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Topic: Handicap Principle

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	The Theory of Honest Signaling - Examples from Biology
		Females which selected males with the most developed characters can be sure that they have selected from among the best genotypes of the male population.
		Zahavi named his hypothesis "the handicap principle," and suggested that there is something about costly behaviors or physical features that make for inherently reliable signals.
		In the following sections, we will start to answer this question by exploring some of the messages that animals send using costly signals.
	octavia.zoology.washington.edu /handicap/handicap_principle.html (241 words)

	[No title]
		The book The Handicap Principle is a family affair, written by biology professors Amotz Zahavi and his wife Avishag Zahavi, and very clearly translated from the Hebrew by their daughter Naama Zahavi-Ely and their son-in-law Melvin Patrick Ely.
		Handicaps can only work if they’re inefficient (imposing large fitness costs on other domains of survival and reproduction), if they are extremely unreliable (breaking down readily if an individual is sick, starving, injured, or depressed), and if they are species-typical only in design but not in magnitude (otherwise they could not signal individual differences).
		For example, the handicap principle suggests that individual differences in general fitness are large, ubiquitous, and highly heritable, and that much of human social, economic, cultural, and courtship behavior consists of people advertising their fitness to each other, to reap sexual, social, and status rewards.
	www.unm.edu /~hebs/pubs/Miller_1998_HandicapPrincipleReview.doc (1966 words)

	Handicap principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zahavi's views on the scope and importance of handicaps in biology remain outside the mainstream; nevertheless, most researchers in the field believe the theory explains some aspects of animal communication.
		Jared Diamond has proposed that certain risky human behaviours, such as bungee jumping, may be expressions of instincts that have evolved through the operation of the handicap principle.
		Eshel, I. On the handicap principle — a critical defence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Handicap_principle (654 words)

	Handicaps, Amplifiers, Indices and other signal types
		No wonder Amotz thinks all signals must be handicaps, and Grafen (1990) thinks that there is signalling and there is their exploitation (cheating), which isn’t signalling.
		Handicaps work as a result of tradeoffs between costs and benefits in the F and the S components, respecively, whereas amplifiers/ attenuators are the result of effects that occur mostly in the S component.
		Handicaps reliable because costly… Bluff are practically handicaps, but they are given by individuals that have somehow managed to avoid some of the constraints shared by other signallers.
	www.orenhasson.com /EN/july2000.htm (4293 words)

	BIOL 259
		The latter criterion of a handicap is not required of a reliable signal.
		Handicaps are most likely to work when the handicap itself is not genetically determined, but environmentally controlled.
		Handicaps, on the other hand, require reliability, but a true handicap is one where signaller viability is reduced both absolutely and relatively morefor high quality individuals.
	www.unc.edu /~rhwiley/courses/biol259/fall98/Loeb.html (1022 words)

	Resource on Person-First Language
		Handicaps are social or environmental obstacles imposed by society on those with disabilities.
		Handicap is a useful term in golf and horse racing.
		Principle Five: Don't Overdo It Be careful with the term special.
	www.asha.org /about/publications/journal-abstracts/submissions/person_first.htm (1565 words)

	Untitled Document
		A handicap stroke should be an equalizer and should be available on a hole where it most likely will be needed by the higher-handicapped player to obtain a half in singles or four-ball match play.
		The first handicap stroke should be allocated so that this stroke is most useful in matches between players of almost equal ability, such as matches involving players with a Course Handicap of 0 and 1, 10 and 11, or 29 and 30.
		A mathematical method for allocating strokes, based on the principle that a handicap stroke should be an equalizer when an average or high-handicapped player plays a low-handicapped player, follows.
	www.usga.org /playing/handicaps/manual/sections/section_17.html (1172 words)

	Why We Take Risks - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Why We Take Risks (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Zahavi's handicap principle attempts to explain why babblers risk their lives by yelling at predators, why peacocks carry splendid but cumbersome tails twice the length of their bodies, and even perhaps why Ted Turner gave $1 billion to the United Nations.
		Suicide is also an instance of the handicap principle, he said, a bid for help that we take seriously in direct proportion to the individual's actual risk of death.
		His handicap principle has become so well accepted in the biological world that it risks being, in Alan Grafen's words, "too much of an orthodoxy." But Zahavi characteristically took his argument a step further, and trashed all the alternative theories.
	www.discover.com /issues/dec-01/features/featrisks (3303 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Zahavi's handicap (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Zahavi's handicap principle is an argument for sexual selection in which the costliness of the male character, such as a peacock's tail for example, is positively useful to the female.
		Provided the advantage through the superior genes outweighs the cost of the handicap then the net quality of the choosy female's offspring will be higher than those of the randomly mating female.
		The handicap acts as an indicator of genetic quality and has to be costly to guarantee that signalling is honest: otherwise low quality males could equally well advertise and females would be unable to distinguish between them.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Zahavis_handicap.asp (165 words)

	REVIEWS
		They claim that the handicap principle does a better job of explaining the relationship be- tween "showing off" and perceived courtship qual- ity, particularly as it considers competition between rivals.
		Part III is entitled "The Handicap Principle in So- cial Systems." Early in its first chapter, "Testing the Bond," the authors suggest that all of the mecha- nisms used to test social bonds involve imposing on partners.
		The handicap principle asserts that for an animal's signal to be effective, it must be reliable.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v115n02/p0544-p0553.html (16039 words)

	Book review submitted for Evolution and Human Behavior by (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Handicap Principle is a family affair, written by biology professors Amotz Zahavi and his wife Avishag Zahavi, and very clearly translated from the Hebrew by their daughter Naama Zahavi-Ely and their son-in-law Melvin Patrick Ely.
		The handicap principle was first proposed by Amotz Zahavi (1975) over twenty years ago.
		Handicaps can only work if they’re inefficient (imposing large fitness costs on other domains of survival and reproduction), if they are extremely unreliable (breaking down readily if an individual is sick, starving, injured, or depressed), and if they are species-typical only in design but not in magnitude (otherwise they could not signal individual differences).
	www.unm.edu /~psych/faculty/zahavi_review.htm (1906 words)

	Facing Shoaib sans a helmet - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If you convey the impression that you are handicapping yourself, and if the nature of the handicap is such that a weak individual could not afford it, you are signalling that you are strong.
		This is the essence of the Handicap Principle.
		The Handicap Principle was a startling concept when the Israeli biologist Amotz Zahavi first applied it to animal behaviour.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/jul252006/snt1225382006724.asp (942 words)

	Handicap International's activities in the Russian Federation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Handicap International has been working in the Russian Federation since 2000 and accompany and support actors in the field of disabilities in their efforts to bring about change, notably by promoting technical exchanges and supporting the associations that are innovative with respect to the social and professional integration of disabled people.
		For example, Handicap International accompanies and supports the Curative Pedagogy Centres in Moscow and Pskov, the Svet association for parents of children with disabilities in Vladimir and the Down Syndrome association in Moscow.
		In May 2001, Handicap International opened a delocalized office in Nazran with an annex in Grozny.
	www.handicap-international.org.uk /page_203.php (661 words)

	American Scientist Online - Animal Contests as Evolutionary Games (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Consider a famous example known as the "handicap principle." The behavioral ecologist Amotz Zahavi of Tel Aviv University argued that animals with conflicting interests should evolve behavioral displays that are costly to the signaler, even if they lower its chances for survival.
		Yet formal models of communication revealed that the handicap principle is logically sound under certain conditions.
		In particular, the magnitude of the handicap must increase with the intensity of the signal, and the cost must be especially damaging for animals of lower quality.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/15654?fulltext=true (938 words)

	CogWeb Glossary
		Joining game theory to ethology, he argued that in any conflict between animals, the payoff to each individual depends on the strategies adopted by the others; thus, a stable strategy is one that cannot be displaced by any other over the long term.
		The notion is used in evolutionary psychology to argue for the necessity of evolved cognitive structures (Tooby & Cosmides 1992); for an extension of this argument, see The Sociobiological Fallacy.
		In its extreme formulation epistemological rationalism is the belief that all the truths of physical science and even history can in principle be discovered by pure thinking and set forth as the consequences of self-evident premises; such premises were sometimes held to be innate in the mind.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/Glossary.html (2831 words)

	Gene Expression: THE HANDICAP PRINCIPLE
		In this situation, the handicap might dull the claws (and negatively affect the "hunting" entry of a vector describing the beast), but those dulled claws might attract a mate (and positively affect the "mating" entry of a vector describing the beast).
		A handicap would represent a situation where the measure of fitness for the organism is sub-optimal or even negative while the measure of fitness for the genes is maximized.
		On your model of 'evolution of a handicap', I think you are suggesting that a male handicap (such as the peacock's long tail) may be favoured by selection because males (unintentionally!) decoy predators away from the females.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/000846.html (4282 words)

	Handigram Number 1 \| United States Golf Association
		tend generally to lower scores and Handicap Indexes, thus penalizing players when competing at a course where the ball must be played as it lies.
		if a Local Rule on "preferred lies (winter rules)" is adopted, scores made shall be posted for Handicap purposes unless the Committee determines that conditions are so poor.
		For further information refer to Section 7 of The USGA Handicap System manual, and Appendix I of the USGA Rules of Golf.
	usga.org /playing/handicaps/survival_kit/esc_posters/handigram_1.html (207 words)

	Bublos.com, UK Books ›› The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In The Handicap Principle, Amotz and Ashivag Zahavi offer a unifying theory that brilliantly explains many previously baffling aspects of animal signaling and holds up a mirror in which ordinary human behaviors take on surprising new significance.
		Based on 20 years of painstaking observation, the Handicap Principle illuminates an astonishing variety of signaling behaviors in animals ranging from ants and ameba to peacocks and gazelles.
		The authors convincingly demonstrate that when an animal acts altruistically, it handicaps itself--assumes a risk or endures a sacrifice--not primarily to benefit its kin or social group but to increase its own prestige within the group and thus signal its status as a partner or rival.
	www.bublos.com /isbn.uk/0195100352.html (1029 words)

	Florida Democrats For Life \| Your For-Life Voice in the Democratic Party
		Studies of these modes of behavior have led to the formulation of the principle that only costly communications are truthful.
		I advertised my handicap by challenging my highly partisan opponent that he did not speak his mind, only that of the party bosses.
		I said they were better off with a representative who would look out for their interests, even when that means standing up to Party.
	www.floridadfla.org /news.asp?newsid=29 (1611 words)

	Handicap Principle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Zahavi argued in the mid 1970's that sexually selected traits were handicaps for the animal carrying them and that, as such, sexually selected traits reflect good genes even if the trait itself has been selected to the point of having no residual additive genetic variance.
		The handicap principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle.
		His views are regarded by many as being on the fringe, but the book is interesting reading.
	www.animalbehavioronline.com /handicap.html (97 words)

	Handicap International as a support organisation to Civil Society. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Handicap International as a support organisation to Civil Society.
		Handicap International works with local and national organisations: Ministries, local authorities, non-profit organisations and community groups.
		The strengthening of Civil Society is a core principle of Handicap International programmes.
	www.handicap-international.org.uk /page_67.php (135 words)

	The Handicap Principle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The "Handicap Principle" is the invention of Israeli biologist Amotz Zahavi.
		The handicap you give yourself may backfire; you may be regarded as severely handicapped.
		Instead, it suggests such a severe handicap that he should be a prime candidate for forced sterilization.
	www.dailyreckoning.com /Issues/2002/082202.html (2663 words)

	boats.com - News: Scuttlebutt Europe: October 28
		Most of the Baltic states are using IMS as their principle handicap rule and a move to a different rating system would only make sense, if the whole Baltic area would do so, but such a change seems most unlikely in the next future.
		Since ORC Club has been introduced the Offshore Racing Congress provides a measurement and handicap system for a broad level of competition and the growing ORC Club fleet in the Baltic area, the North Sea and on inland lakes confirms that this is the right way to proceed.
		The success of the sportsboat class in Central Europe, which uses ORC Club as their handicap rule, does show the strength of the system: Fairly handicapping trapezes, hiking and canting keels as well on inland lakes and coastal waters.
	www.boats.com /content/boat-articles.jsp?contentid=17912 (2467 words)

	ThoughtStorms: HandicapPrinciple
		Because longer tails are unweildy, having one is a handicap to the peacock which has it.
		I'm starting to realize that the handicap principle is the enemy of the rational attempt to avoid effort I call RadicalLaziness.
		(http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/fog0000000006.html) The winning situation for those companies doomed to write Java because of the handicap principle is to use a mixed language model.
	www.nooranch.com /synaesmedia/wiki/wiki.cgi?HandicapPrinciple (655 words)

	Amazon.com: The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle: Amotz Zahavi, Avishag Zahavi, Na'ama Ely, ...
		The handicap principle is an important new theory that explains many seemingly diverse problems in evolutionary biology.
		The Handicap Principle analyzes signaling between organisms and its evolutionary role....[It] fills a rare niche in scientific books-namely a book in which the scientific ideas are presented honestly and accurately, in a clear and interesting way, without talking down to non-specialists....I applaud the Zahavis for a job very well done.
		Handicap Principle, Thamsi Carlisle, United States, Avner Anava
	www.amazon.com /Handicap-Principle-Missing-Darwins-Puzzle/dp/0195129148 (754 words)

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