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	Handedness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Handedness is an attribute of human beings defined by their unequal distribution of fine motor skill between the left and right hands.
		Handedness runs in families—many members of the British royal family are left-handed—but, even though left-handedness seems to be prevalent in some families, left-handedness is not "genetic".
		Handedness must also be influenced by some of the other theories presented here.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Handedness (3109 words)

	Handedness Encyclopedia of Psychology - Find Articles
		The term handedness describes a characteristic form of specialization whereby a person by preference uses one hand for clearly identified activities, such as writing.
		While the human mind is intuitively understood as a single entity, research in brain physiology and anatomy has demonstrated that various areas of the brain control different mental aptitudes, and that the physiological structure of the brain affects our mental functions.
		At that age, according to Gesell, right-handed children assume a "fencing" position, right arm and hand extended; by the age of one, right-handedness is clearly established, the child using the right hand for a variety of operations, and the left for holding and gripping.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0004/ai_2699000492 (892 words)

	American Scientist Online - Head in Hand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The random-recessive model explains the two big conundrums about genetic theories of handedness: Half of the children of a pair of left-handed parents are right-handed, and, even more confusing, 18 percent of identical twins are discordant for hand preference.
		Klar is a pioneer in the abstruse field of mating-type switching in yeast, and he admits that his studies of handedness started as "sort of my hobby." Not surprisingly, he is somewhat iconoclastic in his new field.
		In addition to handedness research, he has published papers about the biological demonstrations of the mathematical Fibonacci series in plants and the laterality of various brain functions.
	americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/29757?&print=yes (931 words)

	handedness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is proposed that this early asymmetry may be a result of the ‘handedness’ (chirality) of the molecules that drive the cilia, and result in a cascade of events which produce asymmetric development of the internal organs.
		Preferences in hand use are linked with asymmetries in brain organisation, so for example the part of the brain controlling the preferred hand generally has a larger volume than the corresponding region on the other side that controls the non-dominant hand.
		Hopkins, W.D., and Bennett, A.J. (1994) Handedness and approach-avoidance behavior in chimpanzees (Pan).
	www.nurseminerva.co.uk /handedne.htm (2278 words)

	Handedness and Brain Lateralization
		For instance, some define handedness as (a) the hand that performs faster or more precisely on manual tests, while others define it as (b) the hand that one prefers to use, regardless of performance.
		Clinicians used handedness as a marker for brain lateralization until the Wada (sodium amytal) Test was introduced in the 1960s.
		Clarifying the relationship between handedness and functional brain specializations, and learning more about the developmental and neurobiological mechanisms that underlie these relationships, may help us better understand a wide range of seemingly unrelated issues such as dyslexia, stuttering, human variation, comparative brain research, developmental neurobiology of the brain, and the origins of human language.
	www.indiana.edu /~primate/brain.html (816 words)

	The Washington Monthly
		Handedness strongly appears to be a largely post-natal development, probably of hormonal origin with at-best limited genetic influence.
		Handedness is one aspect of the overall concept of "laterality." In addition to hand preference, people exhibit foot preference and eye preference.
		One theory is that handedness is determined by ontogenetic factors present in the womb, including, perhaps, the way that twins must lay in the womb.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /archives/individual/2004_04/003664.php (10677 words)

	The Biology of . . . Handedness - - science news articles online technology magazine articles The Biology of . . . ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		And if handedness is clearly tied to birth order in chimps, it could throw a monkey wrench into theories of handedness in humans as well.
		Handedness in people is so hard to figure out in part because it seems so deeply rooted in our brains—and in the very peculiarities that seem to make us human.
		As for the theory that handedness is the outward mark of a souped-up, speech-enabled, asymmetrical brain, that may be little more than modern-day phrenology.
	www.discover.com /issues/jan-02/departments/featbiology (1286 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » THE FIGHTING HYPOTHESIS: STABILITY OF POLYMORPHISM IN HUMAN HANDEDNESS
		If this is the case, handedness meets all the requirements for natural selection to act on, and left-handedness should have been wiped out by natural selection a long time ago.
		To test this hypothesis, Raymond and his colleagues performed a series of surveys and data collections related to handedness on sporting students and sporting elite, as they reasoned that “sporting performance is likely to be a good indicator of fighting abilities” in today’s world.
		The functional handedness of their subjects was determined either from the hand that holds the sporting equipment such as a racquet (for sporting students and elite), or from the hand that writes or throws (for the general population).
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=74 (1066 words)

	Handedness and Brain Lateralization
		Some think that there are two types of handedness: (a) either left or right, or (b) either right or non-right, while others think there should be three categories (to include ambidexterity).
		WHAT DOES HANDEDNESS HAVE TO DO The same chap that identified a region of the brain specialized for language Paul Broca (Paul Broca) also suggested that a person's handedness was opposite from the specialized hemisphere (so a right-handed person probably has a left-hemispheric language specialization).
		Better understanding how handedness relates to brain function is relevant to many people, among them: academic researchers, medical clinicians, neurological patients, educators and left-handers.
	psikoloji.fisek.com.tr /psycholinguistics/brain.html (803 words)

	Human Handedness and Scalp Hair-Whorl Direction Develop From a Common Genetic Mechanism -- Klar 165 (1): 269 -- Genetics
		Indeed, the debate regarding the cause(s) of handedness is a
		amenable avenue is to determine the cause of handedness.
		The genetic etiology for handedness in twins is
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/165/1/269 (4155 words)

	The Only Question that Matters: Do People Choose Their Sexual Orientation
		Handedness shows almost none for both men and women—McManus: "Measures of handedness usually show a bimodal distribution with few subjects appearing truly ambidextrous." Sexual orientation, likewise, shows almost none for men but a still small though significant number for women.
		Some researchers assert that handedness, thought to reflect one aspect of brain lateralization, may be a result of a cause--in some manner a concomitant--of schizophrenia's etiology or pathophysiology.
		("Handedness in twins with schizophrenia: was Boklage correct?" Schizophrenia Research 9, 83-85, 1993) conclude that there does not appear to be an association between handedness and schizophrenia.
	online.logcabin.org /talking_points/Burr_White_Paper.html (2570 words)

	ADHD Forums - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Support and Information Resources Community - Handedness and ...
		Writing is not as good an indicater of handedness as it might seem, because many people who write with their right hand use their left for everything else.
		Handedness runs in families, although even when both parents are left-handed, there is only a 26% chance of their child being left-handed.
		Handedness ceased to be apparent as children grew older and hand function declined so that the child could no longer grasp objects.
	www.addforums.com /forums/showthread.php?p=231869 (6445 words)

	handedness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Handedness is usually established by the third year of life.
		I believe you can predict the handedness of your child very early on if you are observant.
		I actually believe it could be seen on prenatal ultrasounds if anyone would look closely.
	www.drhull.com /EncyMaster/H/handedness.html (247 words)

	Molecular approaches to brain asymmetry and handedness: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
		Because of the convergence of molecular and neurological analysis, we are beginning to consider the puzzle of brain asymmetry and handedness at a molecular level.
		Handedness and language ability are two of the most obvious lateralized behaviours in humans.
		They found that the 60 fetuses that preferred to suck their right thumb were indeed right-handed as teenagers, and of the 15 fetuses that preferred to suck their left thumb, 5 were right-handed and 10 were left-handed.
	www.nature.com /nrn/journal/v7/n8/full/nrn1930.html (6071 words)

	The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Special Exhibitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The difference in the level of documentation regarding Leonardo's handedness, one may argue, can largely be explained by the fact that, throughout his life, his manner of writing and drawing so conspicuously reflected his left-handedness that it could not fail to be striking to his contemporaries.
		A noteworthy point regarding Leonardo's handedness as a painter occurs in a well-known description by Antonio de' Beatis alluding to Leonardo's paralysis of the right hand, a reference that scholars have interpreted in a variety of ways.
		It is normal for an artist to engage much of the body in the physical act of painting, and the most likely implication to be drawn from this observation is that Leonardo probably engaged his right arm and hand for balance and support in painting with his left.
	www.metmuseum.org /special/Leonardo_Master_Draftsman/draftsman_left_essay.asp (9212 words)

	Medicine and Science in Tennis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although the data are conflicting as to the cause of handedness, searching for enhanced athletic performance in left-handed people in specific sports like tennis has indirectly tested the idea that left-handedness indicates superior right hemispheric function.
		Annett3 gathered handedness data from Wimbledon and found that in 1978 15.6% of male and 9.4% of female singles players were left-handed.
		Future studies on handedness are warranted and should employ questionnaires that score handedness on a continuum.
	www.stms.nl /april2003/artikel5.htm (1334 words)

	handedness — FactMonster.com
		handedness, habitual or more skillful use of one hand as opposed to the other.
		Although young children can be trained to prefer the right hand against a natural inclination, there is evidence that handedness is hereditary and that denser neurological connections extending from one side of the brain or the other are present from birth.
		Although it is not clear that culture is a causative agent in handedness, it is certain that the high incidence of right-handedness has shaped human society in almost every conceivable aspect.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0822613.html (373 words)

	Handedness: Biological or Socio-Cultural? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Handedness is marked by the preference of one hand over another for fine motor tasks, especially writing.
		This further reinforces the idea that handedness is susceptible to socio-cultural pressures, and in fact, may be changed.
		In conclusion, while handedness does appear to have a genetic basis, it is also influenced by socio-cultural pressures.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro05/web1/cbarie.html (1078 words)

	handedness
		Handedness was assessed as a qualitative trait using a laterality quotient.
		These results suggest that handedness is a human quantitative trait locus and that the proposed non-Mendelian monogenic models are incorrect.
		If anything, one could maybe claim that right handedness vs left handedness arises as a side effect of some deeper difference in brain organization, and that there is something evolutionarily advantageous about the deeper brain organization of a right hander.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=83452 (1404 words)

	Handedness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		While he's naturally left-handed, he tells us, when he reached his school years, his teachers encouraged him and his twin brother to use their right, "or proper," hands to write.
		What we see in humans is a strong distribution - about 90 percent of the population is right handed, therefore more dependent on their left brains.
		compares handedness to "the barely visible seam on a clear plastic globe." This asymmetry, says Hockenberry, is a barely visible flaw in a bodies that seem so very symmetric, a tell-tale sign of the complexity of the brain and mind.
	www.lcmedia.com /mind262.htm (1518 words)

	Left-handedness - Better Health Channel.
		Most children have a preference for using one hand or the other by the age of about 18 months, and are definitely right or left-handed by about the age of three.
		This doesn’t appear to be the case; for example, the speech centres tend to be located on the left side of the brain, regardless of hand preference.
		Another difficulty for researchers is that handedness isn’t always cut and dried.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcArticles.nsf/pages/Left-handedness?OpenDocument (1160 words)

	Handedness and Other Preferences
		It is in activities where there is an advantage for one hand or the other to achieve a high level of competence, that one side tends to be used more consistently than the other (e.g., eating, handwriting, playing the violin or cello).
		Some past studies of handedness found a higher incidence of right-handedness in females, and in older people.
		Provins, K.A., Handedness and speech: A critical reapparisal of the role of genetic and environmental factors in the cerebral lateralization of function, Psychological Review, 104 (3) 554-571 (1997).
	www.webusability.com /article_handedness_preferences_7_1999.htm (662 words)

	Functional activation in motor cortex reflects the direction and the degree of handedness -- Dassonville et al. 94 ...
		Handedness is the clearest example of behavioral lateralization in humans.
		to the degree of handedness is not as strong as that of the lateralization
		of handedness and the extent of ipsilateral activation in the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/25/14015 (3639 words)

	Handedness and Cerebral Dominance: The Right Shift Theory -- Annett 10 (4): 459 -- J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
		the causes of handedness from the causes of modal cerebral dominance.
		Annett M: Handedness as a continuous variable with dextral shift: sex, generation and family handedness in subgroups of left and right-handers.
		Annett M: Handedness and educational success: the hypothesis of a genetic balanced polymorphism with heterozygote advantage for laterality and ability.
	neuro.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/10/4/459 (5317 words)

	Yerkes researchers discover baisis for determining handedness in chimpanzees
		According to researchers at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, handedness is not associated with the language area of the brain, as has been the accepted scientific thought throughout history.
		Rather, handedness is associated with the KNOB, the area of the brain known for controlling hand movements in primates and, now, for determining handedness in chimpanzees.
		In a separate study, which is published in the same issue of Behavioral Neuroscience, Dr. Hopkins' team supported their findings about asymmetry by confirming that the brain structure of chimpanzees is similar to the brain structure of humans.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-12/euhs-yrd120304.php (540 words)

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