, and Nuer also turned out to have been falsely "Hamiticized." By the time Greenberg was finished, the Hamitic language family had been pared down to a fraction of its original size.
		The breakdown of the Hamitic stereotype was particularly evident in the Chadic group.
	www.talkaboutculture.com /group/alt.culture.egyptian/messages/16408.html (773 words)

	Ethnology Abstracts, Winter 1998, Vol. 37 #1 \| An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, Department ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The now-rejected Hamitic hypothesis, depicting Caucasoid peoples from the north as responsible for a number of precolonial cultural and technological achievements in Africa, served to legitimize European intervention and colonization on the continent.
		In this article a hypothesis is developed and tested that asserts that avoidance between son-in-law and mother-in-law is associated with culturally expected economic interaction between these relatives.
		On the grounds of both the correlation that was found and an analysis of the participants' views on son-in-law/mother-in-law avoidance, the custom is interpreted as a device for distinguishing the son-in-law/mother-in-law relationship from the husband-wife relationship in societies where these relationships tend to be similar as far as their economic aspect is concerned.
	www.pitt.edu /~ethnolog/winter98.html (544 words)

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