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	Hans Christian Gram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hans Christian Joachim Gram (September 13, 1853 - November 14, 1938) was a Danish bacteriologist.
		In 1891, Gram became a lecturer in pharmacology, and later that year was appointed professor at the University of Copenhagen.
		Gram was a modest man, and in his initial publication he remarked "I have therefore published the method, althogh I am aware that as yet it is very defective and imperfect; but it is hoped that also in the hands of other investigators it will turn out to be useful".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hans_Christian_Gram (283 words)

	Gram staining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gram staining is a method for staining samples of bacteria that differentiates between the two main types of bacterial cell wall.
		It is named after the inventor, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (1853-1928), who developed the technique in 1884 to discriminate between pneumococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.
		Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall made of a layer of peptidoglycan.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/g/gr/gram_staining.html (358 words)

	Gram staining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gram staining (or Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.
		The method is named after the inventor, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938), who developed the technique in 1884 to discriminate between pneumococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.
		Gram stains are performed on body fluid or biopsy when infection is suspected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gram_staining (801 words)

	Hans Christian Gram -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Hans Christian Joachim Gram (September 13, 1853 - November 14, 1938) was a (A Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark) Danish (A biologist who studies bacteria) bacteriologist.
		In (Capital of Germany located in eastern Germany) Berlin, in 1884, he developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of ((microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered plants) bacteria.
		In 1891, Gram became a lecturer in (The science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects) pharmacology, and later that year was appointed professor at the (Click link for more info and facts about University of Copenhagen) University of Copenhagen.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/hans_christian_gram.htm (424 words)

	Hans Burch Gram
		Hans Burch Gram was born in Boston in 1787, the son of the secretary to the Danish governor of Santa Cruz.
		Hans Gram was educated at The Royal Medical and Surgical Institute, and appointed Assistant Surgeon at The National Military and Naval Hospital during the Napoleonic Wars, earning the degree C.M.L. or Magister of Surgery degree in 1816.
		Gram was to continue as mentor to this pioneering group of New York homeopaths until his death in 1840.
	www.wholehealthnow.com /homeopathy_pro/hans_burch_gram.html (576 words)

	Cell Differentiation by Gram's Stain
		The Gram staining method, named after the Danish bacteriologist who originally devised it in 1844, Hans Christian Gram, is one of the most important staining techniques in microbiology.
		In Gram's method, which is based on the ability of a cell in retaining the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment, it is the difference in the microbial cell wall that is amplified.
		Gram Iodine Solution: Dissolve 1 g of iodine, 2 g of potassium iodide, and 3 g of sodium bicarbonate in 300 ml of water.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~nsw/ench485/lab9b.htm (1389 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Gram’smethod
		Gram (measurement), measure of mass in the metric system, equal to 0.001 kg.
		A gram was originally defined as the mass of 1 cc of pure water at the...
		The small, or gram, calorie (cal) is usually specified in science and engineering as the amount of heat...
	encarta.msn.com /Gram%e2%80%99smethod.html (94 words)

	Hans Christian Joachim Gram (www.whonamedit.com)
		Hans Christian Joachim Gram was the son of Frederik Terkel Julius Gram, a professor of jurisprudence, and Louise Christiane Roulund.
		Gram’s early works concerned the study of red corpuscles in man with a particular reference to their size and health.
		Gram was a very modest man and in his initial publication he stated, «I have therefore published the method, although I am aware that as yet it is very defective and imperfect; but it is hoped that also in the hands of other investigations it will turn out to be useful.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/696.html (941 words)

	Algone.com - Bacteria and Antibiotics in the Aquarium
		Developed by the Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, Gram stained bacteria samples with the coloring agent crystal violet then applied potassium iodide resulting in a water insoluble blue-purple discoloration of the bacteria.
		The blue-purple color indicates a thick cell wall and is called "gram positive", while red indicates a thin cell wall and is referred to as "gram negative".
		Both are gram negative and everywhere present in the aquarium as part of the bacterial flora.
	www.algone.com /bacteria.htm (957 words)

	Exercise I: Gram Stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Understand the principles involved in the Gram stain and the importance of the Gram stain in the diagnosis of infectious diseases and the practice of medicine.
		Since Gram negative bacteria have a high lipid content in their cell walls, one theory holds that the decolorizer (acetone or ethanol) solubilizes the outer membrane of the cell wall thus releasing the crystal violet.
		In the cell wall of Gram positive organisms, the decolorizer is unable to act as a solvent thus the crystal violet remains.
	dentistry.ouhsc.edu /intranet-Web/Courses/DMI_8351/Exercise_I.html (1123 words)

	Bite Sized tutorials, the gram stain
		Gram's Stain is a widely used method of staining bacteria as an aid to their identification.
		It was originally devised by Hans Christian Joachim Gram, a Danish doctor.
		The bacterial smear is then treated with Gram's solution which consists of 1 part iodine, 2 parts potassium iodide, and 300 parts water.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /dental/oralbiol/oralenv/tutorials/gramstain.htm (1029 words)

	Fat Grams -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gram (mythology) — A sword in Norse mythology.
		Gram, from Latin ''granum'' (seed), is sometimes used to refer to chickpeas and similar plants with edible seeds.
		Jørgen Pedersen Gram was a Danish mathematician and actuary.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/52/fat-grams.html (1827 words)

	gmstain
		The most used stain in bacteriology is the Gram stain developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram.
		It is believed that the difference that distinguishes Gram positive and gram negative cells is related to the nature of the cell wall.
		Some organisms are gram variable, that is, some isolates may be gram positive, some gram negative and some have cells staining with both characteristics.
	biology.fullerton.edu /biol302/302labf99/gmstain.html (500 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Gram stain technique
		Gram staining is a technique carried out in microbiology to classify a bacterium into one of two groups: Gram positive or Gram negative.
		This is useful since certain antibiotics that cure Gram negative infections have no effect on Gram positive infections (and vice versa), so it is good to know which kind of bacteria is infecting you, so that you can attain the right treatment.
		Gram negative bacteria are resistant to penicillin, and you could get quite ill from taking that antibiotic if you have a Gram negative infection.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A480575 (647 words)

	Pneumonia Diagnosis: Aging Begins at 30: Virtual Hospital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gram positive bacteria are usually sensitive to penicillin; gram negative bacteria are not.
		Gram negative organisms are found in the throat in 8 percent of normal young people and the same percentage of the active normal elderly.
		About 20 percent are due to Gram negative organisms and about 5 percent due to a special subgroup of these called legionnaires, organisms in "honor" of the outbreak that occurred in Philadelphia where the American Legion was meeting in 1976.
	www.vh.org /adult/patient/internalmedicine/aba30/1992/pneumoniadiagnosis.html (609 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Aging Begins at 30: Pneumonia Is Not the Old Man's Best Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The first dye is crystal violet, which is fixed or mordanted in Gram positive bacteria by iodine (in tie-dying the mordant is alum).
		Gram negative organisms are found in the throat in eight percent of normal young people and the same percentage of the active normal elderly.
		About 20% are due to Gram negative organisms and about 5% due to a special sub-group of these Gram negative organisms called Legionnaires organisms in "honor" of the outbreak that occurred in Philadelphia where the American Legion was meeting in 1976.
	www.vh.org /adult/patient/internalmedicine/aba30/1992/pneumo.html (759 words)

	Gram Stain
		In 1884, Hans Christian Gram, a Danish doctor working in Berlin, accidentally stumbled on a method which still forms the basis for the identification of bacteria.
		Flood slide with Gram's iodine for 1-2 min.
		We now know that the Gram reaction is based on the structure of the bacterial cell wall.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /video/Gram.html (427 words)

	APSnet Education Center - K-12 Lessons and Laboratories - DNA Made Easy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Hans Christian Gram was originally looking for a stain for all bacteria to make them more easily visible in a microscope field.
		Thus, today the Gram stain is one of the first steps in identifying an unknown bacterial culture.
		Gram reaction is important in medicine because some antibiotics are effective against only Gram-negative bacteria (e.g.
	www.apsnet.org /education/K-12PlantPathways/TeachersGuide/Activities/DNA_Easy/lessonplan.htm (494 words)

	Loyola Univ. Health Univ. Health Sys- Microbiology & Immunology: GRAM STAIN TECHNIQUE
		The Gram stain procedure was originally developed by the Danish physician Hans Christian Gram to differentiate pneumococci from Klebsiella pneumonia.
		At lower concentrations, the Gram stain of a clinical specimen seldom reveals organisms even if the culture is positive.
		Smears that are not properly fixed tend to be washed away during staining and washing resulting in the absence of stained bacteria.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/DeptWebs/microbio/med/gram/tech.htm (595 words)

	HSTE Instructional Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		One of the first procedures preformed by the medical microbiologist for the identification of bacteria is the Gram Stain.
		Gram’s iodine-A mordant that enhances reaction between the cell wall and the primary stain.
		Ethyl alcohol or acetone (Gram decolorizer)-Gram-positive bacteria retain the primary stain (crystal violet) because of the makeup of their cell wall.
	www.texashste.com /html/gram.htm (412 words)

	The Gram stain (from bacteria) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It was devised by a Danish physician, Hans Christian Gram, in 1884.
		The Gram reaction reflects fundamental differences in the biochemical and structural properties of bacteria.
		The gram is very nearly equal (it was originally intended to be equal; see metric system) to the mass of one cubic cm of pure water at 4 °C (39.2 °F), the temperature at which water reaches its maximum...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=39336 (884 words)

	Classification of Living Things
		In 1884, Hans Christian Gram developed the staining technique which bears his name and is an early example of using a chemical means of differentiating bacteria.
		Gram noticed that some bacteria stained purple (called gram positive) and some pink (gram negative) using his method.
		This differentiation has proven to be much more than a merely interesting artifact of Gram's staining process but an indicator of fundamental micro-structural differences between gram positive and negative bacteria.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artmay98/classif.html (1906 words)

	Lysozyme Assay, Antibacterial Response, Research Link 2000
		Lysozyme is a common constituent of biological tissues and secretions; it has been found in egg whites, tears, sweat, the digestive tract of ruminants and the hemolymph of Lepidoptera.
		Gram positive bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan overlaid by a thinner layer of techoic acid.
		In contrast, Gram negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan which is enclosed in a second lipid bilayer.
	www.acad.carleton.edu /curricular/BIOL/resources/rlink/lab1p5.html (926 words)

	Gram Stain Kit for Bacteria
		It includes Hucker's crystal violet, safranin counterstain, Gram's iodine stain, ethyl alcohol, 12 plain microscope slides, 100 coverslips, medicine dropper, and our own study guide.
		Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist, discovered that bacteria could be divided into two different groups - one that retained a stain ("gram-positive") and one that didn't ("gram-negative").
		Gram's method of staining has several steps: a sample of bacteria is placed on a microscope slide, then is stained and "fixed" with iodine.
	www.hometrainingtools.com /catalog/life-science-biology/microscopic-life/p_kt-gramstn.html (245 words)

	History: Christian Gram and the Development of the Gram Stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Christian Gram and the Development of the Gram Stain
		In 1884 the Danish scientist Hans Christian Joachim Gram discovered a new method for staining bacteria in what would become known as “Gram Staining”.
		Christian Gram's Original Document in the Development of the Gram Stain
	www.arches.uga.edu /~emilyd/mibo3510/history.html (194 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gram's iodine chemically binds to the crystal violet forming a large molecule which becomes trapped in the wall of + and — cells A decolorizer is applied to the cells Alcohol is used as the decolorizer Alcohol dissolves the lipids in the outer membrane of the Gram- cells.
		Alcohol does not affect the structure of the Gram+ cell wall, so the crystal violet dye remains in the thick peptidoglycan layer.
		Safranin penetrates the cell wall of the Gram- cells, which results in a pink color in the Gram- cells Gram+ cells do not absorb the safranin dye, so they will still appear purple.
	www.ccaurora.edu /bio204h/lect4.doc (646 words)

	C&EN 960923-Gram Stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When companies develop antibacterial drugs, the Gram stain still draws an essential dividing line for judging the effectiveness of each type of compound.
		A variation on the Gram technique gives a division between bacteria that are "acid-fast" or not.
		Danish physician Hans Christian Joachim Gram was doing postdoctoral study at the University of Berlin in 1884 when he devised his differential staining of bacteria.
	pubs.acs.org /hotartcl/cenear/960923/gram.html (328 words)

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