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Topic: Haplorhine

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Haplorrhini

Prosimian

Strepsirrhini

Gorilla

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	Evolution of Monkeys and Apes
		Haplorhines evolved a new type of retina that is adapted for seeing best in conditions where there is plenty of light.
		The haplorhines also lost the rhinarium, which is a nose that is moist and continuous with the upper lip - like a dog or a cat has.
		Haplorhines have a dry nose that is separated from the upper lip like ours is. We humans are haplorhines, and therefore part of this lineage that prefers daylight and emphasizes vision over smell.
	www.larryjzimmerman.com /origins/campus/lec14.html (3689 words)

	Untitled Document
		They share all of the basic characteristics of primates, although their brains are neither particularly large nor complex and they have a more elaborate and sensitive olfactory system (involved in the sense of smell) then do other primates.
		The earliest monkeys and apes evolved from ancestral haplorhine (meaning "dry nosed") primates, of which the most primitive living representative is the tarsier.
		Tarsiers were previously grouped with prosimians, but many scientists now recognize that tarsiers, monkeys, and apes share some distinctive traits, and group the three together.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/faq/Encarta/primates.htm (3011 words)

	Summary
		Phylogenetic life-history analyses of haplorhine primates were carried out to examine why female size increases as a response to intrasexual selection on males, but also why female size does not increase to the same degree as male size.
		This corresponded with more polygynous haplorhine species also having larger males (p=0.003) as well as females (p=0.006) than their sister clades, while no such pattern could be found in strepsirhines, neither for males (p=0.0.642) or females (p=0.671) (I).
		In haplorhine primates, the differences in dimorphism between the groups "expected increase" and "expected decrease" in sexual selection were significant in all but the worst case alternative result (one-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test: 0.0004
	www.zoologi.su.se /research/dimorphism/Summary.htm (9737 words)

	Patrik Lindenfors - Research Interests
		The path to male-biased size dimorphism has in all cases been through male size increase while the path to female-biased size dimorphism in shorebirds surprisingly turned out to be due to male size decrease.
		Female size has been affected by selection on males in haplorhine primates and shorebirds, but not in strepsirhine primates and pinnipeds, while male size has been affected by selection on females in shorebirds.
		In pinnipeds the females remain at their original size, unaffected by the selection that is going on in the opposite sex.
	www.zoologi.su.se /research/Lindenfors/research_interests.htm (1198 words)

	PRIMATE, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The commonly used modern classification divides the order instead into strepsirhines (the suborder Strepsirhini, sometimes spelled Strepsirrhini), which are considered to have more primitive features, and haplorhines (the suborder Haplorhini, sometimes spelled Haplorrhini), regarded as “higher” than the strepsirhines.
		The haplorhines (“simple nose”) have simple, dry noses; they include the tarsiers and also the so-called platyrrhines (“flat nose”), or New World monkeys, and the catarrhines (“down-facing nose”), a group that encompasses the apes (including humans) and Old World monkeys.
		The large eyes are set in a fixed position so that the animals must turn their heads to look to the side; their heads can rotate up to 180°.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=219819 (722 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In haplorhine primates (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans), there is a significant correlation between brain weight and maximum life-span when the effect of body size is removed.
		These findings suggest that in haplorhine primates the genetic systems controlling brain growth are linked to the systems governing the life cycle so that species with longer cycles have larger brains.
		Harem-living haplorhines also have significantly smaller brains and shorter life-spans than troop-living haplorhines when the effect of body weight is removed.
	www.cshl.edu /labs/brody/PersonalPages/Brody/coolpapers/abstracts/Allman-J1993.html (261 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Primate brain architecture and selection in relation to sex
		Although data exist for strepsirhine primates, these were not included in the analyses because there is very little variation in both sociality and sexual size dimorphism in the species for which data on the volumes of different brain structures is also available [61-63].
		Because the effect of sexual selection on male size has been shown to be a main cause of sexual size dimorphism in haplorhine primates [17], inclusion of male body mass has the unwanted effect of including effects of sexual selection in the body mass measure.
		The telencephalon (cerebrum) is by far the largest substructure in the haplorhine primate brain (65–85% of the total brain volume) and the largest substructure within the telencephalon is by far the neocortex (40–80% of the total brain volume).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1741-7007/5/20 (5325 words)

	Human Evolution - MSN Encarta
		Strepsirhine (meaning 'turned-nosed') primates—of which the living representatives include lemurs, lorises, and other groups of species all commonly known as prosimians—evolved earliest and are the most primitive forms of primates.
		The earliest monkeys and apes evolved from ancestral haplorhine (meaning 'simple-nosed') primates, of which the most primitive living representative is the tarsier.
		Tarsiers have traditionally been grouped with prosimians, but many scientists now recognize that tarsiers, monkeys, and apes share some distinct traits, and group the three together.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566394 (1223 words)

	Animal Planet :: Mammal Guide
		Haplorhine primates possess sparsely haired noses and share reproductive patterns.
		In contrast to the general mammalian pattern of seasonal breeding, most haplorhine females have year-round sexual cycles.
		To prepare for fertilization, their uterine wall develops a tissue, called endometrium, that is shed every month if no fertilization occurs.
	animal.discovery.com /guides/mammals/body/class_primates.html (289 words)

	Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals
		Second, the absolute values of the contrasts between orders and sub-orders are unusually large and beyond the range of all other contrasts in each data set (haplorhine versus strepsirhine residual = 2.8 standard deviations greater than the mean; primate versus insectivore residual = 5.6 standard deviations greater than the mean).
		On the basis of separate regression equations for insectivores and primates (averaging between strepsirhines and haplorhines), a primate with a non-neocortical brain size of 1,000 mm
		In these analyses, data for strepsirhine and haplorhine primates were pooled to yield adequate sample size.
	www.natureasia.com /get.pl5/japan/nature/hottopics/barton/index.html (2310 words)

	Diversity among living primates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Another major division is made between Strepshirine primates (lemurs and lorises) and Haplorhine primates (tarsiers, Old- and New-world monkeys, and apes).
		Strepsirhines have their nostrils surrounded by moist naked skin, like a dog; Haplorhines' nostrils are surrounded by dry, hairy skin.
		While the distinction between Strepsirhine and Haplorhine primates is not part of most classification schemes, it is thought to reflect evolutionary history better than the Prosimian vs. Anthropoid distinction.
	www.columbia.edu /ccnmtl/draft/gumarang/v1011_spring_2000/primate_order1/diversity.html (357 words)

	Tarsiidae : tarsiers
		Their muzzle is short, and they seem to have almost no neck (although they are capable of turning their head over 180 degrees!).
		Like all haplorhines, tarsiers have hairs on their nose pads.
		Their forelimbs are short and their hindlimbs elongated.
	www.primates.com /primate/tarsiidae.html (313 words)

	Caltech Authors - Brain Structures and Life-Span in Primate Species
		In haplorhine primates, when the effect of body weight is removed, brain weight is correlated with maximum recorded life-span.
		The centromedial complex of the amygdala is the only structure to correlate with life-span in both strepsirhine and haplorhine primates.
		This structure participates in the regulation of blood pressure and in the stress response, which may be key factors governing life-span.
	authors.library.caltech.edu /1276 (438 words)

	Amazon.com: "haplorhine primates": Key Phrase page
		Ross, C. and MacLarnon, A. Ecological and social correlates of maternal expenditure on infant growth in haplorhine primates.
		Heesy, C. and Ross, C., 2003, Mosaic evolution of activity pattern, diet, and color vision in haplorhine primates, in: Anthropoid Origins: New Visions, C. Ross and R. Kay, eds., Kluwer/Plenum Press, New York.
		In modern haplorhine primates, by con- trast, there is a bony partition (postorbital septum) closing the gap between the postorbital bar and the skull...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/haplorhine-primates (320 words)

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