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	Haptoglobin - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Haptoglobins are proteins in the blood that bind free iron; they do this to stop bacteria from using the iron to grow.
		Like most plasma proteins, haptoglobins are produced by the liver.
		The haptoglobins will then be removed by the reticuloendothelial system (mostly the spleen).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Haptoglobin (107 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Haptoglobin
		Haptoglobin is measured to assess the rate at which your red blood cells are being destroyed.
		After haptoglobin attaches to hemoglobin, the molecule goes to the liver where its components (iron, heme, and amino acids) are recycled.
		Haptoglobin levels may be affected by the presence of liver disease or kidney disease, extensive blood loss, and a variety of conditions that affect liver and kidney function.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003634.htm (702 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Haptoglobin test
		White blood cells (called macrophages) bring the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex to the liver, where the haptoglobin and hemoglobin are separated and the iron is recycled.
		The amount of bound haptoglobin is measured using a rate nephelometer, which measures the amount of light scattered by the bound haptoglobin.
		Haptoglobin increases as a reaction to illness, trauma, or rheumatoid disease.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0006/ai_2601000620 (699 words)

	Haptoglobin test
		Haptoglobin is known as an acute phase reactant.
		Haptoglobin is always present in the blood waiting to bind to released hemoglobin.
		Haptoglobin is not present in newborns at birth, but develop adult levels by 6 months.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/haptoglobin_test.jsp (779 words)

	Bovine haptoglobin in blood and milk after intramammary application of LPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Introduction: The determination of haptoglobin in milk is complicated due to low basal levels in healthy animals.
		Materials and Methods: For the determination of bovine haptoglobin a competitive enzyme immunoassay was developed using polyclonal antibodies against bovine haptoglobin obtained from rabbits.
		Haptoglobin blood concentrations and milk concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.74; p < 0.01).
	www.gla.ac.uk /faculties/vet/research/protein/03_doorn_2002/abstracts/Hiss.html (304 words)

	HAPTOGLOBIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Haptoglobin is a protein that is produced by the liver.
		After the haptoglobin molecule has bound the hemoglobin, it is taken up by the liver where the components can be recycled.
		In conditions of hemolysis the haptoglobin concentration decreases (due to increased recycling in the liver).
	www.medhelp.org /glossary/new/GLS_2119.HTM (145 words)

	Human Biology: Maternal Cigarette Smoking, Metabolic Enzyme Polymorphism, and Developmental Events in the Early Stages ...
		Haptoglobin development is negatively correlated with F isoform concentration, and this correlation is much more marked and highly significant in infants born to smoking mothers than in infants born to nonsmoking mothers.
		A logistic regression analysis, considering the presence of haptoglobin in the serum of the infant in the third day of life as the dependent variable, is shown in Table 3.
		The relationship between haptoglobin development in the neonatal period, ACP1 genotype, and smoking is not significantly influenced by the haptoglobin phenotype of the newborn (data not shown).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200404/ai_n9363132 (1380 words)

	Dose Dependency and Individual Variability of the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Acute Phase Protein Response -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Serum haptoglobin as an indicator of the acute phase response in bovine respiratory disease.
		Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and serum during acute and chronic experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.
		Haptoglobin response to clinical respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle.
	jds.fass.org /cgi/content/full/87/10/3330 (4159 words)

	Haptoglobin release by human adipose tissue in primary culture -- Fain et al. 45 (3): 536 -- Journal of Lipid Research
		Haptoglobin release by human adipose tissue in primary culture -- Fain et al.
		Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein whose synthesis by the
		Haptoglobin release to the medium by human adipose tissue explants in primary culture.
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/45/3/536 (4179 words)

	► Haptoglobin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Haptoglobin is measured as an indicator of the rate of red blood cell destruction (hemolysis).
		Haptoglobin is a protein that is secreted into the blood by the liver.
		In the presence of active hemolysis, the rate of haptoglobin destruction will outpace the rate at which new haptoglobin is created.
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/003634.htm (538 words)

	Type of Blood Protein May Predict Diabetes Severity
		Haptoglobin is thought to help the body rid itself of these "free radicals" (the released hemoglobin), substances that damage healthy cells and lead to kidney, heart, and eye problems.
		Haptoglobin comes in two forms, 1 and 2, and a person's blood may contain only 1, only 2, or half and half, depending on which genes they inherit from their parents.
		The haptoglobin test is not yet available in the United States, although Levy says it would be an easy test to develop for widespread use.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/28/1728_61983.htm (800 words)

	Haptoglobin is present in human endometrium and shows elevated levels in the decidua during pregnancy -- Berkova et al. ...
		Haptoglobin is present in human endometrium and shows elevated levels in the decidua during pregnancy -- Berkova et al.
		of the haptoglobin phenotypes to the disposition of diseases,
		synthesis of haptoglobin in decidua, the sequestration from
	molehr.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/7/8/747 (4271 words)

	New Test Predicts Complications in Diabetes
		To prevent this, the body produces a protein called haptoglobin, a scavenger molecule that binds with hemoglobin floating free in the blood and renders it harmless.
		In about 20 percent of individuals, this hemoglobin clean-up is more effective than in others, because these individuals produce a form of haptoglobin that is relatively small and can seek out the hemoglobin in the nooks and crannies of the circulatory system.
		Since haptoglobin type is determined genetically and does not change during life, physicians can use a haptoglobin test to see who is at high risk for complications and who is not.
	www.ats.org /news.php?id=16 (965 words)

	Vitamin E Helps Some Diabetes Patients
		Participants with a particular form of a blood protein called haptoglobin who took vitamin E cut their risk of dying from cardiovascular disease by 55% and decreased their risk of nonfatal heart attack by 43%, say Levy and colleagues.
		Haptoglobin comes in three forms: "2-2," "1-1," and "2-1." Haptoglobin's 2-2 form is the worst of the three at fighting disease-causing free radicals.
		People with diabetes who have haptoglobin's 2-2 form of the protein have a higher risk of cardiovascular "events," such as heart attacks, write the researchers.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/97/104226?src=RSS_PUBLIC (374 words)

	Journal SLEEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We recently demonstrated that a particular haptoglobin phenotype that is associated with differential antioxidant activity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes.
		Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between haptoglobin phenotype and cardiovascular disease, adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors (age, sex, diabetes, smoking, lipid levels, and hypertension).
		Possible modification by haptoglobin phenotype of the association of sleep-disordered breathing with cardiovascular disease prevalence was explored by examining interaction terms.
	www.journalsleep.org /citation/sleepdata.asp?citationid=2504 (422 words)

	Vitamins and Mineral Supplements and Herbal Supplements for your Health
		Haptoglobin type may influence which individuals may benefit from antioxidant supplementation to prevent coronary artery disease.
		The objective of this study was to determine whether haptoglobin type predicts the effect of vitamin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis.
		The study demonstrates that the benefit of antioxidant therapy with vitamin C and E on progressive coronary artery stenosis may be restricted to women with haptoglobin type 1-1.
	www.herbalgram.org /naturemade/herbclip/review.asp?i=44013 (509 words)

	Haptoglobin genotypic distribution (including Hp0 allele) and associated serum haptoglobin concentrations in Koreans -- ...
		Haptoglobin genotypic distribution (including Hp0 allele) and associated serum haptoglobin concentrations in Koreans -- Park et al.
		In a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the Hp allele and the Hp allele (exon 1), both 315 bp and 476 bp bands were amplified from individuals heterozygous for the Hp allele.
		Distribution of haptoglobin phenotypes in a Korean population, using the semi-automated PhastSystem.
	jcp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/pmidlookup?view=full&pmid=15452167 (897 words)

	Haptoglobin: A major susceptibility gene for diabetic vascular complications
		The authors recently published evidence that haptoglobin phenotype may serve as a predictor of the relative risk of diabetes-related vascular disorders.
		Several mechanisms whereby haptoglobin phenotype may determine diabetic vascular complications are presented.
		Second, the haptoglobin polymers present in individuals with 1-1, 2-1 or 2-2 phenotype appear to have differential sieving properties.
	www.pulsus.com /ecc/07_02/szaf_ed.htm (240 words)

	Vitamin E may help some diabetics
		The new study shows that when these at-risk patients, who have the 2-2 form of haptoglobin, took 400 international units of vitamin E daily, they reduced their risk of heart attack by 43 percent, and their risk of dying of heart disease by 55 percent.
		Levy had demonstrated in multiple previous studies that haptoglobin 2-2 is predictive of heart disease -- but only in people with diabetes.
		This combination means that diabetics with haptoglobin 2-2 have an even greater deficiency of antioxidants than do diabetics with the other haptoglobin variants.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=16603 (629 words)

	Haptoglobin phenotypes and gene frequencies in unipolar major depression -- Maes et al. 151 (1): 112 -- American ...
		Haptoglobin phenotypes and gene frequencies in unipolar major depression -- Maes et al.
		Haptoglobin phenotypes and gene frequencies in unipolar major depression
		The frequencies of haptoglobin phenotypes Hp 2-1 (61.1%) and Hp 2-2 (20.8%) in the patients with major depression were significantly higher
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/abstract/151/1/112 (280 words)

	Haptoglobin expression and release by rabbit oviduct and endometrium, its localization in blastocyst extra-embryonic ...
		Haptoglobin expression and release by rabbit oviduct and endometrium, its localization in blastocyst extra-embryonic matrix and fluid during preimplantation time -- Herrler et al.
		Haptoglobin expression and release by rabbit oviduct and endometrium, its localization in blastocyst extra-embryonic matrix and fluid during preimplantation time
		haptoglobin levels are detectable in the embryo's environment.
	humrep.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/19/12/2730 (329 words)

	Haptoglobin and its association with the HELLP syndrome -- Raijmakers et al. 40 (3): 214 -- Journal of Medical Genetics
		Haptoglobin and its association with the HELLP syndrome -- Raijmakers et al.
		Haptoglobin and its association with the HELLP syndrome
		Haptoglobin polymorphism and complications in established essential arterial hypertension.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/40/3/214 (1398 words)

	Haptoglobin Polymorphism and Iron Homeostasis -- Beutler et al. 48 (12): 2232 -- Clinical Chemistry
		of the haptoglobin cluster on chromosome 16q22 (14)(15).
		The haptoglobin 2-2 phenotype affects serum markers of iron status in healthy males.
		Haptoglobin phenotype 2-2 overrepresentation in Cys282Tyr hemochromatotic patients.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/48/12/2232 (1748 words)

	Vitamins Can Be Friend or Foe for Older Women with Diabetes
		Diabetic, post-menopausal women who carry two copies of the variation known as haptoglobin-2 increase their risk of atherosclerosis, or narrowed arteries, if they take doses of the antioxidant vitamins C and E, Dr. Andrew P. Levy of the Faculty of Medicine says.
		Although there is a commercial test for haptoglobin type, the test is not widely used, according to Levy.
		Haptoglobin itself is an antioxidant protein, but not all types of haptoglobin are equally good at carrying out antioxidant activity.
	www.ats.org /news.php?id=84 (674 words)

	haptoglobin - General Practice Notebook
		The function of haptoglobin is to bind free haemoglobin in the blood, with a capacity of up to 1.4 grams per litre.
		The haptoglobin-haemoglobin complexes are removed by the reticuloendothelial system, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of haptoglobin.
		Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein, rising in concentration during acute inflammation.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /medwebpage.cfm?ID=-187695061 (209 words)

	Structure-function analysis of the antioxidant properties of haptoglobin -- Melamed-Frank et al. 98 (13): 3693 -- Blood
		haptoglobin 1-1 and EmM 58.65 for haptoglobin 2-2).
		Data for the 2 types of haptoglobin are expressed as the percentage inhibition of oxidation that occurred in a reaction performed in parallel in the absence of any haptoglobin at the 60-minute time point.
		The stoichiometries of haptoglobin 1-1 and 2-2 binding to hemoglobin are identical.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/98/13/3693 (4549 words)

	Genotyping of the Common Haptoglobin Hp 1/2 Polymorphism Based on PCR -- Koch et al. 48 (9): 1377 -- Clinical Chemistry
		(B), haptoglobin genotyping based on combination of the results of two separate DNA amplification reactions involving primers A and B in the first reaction (lanes 2–4 and 8–10) and primers C and D in the second reaction (lanes 5–7 and 8–10; protocol 2).
		Haptoglobin phenotype and vascular complications in patients with diabetes.
		Haptoglobin phenotype and coronary artery collaterals in diabetic patients.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/48/9/1377 (3475 words)

	Effect of stress transport on serum haptoglobin in pigs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Total number of aggressions was 151, 34, 129 and 55 for periods 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
		We have measured serum haptoglobin, creatine kinase and cortisol.
		Finally, haptoglobin levels do not present significant circadian oscillations, avoiding the problems in other parameters (i.e.
	www.gla.ac.uk /faculties/vet/research/protein/03_doorn_2002/abstracts/Saco1.html (313 words)

	FBR Resource Guide: Haptoglobin (HPT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Decreased haptoglobin levels are associated with hemolysis from all causes.
		Haptoglobin levels are best interpreted in combination with other acute phase proteins, in particular alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and to a lesser extent, C-reactive protein and alpha-1-antitrypsin.
		Haptoglobin is included as part of the Protein profile/immunoassay (IA), Block I, and Block III.
	www.fbr.org /publications/resguide/rg-t_hpt.html (116 words)

	Good news about vitamin E
		About 40% of diabetics have the 2-2 form of haptoglobin; the rest have the 1 -1 or 2-1 forms.
		However, Dr. Levy notes, the study did not segregate patients according to their haptoglobin type, analyzing instead the benefits of vitamin E in all patients.
		Now, a large-scale, five-year study of some 2,000 diabetics with haptoglobin 2-2, being conducted in northern Israel, is expected to corroborate Dr. Levy's findings.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/asft-gna111804.php (600 words)

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