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	Milled coinage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term milled coinage, also known as machine-struck coinage, is used to describe coins which are produced by some form of machine, rather than by manually hammering coin blanks between two dies (hammered coinage) or casting coins from dies.
		The earliest machine known for producing coins is the screw press, invented by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, powered by a water mill.
		The earliest milled coins produced in England date from the early 1560s, but milled coinage did not entirely replace hammered coinage until 1662.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Milled_coinage (385 words)

	Hammered coinage
		Hammered coins were produced by placing a blank (a planchet or flan) piece of metal of the correct weight between two dies, and then striking the upper die with a hammer to produce the required image on both sides.
		In later history, in order to increase the production of coins, hammered coins were sometimes produced from strips of metal of the correct thickness, from which the coins were subsequently cut out.
		In England the first non-hammered coins were produced in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I in the 1560s, but while machine-produced coins were experimentally produced at intervals over the next century, the production of hammered coins did not finally end until 1662.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ha/Hammered_coinage.html (219 words)

	Irish Hammered Coinage (~995 to ~1660)
		Hammered coins were made by manually striking a coin blank (usually of silver or gold) between two hand cut dies.
		The Hiberno-Norse Coinage of Ireland, ~995 to ~1150
		The primary purpose of this coinage was to drain Ireland of silver (as the coins were of the same standard as the contemporary English coinage) to support the French campaigns of the King.
	www.irishcoinage.com /HAMMERED.HTM (2350 words)

	The Salacious Historian's 17th c. History
		Milled coinage, that is, high quality coins of uniform size and shape produced on a press using finely milled blank planchets, were produced on a limited basis by Oliver Cromwell during the Commonwealth (1649-1660).
		With the change from hammer coinage to the use of the screw press the king hoped to be able to profitably make a sufficient number of standardized small change coppers for the country.
		Unclipped coinage of the earlier reigns continued to be used throughout this period, although in some areas merchants would only accept it if it were weighed first.
	www.kipar.org /historical-resources/history_coins.html (4258 words)

	: : Treasurehunting.tv - : Hammered coinage : :
		It is free and it's intention is to bring all treasure hunters around the world together.
		Both methods of producing hammered coins meant that it was difficult to produce coins of a regular diameter, and coins were liable to suffer from "clipping" where unscrupulous people would remove slivers of precious metal since it was difficult to determine the correct
		In England the first non-hammered coins were produced in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I in the 1560s, but while machine-produced coins were experimentally produced at intervals over the next century, theproduction of hammered coins did not finally end until 1662.
	www.treasurehunting.tv /Hammered_coinage.htm (445 words)

	British early milled coins
		In gold, the milled coinage consisted of a limited number of half pounds, value ten shillings, crowns of five shillings, and extremely rare half-crowns of two shillings and sixpence, all beautifully styled and well-struck and circular.
		Again it was the work of a Frenchman, Nicholas Briot, who joined the mint as chief engraver in 1628 during the reign of Charles I. His coinage was of an extremely high standard, in contrast with the hand-made hammered coinage which was generally of poor quality.
		Unfortunately, Briot and his milled coinage were as unpopular in the mint as Mestrelle, and probably for the same reasons.
	www.predecimal.com /p7early_milled.htm (1311 words)

	The Irish Coinage of Henry III, 1251 to 1254
		Bibliography of The Irish Coinage of Henry III, 1251 to 1254
		The English short cross coinage was replaced in 1247 by Henry III with a new long cross issue.
		The coinage consisted only of pennies which were cut in halves and quarters to accommodate the needs of smaller change.
	homepage.eircom.net /~johnsl/HENRY3.HTM (732 words)

	Medieval coins - useful books and resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The following is a compilation of works that are of especial interest to students of the medieval coinage, many of which have been utilised in the preparation of this guide and are available from Spink and Sons.
		As such articles on medieval hammered coinage found in the UK are found sparingly, even so the medieval and modern hoards section is a useful section for finding relevant and recent material.
		At £44 per volume they are expensive and the limited graphics within deserve revamping, however for anyone wishing to identify English coinage these books remain the key works of their type.
	www.finds.org.uk /medievalcoins/references.php (712 words)

	English/British coin Threepence
		Although it was an easy denomination to work with in the context of the old sterling coinage system, being a quarter of a shilling, initially it was not popular with the public who preferred the groat[?], hence the coin was not minted in the following two reigns.
		There was also a fairly rare milled coinage threepence, produced between 1561 and 1564 with similar designs and inscriptions to the hammered coinage threepences.
		The final hammered coinage threepences were produced at the start of the reign of king Charles II.
	www.fastload.org /en/English___British_coin_Threepence.html (2144 words)

	Lee Drake
		From time to time Ireland would produce some of its own coinage under the supervision of the English Kings for various reason, none of which were beneficial to that of the people of Ireland.
		During this 665 year reign of the hammered coinage was the first use of denominated coinage.
		The paper tender that was in circulation came from small private banks in the beginning, until the collapse of private bank and the emergence of the commercial banks.
	facweb.furman.edu /~dstanford/41papers/drake.html (1608 words)

	Irish Copper Coinage: Introduction
		Royal Anglo-Irish hammered silver coinage was issued from as early as 1185 and continued through the silver issues of James I ending in 1607.
		Silver and copper James II Irish coinage was minted in 1690-1691 during the civil war.
		The only other royal British coinage for Ireland was the George IV penny and halfpenny of 1822 and the proof farthing of 1823.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Br-IrishCopper.intro.html (1165 words)

	The Gold Sovereign Story - Unites Laurels & Guineas
		From James I's second coinage in 1604, the sovereign was discontinued in favour of the "unite", also valued at one pound.
		It was called a unite to mark the unification of England and Scotland upon the accession of James VI of Scotland to the British throne, as James I of England.
		In 1612 the unite was revalued at 22 shillings, and in 1619 was replace by a lighter one pound coin known as the laurel.
	www.goldsovereigns.co.uk /uniteandguineas.html (360 words)

	[No title]
		His primary areas of study in Greek numismatics are the coinage of Lysimachos and the early Hellenistic monarchies.
		His research project there was a die-study of the coinage of the late-third century usurper, Domitius Domitianus, the results of which he will present at the 13th International Numismatic Conference in Madrid.
		In addition to his continuing research on the tetrarchic coinage of Alexandria, he is examining imperial development in the coinage of both Severus Alexander and Constantius II.
	www.cngcoins.com /Static.aspx?id=4 (666 words)

	Transitional Coins 1652 Potosi - 1733 Mexico - Pillar dollars and klippes found
		These were to become known as the Pillar and Wave's, variety coinage, but before the final design during 1652 Antonio de Ergueta had to present different designs in order to replace de old design (Atocha Design) Cross and shield, over than 8 prototypes can be found from 1652, these cobs were called transitional.
		The mint primarily used a method of hammering coins by hand, known as Cob or Hammered coinage.
		Cobs were produced by placing a blank piece of metal "planchet or flan" of the correct weight between two dies, and then striking the upper die with a hammer to produce the required image on both sides.
	www.realtreasures.com /transitional_cobs.htm (645 words)

	Silver Threepences Story
		In 1551, however, the quality of the silver coinage was restored, although at a lower weight, and the silver threepence along with the sixpence was issued for the first time as part of this new higher standard of silver coinage.
		During the reign of Charles II, the last hammered coinage was produced which did not include threepences.
		Milled (machine made) coinage finally superseded the previous hand-hammered coining methods, and a complete new coinage was introduced with noticeably different designs.
	www.24carat.co.uk /threepencesilverstory.html (911 words)

	Coin Inscriptions
		HAMMERED = A method of production implemented by placing a blank metal flan between two dies and then hand striking with a hammer to produce a coin.
		As you can see some of the letters are a little different to modern day text, particularly the letters A and L. Also you will notice that H at the end of the inscription for HYB is in lower case.
		As with the hammered coinage section I have tried to include as many different variations of inscriptions as possible and also attempted to match up the obverse and reverse legends as they would appear.
	www.psdetecting.com /Inscriptions.html (812 words)

	: : Treasurehunting.tv - : History of the English penny (1603-1714) : :
		The first coinage, of 1603–4, shows a bust of the king facing right with the inscription I D G ROSA SINE SPINA on the obverse, and a shield including the Scottish coat of arms on the reverse.
		Charles's hammered pennies produced at the Tower originally had a design of a rose on both sides, with the inscription C D G ROSA SINE SPINA on the obverse and IUS THRONUM FIRMAT — Justice strengthens the throne — on the reverse.
		Following the takeover of the Tower mint by Parliament in 1642, the same coin designs were produced until 1648 though with an older-looking bust of the king; this was to emphasise the fact that Parliaments' argument was not with the king but with his "evil advisors".
	www.treasurehunting.tv /History-of-the-British-penny-1603-1714.htm (1141 words)

	The Irish Coinage of Edward I, 1276 to 1302
		The key differences in style between this and the earlier coinage is that the treatment of the king's hair and beard is more realistic and the cinquefoil to the right has a well defined centre pellet.
		The division of the major coinages into issues combined with the examination of hoard evidence to assist in sequencing the issues and the surviving mint records allows a very precise date or date range to be assigned to the coins of this type.
		The coins produced in both Dublin and Waterford share the same common characteristics of a trefoil of pellets below the bust (again one pellet is often hidden in the drapery), a pellet before the E of EDW and in the case of Dublin coins a Roman 'N' on the reverse.
	homepage.eircom.net /~johnsl/EDW1.HTM (2168 words)

	British Twopence or Two Pence
		This was a hammered coin, and there were three slightly different issues of twopence between 1660 and 1662.
		From the introduction of regular issues of small copper denominations, the use of silver twopences for circulation appears to have steadily declined, and modern day issues are produced only for use at the Royal Maundy ceremony, with some issues also for collectors.
		In 1787, a government committee was formed to consider the state of the coinage, and Boulton was invited to attend in January 1788.
	www.24carat.co.uk /twopencestory.html (1159 words)

	voided long cross info
		A decision was made at the King's Council held at Oxford in 1247 to undertake a major recoinage, due to the poor quality of the coinage in circulation.
		Following Henry III death in 1272 the coinage continued to be struck in his name during the early years of Edward I reign.
		Known today as the 'Gold Penny' the issue was intended to mirror the adoption of gold coinage by Florence, France and Naples a few years earlier.
	www.yorkcoins.com /voided_long_cross_info.htm (415 words)

	Barry & Darling Ancient Coins
		The fascinating series of Medieval coinage represents a roughly thousand-year period in which the Celtic tribes of Europe learned the art of civilization after the demise of its great Greco-Roman teachers and replaced their own tribal polytheism with the monotheism of the Church of Rome.
		Medieval coins are generally considered to be European coins running from the Fall of Rome in 476 CE to the time of three big events: the Fall of the Constantinople in 1453, the invention of printing in Germany, 1454 or the European discovery of the New World in 1492.
		Medieval coinage technically can embrace Byzantine (491-1453), Islamic (Hegira of 622-1500) and Indian (500-1500), however we will give these series their own distinct grouping.
	www.ancient-times.com /info/collecting_medieval.html (527 words)

	About Medievalcoinage.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The great monetary reformations brought about by the introduction of the silver penny in the eighth century could be said to undoubtedly begin the true medieval age of coinage.
		Still others would say it ends with the initial replacements of hammered coinage with machine milled coins in the latter half of the sixteenth century.
		My collecting focus is on late medieval pieces, focusing on dated coinage prior to 1500 and I have managed to acquire a dozen of these fantastic coins in the last six months or so.
	www.medievalcoinage.com /about.htm (452 words)

	Early Russian coinage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Uninterrupted since to date, this newer series - the only one available to collectors - can be generally split into two parts: the first period of about 300 years, dominated by small "hammered" coinage ("wire money"), and the second, starting in the early reign of Peter the Great (end of 17th.
		While this early Russian coinage often appears crude and dull - with the same "horseman" / 4-5 line inscription design repeated over different monarchs, it is not necessarily so.
		Apart from subtleties of titles, dates, mintmarks, dies, etc., one must also realize that the period of uniform imperial Muscovite design (beginning around 1547) was preceded by a vastly more diverse - if scarcer and harder to collect - period of feudal principalities.
	www.rudnik.com /russia (307 words)

	Alibris: Coinage
		This book puts the coinage of the Roman period in Britain into perspective of the economic and political events of the time.
		After outlining the currency system of the Empire from the first century to the fourth and investigating the factors which influenced the volume of coinage issued by the state and the occasions on which it was issued, the...
		The U S mint and coinage : an illustrated history from 1776 to the present.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Coinage (619 words)

	Coinage - Coinage (Bristol) Limited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		His standardised coinage was minted in seven denominations using four different metals; Above table from Roman Coinage in Britain by PJ Casey; pp.8.
		English coinage was driven by the economic history of the country.
		The advantages of a common coinage system and of cooperation rather than competition were perceived at an early date and out of such arrangements with other
	newinfoage.com /nwia/coinage.html (455 words)

	Hammered Coin Books:EROL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is the first detailed study ever made of the coinage from the formative period of English history, between the death of Alfred in 899 and the major monetary reform undertaken in the closing years of the reign of Edgar (957-975).
		The Coinage of Cnut in Wales; The Coinage of the Empress Maud; The Earliest Portrait Esterlings.
		The volume includes an illustrated corpus of the coinage of Berhtwulf and another for the middle years of Alfred’s reign; moneyers are indentified as witnesses to charters, and the forms of their names are analysed according to the Old English dialects they represent.
	www.time-line.co.uk /x269.html (2115 words)

	Treasures TV - antiques, collectibles, memorabilia and modern limited editions from your TV - channel 674 on the SKY ...
		This fascination is due in part to the way in which official coinage so closely mirrors the history of Britain, and especially the history of the monarchy, in a line of continuity stretching over two thousand years from the Roman conquest to our own time.
		There is also fascination with the occasions, between the 17th and 19th centuries, when traders issued their own tokens from time to time, because the official coinage had insufficient small denominations for the poor to buy staple diet items such as bread and vegetables.
		Coinage generally gives an insight into the conditions when it was produced but, more than any other nation, Britain displays its history most openly through its coins.
	www.treasures.tv /programs/09.htm (1864 words)

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