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	Hans Vaihinger Information
		Hans Vaihinger (September 25, 1852 – December 18, 1933) was a German philosopher, best known as a Kant scholar and for his Philosophie des Als Ob (Philosophy of "As If", 1911).
		Vaihinger was born in Nehren, Württemberg, Germany, near Tübingen, and raised in what he himself described as a "very religious milieu".
		Alfred Adler, the founder of Individual Psychology, was profoundly influenced by Vaihinger's theory of fictions, incorporating the idea of psychological fictions into his personality construct of a fictional final goal.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Hans_Vaihinger (255 words)

	Hans Vaihinger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hans Vaihinger (September 25, 1852 - December 18, 1933) was a German philosopher, best known as a Kant scholar and for his Philosophie des Als Ob (Philosophy of "As If", 1911).
		Vaihinger was born in Nehren, Württemberg, Germany, near Tübingen, and raised in what he himself described as a "very religious milieu".
		Alfred Adler, the founder of Individual Psychology, was profoundly influenced by Vaihinger's theory of fictions, incorporating the idea of psychological fictions into his personality construct of a fictional final goal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hans_Vaihinger (272 words)

	Vaihinger, Hans Criticism and Essays
		Vaihinger's own philosophical work revolved around his notion of "fictionalism" or the "As-If": based on the Kantian assertion that the human mind tortures itself with insoluble problems, searching for truth where no possibility of achieving the truth exists.
		The "As-If," for Vaihinger, is the necessary fiction of human thought, the assumption of truth even in the face of clearly false ideas, which, he postulated, made thought and indeed life itself possible.
		Vaihinger set himself against the skeptics, positivists, and materialists of his time by asserting that doctrines should not be evaluated by their truth, but by their utility and ethical affect.
	www.enotes.com /twentieth-century-criticism/hans-vaihinger (575 words)

	Vaihinger Hans: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hans Vaihingers ghostly presence in contemporary literary...Stampfel In literary studies today, Hans Vaihinger seems to be distinctly marginal.
		He...associated with the ghostly presence of Hans Vaihinger.
		Hans Vaihinger: "All cognition is the apperception of one thing...Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1961).
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/vaihinger-hans.jsp?l=V&p=1 (883 words)

	Hans Vaihinger’s Kant-Studien
		In light of this it is appropriate to consider the life of its founder Hans Vaihinger and to reflect upon the reasons that prompted him to take on the enormous task of creating a new journal in philosophy.
		Vaihinger himself was not immune to polemics; indeed, one finds his Kommentar to be as much a commentary on the errors and misinterpretations of his colleagues as it is a commentary on the first seventy-five pages of the Kritik der reinen Vernunft.
		Vaihinger insists that it should be international in scope and, perhaps more importantly, it is designed to encourage discussion from a wide variety of disciplines, including natural science, theology and law.
	www.kant.uni-mainz.de /ks/history/adair-toteff.html (2250 words)

	Hans Vaihinger's ghostly presence in contemporary literary studies Criticism - Find Articles
		For, to my mind, the paradox that, despite his obvious marginality, Vaihinger is nonetheless already a major player in contemporary literary studies represents an intriguing clue with the potential to elucidate pervasive tensions in contemporary theory.
		At the heart of the discussion is the conception of the fiction that underwrites Vaihinger's most important book, The Philosophy of "As If" (1911, 1925).(3) Vaihinger defines the fiction as a superflexible mechanism of thought for the solving of problems, an account that brings together two disproportionate perceptions of scale.
		The bulk of Vaihinger's expansive study is taken up with the exposition of these instances, which seem intended to prove incontrovertibly that almost everything is fiction.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2220/is_n3_v40/ai_21182132 (707 words)

	Bradley T. Morrison, Ricoeur and Alfred Adler
		Vaihinger asserts the the human mind's inventive use of "fictions," mental structures aiding the mind's logical functions.
		Distinguishing his position from that of outright subjectivism, Vaihinger posits an "as if" world of psychical constructs--the world of the "unreal" in the human subject, the world of ethics, aesthetics, religion, and values--not to be confused with the world of reality (Ansbacher 78; cf.
		Vaihinger's notion of fiction is central to Adler's under-standing of the unity of the personality.
	www.xcelco.on.ca /~btmorrison/ricoeur/Ricoeur&Adler.html (3010 words)

	Hans Vaihinger -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Vaihinger, who saw life as a maze of contradictions and philosophy as a search for means to make life livable, began by...
		U.S. physicist Hans Albrecht Bethe was born in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine.
		German pianist and conductor Hans von Bülow's accurate, sensitive, and profoundly musical interpretations, especially of the works of Richard Wagner, established him as the prototype of the virtuoso conductors who flourished at a later date.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9074629 (660 words)

	Criticism: Hans Vaihinger's ghostly presence in contemporary literary studies
		For, to my mind, the paradox that, despite his obvious marginality, Vaihinger is nonetheless already a major player in contemporary literary studies represents an intriguing clue with the potential to elucidate pervasive tensions in contemporary theory.
		At the heart of the discussion is the conception of the fiction that underwrites Vaihinger's most important book, The Philosophy of "As If" (1911, 1925).(3) Vaihinger defines the fiction as a superflexible mechanism of thought for the solving of problems, an account that brings together two disproportionate perceptions of scale.
		Vaihinger's "as if" thus appears to be an important form of the fictive thinking that Iser celebrates throughout The Fictive and the Imaginary as a Promethean enterprise making possible the crossing of boundaries (4).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2220/is_n3_v40/ai_21182132 (1193 words)

	Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism \| Vaihinger, Hans \| George Santayana (essay date 1952?) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the year 1888 at the University of Berlin, I remember hearing Georg Simmel delicately describe ten different philosophies, each of which professed to distil the central and only valid meaning of the Kantian revolution.
		Of these systems perhaps the most incisive was that of Vaihinger, which has now been re-edited and sensationally set before the public as the "Philosophy of the As If," or as we might say in modern English, or rather American, the Philosophy of Bluff.
		Vaihinger admits that in the wisdom of the Sage of Koenigsberg bluff was not the only ingredient; but...
	www.enotes.com /twentieth-century-criticism/hans-vaihinger/george-santayana-essay-date-1952?print=1 (148 words)

	An Historical Look at Alfred Adler
		Vaihinger (1911), in his writings on fictionalism, heavily informed Adler and his development of the idea of fictional goals (Ansbacher and Ansbacher, 1956), fictions that individuals come to believe are what is required to overcome a sense of inferiority.
		Vaihinger (1911) saw fictions as ideas, both conscious and unconscious, which are not grounded in reality but allow us to better deal with reality.
		Vaihinger (1911) noted that Kant’s writings integrated a pragmatic as-if approach to religion.
	www.geocities.com /rpscotty/AdlerPage/Adler5.html (1037 words)

	The Man of Pragmatism, Chapter IV: "Four Views to Pragmatism: Voluntarism, naturalism, Humanism, and ...
		Hans Vaihinger (NOTES 18) named Kant the person who gave him considerable philosophical influences to his own philosophy of fictions; he has mentioned especially Kant's heuristic fictions which were presented a hundred year before they actually could be understood.
		As an conclusion, we can say, that Vaihinger got his only influences from the very early experimental psychology in his philosophy, and later he was not much concerned with it, but instead such themes as material positivism and metaphysics.
		Because Vaihinger was forced completely to stop writing his work of 'as if' temporarily in 1879, and he could continue it in 1906, and there were some lectures between.
	www.fortunecity.de /kraftwerk/cash/492/csp_04.htm (11690 words)

	Hans Vaihinger's ghostly presence in contemporary literary studies. - Criticism - HighBeam Research
		Hans Vaihinger is important to literary studies because of the diversity of the topics and the comprehensiveness of his claims.
		Vaihinger's obvious marginality contradicts the fact that he is a major player in contemporary literary studies.
		Vaihinger's linguistic model of the fiction in terms of the "as if" constitutes a source of ambivalence.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1G1-21182132.html?refid=ip_hf (161 words)

	Hans Vaihinger -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hans Vaihinger (September 25, 1852 - December 18, 1933) was a (A person of German nationality) German (A specialist in philosophy) philosopher, best known as a (Influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)) Kant scholar and for his Philosophie des Als Ob (Philosophy of "As If", 1911).
		Vaihinger was born in (Click link for more info and facts about Nehren) Nehren, (Click link for more info and facts about Württemberg) Württemberg, Germany, near (Click link for more info and facts about Tübingen) Tübingen, and raised in what he himself described as a "very religious milieu".
		In Philosophie des Als Ob, he argued that human beings can never really know the underlying reality of the world, and that as a result we construct systems of thought and then assume that these match reality: we behave "as if" the world matches our models.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/hans_vaihinger.htm (273 words)

	As If (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The value of these fictions (which are not to be confused with hypotheses, verification of which would be assumed to be possible) consists only in their satisfying the practical purpose of the will to fabricate a habitable universe.
		Vaihinger's philosophy, which he himself described as based on "idealist positivism" or "positivist idealism," owes much to the immediate influence of Arthur Schopenhauer and F.A. Lang.
		It is interesting as a development of Kantianism in the direction of pragmatism (q.v.) a move made by Vaihinger quite independently of contemporary U.S. philosophers.
	www.csd.net /~mondo/appendix1.html (234 words)

	Benthan & Vaihinger
		Adler was very fond of Vaihinger's philosophy of as if, and he built that concept into his psychology.
		Vaihinger, and Adler, pointed out that we use these fictions in day to day living as well.
		While Vaihinger provides endless ammunition for contemporary constructivists, I would not classify him as 'radical', because when everything is said and done, he anchors the conceptual apparatus that produces the 'fictitious' concepts in the theory of biological evolution.
	www.buildfreedom.com /language/bentham.html (1762 words)

	As If (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The value of these fictions (which are not to be confused with hypotheses, verification of which would be assumed to be possible) consists only in their satisfying the practical purpose of the will to fabricate a habitable universe.
		Vaihinger's philosophy, which he himself described as based on "idealist positivism" or "positivist idealism," owes much to the immediate influence of Arthur Schopenhauer and F.A. Lang.
		It is interesting as a development of Kantianism in the direction of pragmatism (q.v.) a move made by Vaihinger quite independently of contemporary U.S. philosophers.
	www.boulder.net /~mondo/appendix1.html (234 words)

	The First Psychologists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Vaihinger sided with the Machian positivists, saying that all we ever experience directly are sensations and their relationships.
		Yet, societal life requires meaningful sensations, (communication, science, causal relationships), so men invent terms, and act as if they were true.
		Unlike James' philosophy of pragmatism, which declared any useful idea as true, Vaihinger felt that an useful idea was not necessarily also true.
	www.candleinthedark.com /vaihinger.html (105 words)

	What is Constructivism ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1876 Hans Vaihinger elaborated some of Kant's ideas.
		In The Philosophy of "As If," Vaihinger argued that the primary purpose of mind and mental processes is not to portray or mirror reality, but to serve individuals in their navigations through life circumstances.
		Vaihinger said that we live our lives by means of "functional fictions." This idea would form the cornerstone of
	www.constructivism123.com /What_Is/What_is_constructivism.htm (1630 words)

	VAIHINGER, Hans
		Bibliographie: Adolf Weser: Monographische Bibliographie »Hans Vaihinger«, in: Stephanie Willrodt, Semifiktionen und Vollfiktionen in der Philosophie des Als Ob von Hans Vaihinger.
		Jahrhundert, 1928, 55-60; - Hans Schade, Hans Vaihinger, in: Erziehung und Bildung.
		Hans Vaihingers »Philosophie des als Ob«, 1993 (Lit.) (Epistemata Würzburger Wissenschaftliche Schriften, Reihe Philosophie, Bd.
	www.bautz.de /bbkl/v/vaihingen_h.shtml (2639 words)

	Hans Vaihinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hans Vaihinger (September 25, 1852 - December 18, 1933 was a German philosopher, best known as a Kant scholar and for hisPhilosophie des Als Ob (Philosophy of "As If", 1911).
		He was educated at Tübingen, Leipzig, and Berlin, became a tutor andlater a philosophy professor at Strasbourg before moving to the university at Halle in 1884.
		Extremely detailed German-language chronology of Vaihinger's life,works, and works about him.
	www.therfcc.org /hans-vaihinger-109475.html (219 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hans Vaihinger (Philosophy, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Hans Vaihinger[hAns fI´hing-ur] Pronunciation Key, 1852–1933, German philosopher.
		Educated at TUbingen, Leipzig, and Berlin, he served at Strasbourg first as tutor and then as professor of philosophy.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Hans Vaihinger
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/V/Vaihinge.html (220 words)

	Vaihinger Hans from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In Die Philosophie des Als-Ob (The Philosophy of As-If) (1911)) Vaihinger extrapolated from Kant's epistemology (as understood by Schopenhauer) the notion that all of our concepts - including those involved in both science and morality - are nothing more than useful fictions.
		Vaihinger described the origins of his theory in Wie die Philosophie des Als Ob entstand (1924).
		Recommended Reading: Hans Vaihinger, Commentar zu Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Garland, 1992) and Andrea Wels, Die Fiktion des Begreifens und das Begreifen der Fiktion: Dimensionen und Defizite der Theorie der Fiktionen in Hans Vaihingers Philosophie des Als Ob.
	lgxserver.uniba.it /lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Vaihinger (128 words)

	Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Learning - A University of Surrey Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Vaihinger is cited in 'The Structure of Magic I' (Bandler and Grinder 1975: 5-7), and his notion of 'the philosophy of as-if' is the source of NLP's 'as-if' frame (though Dilts and Delozier's Encyclopedia does not mention Vaihinger in the entry about the 'as-if' frame, p.53).
		According to 'The Internet Encyclopedia Of Personal Construct Psychology' (link below), this philosophy means that '...we should feel free to act "as if" our constructions are true, all the while realizing that they are merely tentative hypotheses that can be revised or discarded at any time'.
		Vaihinger's philosophy can be seen as a form of constructivism, and it has influenced Kelly's personal construct psychology and the individual psychology of Alfred Adler.
	www.som.surrey.ac.uk /NLP/Thinkers/HansVaihinger.asp (146 words)

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