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Topic: Haplodiploidy

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	Ploidy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In such species, the male develops from unfertilized eggs, a process called arrhenotokous parthenogenesis or simply arrhenotoky, while the female develops from fertilized eggs: the sperm provides a second set of chromosomes when it fertilizes the egg.
		Haplodiploidy is found in many species of insects from the order Hymenoptera, particularly ants, bees, and wasps.
		It increases the significance of kin selection, which may explain the eusociality of these sorts of insects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Haplodiploidy (749 words)

	Haplodiploidy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Haplodiploidy means that a male develops from an unfertilized egg and is therefore haploid.
		Haplodiploidy occurs in the Hymenoptera: the ants, wasps, and bees.
		An obvious advantage of haplodiploidy in these insects is that it seems to minimize the "cost of sex." That is, haploid males are produced only when the queen cannot lay any more fertilized eggs that will develop into diploid females.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~bio372-c/class/sex/hapdip.htm (223 words)

	UMass Amherst: Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences - Department Kudos
		Haplodiploidy (encompassing both arrhenotoky and paternal genome elimination) could have originated from coevolution between male-killing endosymbiotic bacteria and their hosts.
		In insects, haplodiploidy tends to arise in lineages that rely on maternally transmitted bacteria for nutrition and that have gregarious broods in which competition between siblings may occur.
		This hypothesis helps to explain the ecological correlates of the origins of haplodiploidy, as well as such otherwise puzzling phenomena as obligate cannibalism by male Micromalthus beetles, reversion to diploidy by aposymbiotic male stictococcid scale insects, and the bizarre genomic constitution of scale insect bacteriomes.
	www.umass.edu /ent/kudos.html (790 words)

	AICS Research, Inc., University Park, NM 88003
		Of significance, haplodiploidy does not intrinsically reduce the heterozygosity of neutral or heterotic alleles, as does diploid selfing or sibling mating, although all three patterns lead to a significant reduction of errors within the deme (Fig.
		Explicit genetical mechanisms, such as haplodiploidy, which overtly expose error in males, while efficient, may not be wholly necessary; the evolution of combative behaviour in the diploid male may be sufficient.
		Where haplodiploidy has evolved, it cannot be considered to be a rigidly stable genetic device; should for some reason the selective advantages of haplodiploidy be diminished, haploid males would almost certainly immediately disappear.
	aics-research.com /research/males1.html (6195 words)

	Haplodiploidy - TheBestLinks.com - Ant, Bee, Chromosome, Diploid, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Haplodiploidy - TheBestLinks.com - Ant, Bee, Chromosome, Diploid,...
		Haplodiploidy, Ant, Bee, Chromosome, Diploid, Haploid, Ploidy, Sex, Eusociality...
		A haplodiploid species is one in which one of the sexes has haploid cells (cells containing one copy of each chromosome) and the other has diploid cells (cells containing two copies of each chromosome).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Haplodiploidy.html (169 words)

	Aaron Louie - Hamilton's Rule
		Hymenoptera exhibit haplodiploidy, where males are haploid and females are diploid.
		Reeve, H. Haplodiploidy, eusociality and absence of male parental and alloparental care in Hymenoptera: A unifying genetic hypothesis distinct from kin selection theory.
		Haplodiploidy and the evolution of the social insects.
	www.yetiarts.com /aaron/science/hamilton.shtml (601 words)

	HAPLODIPLOIDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These three factors combine to create a condition in which it may be more advantageous, evolutionarily speaking, for a female to help her mother produce sisters (to the female in question) than to produce her own daughters.
		Thus haplodiploidy opens the way for the evolution of a worker caste, devoted to helping their mother.
		The role of haplodiploidy in the evolution of worker Hymenoptera fits into an overall theory of how genetic similarity affects social behavior called kin selection which was developed by W.
	www.animalbehavioronline.com /haplodiploidy.html (564 words)

	Conservation Ecology: Population Genetic Aspects of Pollinator Decline
		The most important of these are (1) haplodiploidy, (2) nest construction combined with central place foraging, and (3) social evolution.
		Haplodiploidy also influences the effect of inbreeding on the effective population size (Werren 1993).
		In summary, the general interest provided by population genetic aspects of haplodiploidy, combined with the undoubted importance of bees as pollinators of crops and wild plants, suggests that bee conservation genetics deserve to be investigated seriously.
	www.ecologyandsociety.org /vol5/iss1/art4 (12069 words)

	polymorphism.html
		In the case of rotifers, the fact that haplodiploidy is so efficient decreases the genetic "disadvantage" of sexual reproduction.
		The coexistence of sexually and asexually reproducing forms in a free-living animal, as in rotifers, is unusual, and may be correlated with the determination of sex by haplodiploidy in these animals.
		With haplodiploidy, since the males are haploid, all of the sperm from a male are identical.
	www.cco.caltech.edu /~brokawc/Bi11/polymorphism.html (2313 words)

	Eusociality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Factoring in this, haplodiploidy does not seem as likely to predispose a species to eusociality any more than diploidy, although this depends on if the females being counted are physically sterile or not.
		As a result of this, it has been inferred that the evolution of eusociality from haplodiploidy must involve the skewing of the sex ratio towards females, without the subsequent loss of fitness.
		Current theories as to how this occur have cited Partially bivoltine insects such as the Hallictine Bees and Sphecid wasps.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eusociality (695 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Haplodiploidy in the Hymenoptera; asymmetries of relatedness and how they affect Hamilton's rule or offspring rule, especially for workers.
		A test of predictions based on haplodiploidy using sex investment ratios in ants; slavemaking ants and their significance in testing predictions based on relatedness in haplodiploid monogynous ants.
		Compare the relatedness of a sister to a brother for diploidy and haplodiploidy under monogamy.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/jlb81/part4.html (7755 words)

	Eusociality in the Insect Order Hymenoptera
		As a result of this system of sex-determination, called haplodiploidy, female insects within a colony are more closely related to their sisters than their own offspring (r = 3/4 vs. r = ½).
		It is unlikely that the haplodiploidy hypothesis fully explains the altruistic nature of these eusocial insects.
		The 3:1 sex ratio in reproductive offspring suggests that haplodiploidy does have a significant impact on the structure and behavior of different castes, at least in some colonies.
	www.scinet.cc /articles/eusocial-insects/eusociality.html (716 words)

	The evolution of haplodiploidy under inbreeding
		Although haplodiploid organisms tend to be inbred, previous models of the evolution of haplodiploidy have assumed outbred populations.
		Here a model for the evolution of haplodiploidy is developed which incorporates sib mating, deleterious mutations generated by mutation, and fitness differences between haploids and diploids.
		It appears that the effect of inbreeding is greater on the maternal transmission theory, and thus inbreeding may restrict the evolution of haplodiploidy.
	www.nature.com /hdy/journal/v84/n2/abs/6886430a.html (173 words)

	Re: What effect would such a low chromosome number have on sexual reproduction?
		There are two aspects to your question; haplodiploidy and low chromosome number.
		Putting aside the issue of haplodiploidy for a moment, on the face of it chromosome number appears to have very little effect on reproduction.
		Returning to the question of haplodiploidy, there is a large literature on this and I won't elaborate any further here.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/oct2001/1004399893.Ge.r.html (401 words)

	Functional Haplodiploidy: A Mechanism for the Spread of Insecticide Resistance in an Important International Insect ...
		Functional Haplodiploidy: A Mechanism for the Spread of Insecticide Resistance in an Important International Insect Pest -- Brun et al.
		Consistent with haplodiploidy, males failed to express and transmit paternally derived resistance alleles.
		Furthermore, while cytological examination revealed that males are diploid, one set of chromosomes was condensed, and probably non-functional, in the somatic cells of all males examined.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/92/21/9861 (351 words)

	Top Ten: Life's greatest inventions \| New Scientist
		This way of determining sex, called haplodiploidy, ensures that sisters are more closely related to each other than to their own offspring.
		This is what provides the stability at the heart of the beehive and termite mound, and in many other insect colonies where haplodiploidy has evolved at least a dozen times.
		True sociality, or eusociality as it is technically known, is found in all ants and termites, in the most highly organised bees and wasps, and in some other species, not all of which employ haplodiploidy.
	www.newscientist.com /popuparticle.ns?id=in80 (4514 words)

	Institut de recherche pour le développement
		This singular means of gene transmission, which the scientists term "functional haplodiploidy", resembles the type resulting from so-called true haplodiploidy encountered in certain insects and mammals by which males inherit chromosomes only from their mother.
		If a male inherits the resistant gene and mates with a female that has received this gene from both parents, he will transmit it to all his female progeny.
		Used successfully to protect several widely cultivated plants, this bacterium could in the long term enable some varieties of coffee bush to resist attack by coffee berry borer.
	www.ird.fr /us/actualites/fiches/1996/10.htm (896 words)

	Glossary of expressions in biological control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Haplodiploidy: A form of sex-determination in which offspring of one sex are haploid and of the other sex are diploid.
		Arrhenotoky, pseudo-arrhenotoky, deuterotoky, thelytoky: females are diploid, but males (where they occur, in arrhenotoky, pseudo-arrhenotoky, and deuterotoky) are haploid (see haplodiploidy and pathenogenesis).
		These expressions are not controversial, but are not as widely used as they might be.
	biocontrol.ifas.ufl.edu /glossary.htm (5349 words)

	Natural History: Altruism in the outback: for some tiny Australian insects, the willingness to die for one's home is a ...
		The first is that in thrips, as in the order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent), while males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid (having a single set, inherited from the mother).
		This haplodiploidy, as Hamilton was the first to point out, has important implications for the evolution of altruism.
		Females can thus pass on their own genes more effectively by helping to rear and protect full sisters (to which they are three-quarters identical) than by leaving home and producing their own offspring (only one-half identical).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_9_110/ai_80061816 (1444 words)

	Pesticide-resistant beetles may affect coffee prices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Now that the researchers know what they're looking for, the next step will be to see if the resistance gene has gotten a foothold in coffee berry borer populations in other areas of the world.
		L.O. Brun and V. Gaudichon, Institut Francais de Recherchie Scientific pour le Development en Cooperation in Noume, New Caledonia; J. Stuart, Department of Entomology, Purdue University; and K. Aronstein and R.H. ffrench-Constant, Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
		Furthermore, while cytological examination revealed that males are diploid, one set of chromosomes were condensed, and probably nonfunctional, in the somaide cells of all males examined.
	www.purdue.edu /UNS/html4ever/9510.STUART.html (956 words)

	Biological Altruism
		In most social insect species, a peculiarity of the genetic system known as ‘haplodiploidy’ means that females on average share more genes with their sisters than with their own offspring.
		So a female may well be able to get more genes into the next generation by helping the queen reproduce, hence increasing the number of sisters she will have, rather than by having offspring of her own.
		Kin selection theory is often presented as a triumph of the ‘gene's-eye view of evolution’, which sees organic evolution as the result of competition among genes for increased representation in the gene-pool, and individual organisms as mere ‘vehicles’ that genes have constructed to aid their propagation (Dawkins (1976), (1982)).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/altruism-biological (5873 words)

	Ecology : Sex investment in a social insect: the proximate role of food. @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In eusocial Hymenoptera, males and females develop from unfertilized and fertilized eggs, respectively, a mode of sex determination termed haplodiploidy (Crozier 1971, Slobodchikoff and Daly 1971).
		Trivers and Hare (1976), by combining theories of kin selection (Hamilton 1964) and sex ratio (Fisher 1958), explained that haplodiploidy creates relatedness asymmetries among colony members, and these asymmetries lead to parent-offspring conflict over sex investment.
		Specifically, workers are more closely related to their sisters (r = 3/4) than their brothers (r = 1/4), since sisters share on average half the genes they receive from their mother and all genes they receive from their father, but share with their brothers only half the genes from their mother.
	static.elibrary.com /e/ecology/march011995/sexinvestmentinasocialinsecttheproximateroleoffood/index.html (244 words)

	[No title]
		Eusociality A. Introduction B. Haplodiploidy hypothesis C. Eusociality in paper wasps D. Eusocial Naked mole rats III.
		haplodiploidy: females more closely related to their sisters than offspring:1/2 + (1/2+1/2) = 3/4 b/w sisters vs 1/2 between mother and daughter d.
		Hamilton proposed that haplodiploidy favors production of sisters over daughters i.
	www.lions.odu.edu /~kkilburn/203_lectures/evo10_kinselection.doc (1006 words)

	Honey Bee
		A queen bee can control the flow of sperm to fertilize an egg when she is about to lay an egg.
		Honey bees have an unusual genetic sex determination system known as haplodiploidy.
		Worker bees are produced from fertilized eggs and have a full (double) set of chromosomes.
	www.indianchild.com /honey_bee.htm (1195 words)

	Haplodiploidy - Genetics Terms and Definitions by Health Dictionary
		Haplodiploidy - Genetics Terms and Definitions by Health Dictionary
		The sex-determining mechanism found in some insect groups among which males are haploid and females are diploid.
		If you feel any of the definitions are incorrect or needs to be updated please contact us and we will look into it.
	www.sciencedictionary.org /genetics-term-details/Haplodiploidy (72 words)

	NOVA Online \| Tales from the Hive \| The Buzz About Bees
		While workers select which fertilized eggs to brood in queen or worker cells, the queen decides the sex of her young.
		In a mechanism of sex determination known as haplodiploidy, fertilized eggs will become female offspring, while unfertilized eggs will become males.
		Maureen Dolan, NOVA Online's intern, worked with a bee researcher from the University of Massachusetts Boston in the summer of 1998.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/bees/buzz.html (735 words)

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