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Topic: Harappa

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Harrapa

Harappan civilisation

Indus Valley Civilization

28th century BC

2465 BC

521 BC

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2200 BC

Cemetery H culture

1800 BC

Mehrgarh

3300 BC

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2800 BC

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	Harappa - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Harappa is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, located beside a former course of the Ravi River; about 35km southwest of Sahiwal.
		The modern town is built beside the remains of an ancient fortifed city, which was part of theCemetery H and the Indus Valley Civilization.
		In Harappa Excavations, 1986-1990: A multidisciplanary approach to Third Millennium urbanism, edited by Richard H. Meadow: 29-59.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Harappa (345 words)

	The Harappan Civilization by Tarini J. Carr
		Although, Harappa was undoubtedly occupied previously, it was between 2600-1900 B.C. that it reached its height of economic expansion and urban growth.
		Harappa, along with the other Indus Valley cities, had a level of architectural planning that was unparralled in the ancient world.
		Harappa, along with other Indus cities, established their economic base on agriculture produce and livestock, supplemented by the production of and trade of commodities and craft items.
	www.archaeologyonline.net /artifacts/harappa-mohenjodaro.html (3115 words)

	[No title]
		A contemporary of the ancient civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley civilization or the Harappa Culture is today acknowledged as the third major civilization in the history of mankind.
		Harappa and Mohenjodaro, the two cities excavated first, appear to have functioned as twin capitals of this civilization.
		The Harappa Culture declined suddenly between 1800-1700 B.C. and its end is as puzzling as its beginning.
	www.indiaprofile.com /religion-culture/harappa.htm (740 words)

	Harappan Civilization
		The streets of Harappa, remarked British archeologist Mortimer Wheeler, "however impressive quantitatively, and significant sociologically, are aesthetically miles of monotony." The archeologist and popular author Leonard Cottrell, a contemporary of Wheeler's, wrote in 1956, "While admiring the efficiency of Harappan planning and sanitary engineering, one's general impression of Harappan culture is unattractive...
		At Harappa, standardized cubical stone weights have been found at the gates, and Kenoyer suggests they were used to levy taxes on trade goods coming into the city.
		Preliminary genetic studies from a cemetery in Harappa have suggested that women were buried near their mothers and grandmothers.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/Harappan.html (2430 words)

	Profile of Harappa \| EnterVOID.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Harappa was a perfectly normal and happy little girl, with little toy cars and a dollhouse and colouring books and all that normal happy kid stuff.
		After a year or two, Harappa’s parents, believing that the country life was starting to get to their daughter --she’s so moody nowadays, they said, she never tells us anything anymore-- decided to move to the city, so they did.
		Harappa seeks revenge on those men that ruined her powers, even though all she has to go on is their green van and the tattoo she loathes.
	entervoid.com /fighter.php?id=606 (636 words)

	Harappa Excavations 1986-1990: A Review
		Harappa Excavations is an all-inclusive interim report on the last five seasons of work at the Indus Valley Bronze Age site of Harappa, located in the Pakistani Punjab.
		Future treatments by the Harappa team members will each deal largely, if not exclusively, with only single components of this research at the first site to be recognized as belonging to a unique and distinct riverine civilization in the Indus Valley.
		This concluding chapter not only all but eliminates the necessity of researching each year's work in five different reports, but also gathers in one place the unfolding story of how the team developed and implemented the multidisciplinary approach to archaeological research which is the raison d'etre of both the team and this volume.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/harappareview.html (1175 words)

	BBC News \| Sci/Tech \| 'Earliest writing' found
		Harappa was originally a small settlement in 3500 BC but by 2600 BC it had developed into a major urban centre.
		Harappa was occupied until about 1900 BC The earliest known writing was etched onto jars before and after firing.
		Around 1900 BC Harappa and other urban centres started to decline as people left them to move east to what is now India and the Ganges.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/334517.stm (574 words)

	the-south-asian
		Harappa lies on the left bank of the Ravi River.
		The ancient ruins of the town of Harappa, lie next to the old bed of the Ravi river, which are now cultivated using a mixture of the old Harappan technologies of the bullock cart, and the diesel engine tractors, but with very much the same staple crops as in 3000 B.C. [barley, lentils, wheat, dates.
		According to Mr Asim Dogar [curator at Harappa Museum], not only did the British Railway engineers use the bricks as railway track ballast, but also almost all the railway stations including Harappa [see picture] Railway Station between Lahore and Multan were built using the Harappan site bricks.
	www.the-south-asian.com /June2005/Harappa-Indus-civilization-2.htm (741 words)

	Sewer History: Photos and Graphics
		Harappa, Lothal, and Mohenjo-daro are three of the extensive archeological excavations in the region.
		A large corbelled drain was built in the middle of an abandoned gateway at Harappa to dispose of rainwater and sewage.
		Excavated by the Harappa Archaeological Research Project in 1993, this large corbelled drain was built in the middle of an abandoned gateway at Harappa to dispose of rainwater and sewage.
	www.sewerhistory.org /grfx/wh_region/indus1.htm (533 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Fascinating site, mystifying language
		Ancient Harappa was one of the world's first cities.
		Harappa has been the subject of intensive scrutiny for a select set of experts involved in the Pakistani-American Harappa Archaeological Research Project (HARP).
		There had been single-season investigations of Harappa in 1946 and 1966, but HARP marks the first time since 1942 that any enduring enterprise has been undertaken on the site.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2003/05.01/13-meadow.html (816 words)

	Harappa and the Indus River
		The mounds which stood where great cities once thrived excited interest in observers, but no one in their wildest dreams could have imagined that beneath those large mounds lay cities that had been lost to human memory.
		We don't know, either, when they first built their cities; some scholars argue that Harappan civilization arises around 2250 BC, while others argue that it can be dated back to 2500 BC or earlier.
		Like the civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, Harappa grew on the floodplains of a rich and life-giving river, the Indus.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ANCINDIA/HARAPPA.HTM (1111 words)

	Education World® - *History : Classical / Ancient : Asia : India : Harappan Civilization
		Harappa Explorers Offers a 3D depiction of Harappa, and furnishes details of their animal seals, and guided tours through MohenjoDaro and Harappa.
		Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Culture Offers a map of the Indus Valley civilization, and provides a brief description of the excavations, as well as photographs.
		Harappa and The Indus River Describes the construction of Harappan cities, and details their living quarters, art, drainage systems, and agriculture.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=10699 (563 words)

	Archaeological Sites
		Harappa, the type-site of the Indus civilization, is today a large village in the Montgomery District of Punjab, 15 miles southwest of the district town.
		Archaeologists think that ancient Harappa was the urban center dominating the upper Indus region, much like Mohenjo-daro dominated the lower Indus Valley and Ganweriwala might have been the urban center for what is now Rajasthan.
		Although Harappa continues to be the center of historical debate, further archaeological explanations may some day reveal the validity or inaccuracy in the historical accounts of Harappa.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/asia/harappa.html (499 words)

	Harappa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		How closely these places were connected to Mohenjo-daro and Harappa is not clearly known, but evidence indicates that there was some link and that the people inhabiting these places were probably related.
		Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were cities built on similar plans of well-laid-out streets, elaborate drainage systems, public baths, differentiated residential areas, flat-roofed brick houses and fortified administrative and religious centers enclosing meeting halls and granaries.
		Although historians agree that the civilization ceased abruptly, at least in Mohenjo-daro and Harappa there is disagreement on the possible causes for its end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Harappa (1667 words)

	Intamm - Culture - Harappa and Tamil Culture
		The date suggested for Harappa for Culture as known from C 14 dating is 4600 B.C. or slightly earlier where as the date supplied by the same C. 14 method for the Iron Age comes to 300 B.C. or slightly earlier.
		Hence the time gap between Harappa culture and the early Tamil culture has been considerably harrowed down and this may facilitate scholars to link the latter culture atleast with the end of the Harappa culture.
		These similarities go to prove that Harappa and Tamil culture are related to one another and this comparative study is still in its infant stage and may receive greater attention as and when restudy of the material from past excavations is taken up and fresh excavations are conducted in promising sites near Adchchanalllur.
	www.intamm.com /culture/hara.htm (2478 words)

	The Indus Valley Civilisation Of Harappa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Harappa was settled before the Harappans of the Indus Valley, and they were replaced by other still anonymous peoples.
		In fact, there seems to have been another large river which parallel and west of the Indus in the third and fourth millenium B.C. This was the ancient Ghaggra-Hakra River or Sarasvati of the Rig Veda.
		These excavations have shown Harappa to have been far larger than once thought, perhaps supporting a population of 50,000 at certain periods.
	www.paksarzameen.net /Harappa/index.htm (324 words)

	Harappa_civilization
		Finally the large glacial lakes in the northern areas of the Indus river that form accidentally by rock falls /landslides may also play a part in getting the Indus river to be blamed for its downstream floods.
		Within and surrounding the Harappa site, are the remains of a forest of trees on various excavation mounds E, and ET.
		It appears that conservation in archaeology and in ecology and biological/botanical areas seems to converge in Harappa.
	www.the-south-asian.com /June2005/Harappa-indus-civilisation-6.htm (738 words)

	The Harappan Civilization
		It was named after the city of Harappa which it was centered around.
		Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were the greatest achievements of the Indus valley civilization.
		The similarities in plan and construction between Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa indicate that they were part of a unified government with extreme organization.
	visav.phys.uvic.ca /~babul/AstroCourses/P303/harappan.html (745 words)

	HORSEPLAY IN HARAPPA
		The language of Harappa was declared to be "late Vedic" Sanskrit, some 2,000 years before the language itself existed.
		I f Rigvedic culture (normally dated to the last half of the second millennium BCE) is identified with Harappa, it is critical to find evidence of extensive use of domesticated horses in India in the third millennium BCE.
		The lords of Harappa or Dholavira, instead of using the scrip t on their seals, would have undoubtedly sent its inventor off to finish his short and nasty life in the copper mines of the Aravallis!
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl1720/17200040.htm (6982 words)

	Probe body on Harappa park -DAWN - National; May 26, 2005
		They said the department had proposed that the park should be set up at a distance from the Harappa site, but the district government did not agree.
		The district government had observed that the site for the amusement park was adjacent to the rest house, kitchen, old museum campus and residences of curator, assistance curator and other staff, therefore, there was no harm in setting up a park there.
		The third millennium BC sites at Harappa are prominently visible in the countryside and lie on the left bank of the old course of the Ravi, encompassing full chronological extent of the Indus civilization.
	www.dawn.com /2005/05/26/nat24.htm (496 words)

	Pakistan Travel Web > Destinations > Archaeological Sites > Harappa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A major center of the Indus Valley Civilization was Harappa whose ruins lie 35-km southwest of Sahiwal (about 250 km from Lahore).
		The area of Harappa is bigger than Moenjodaro but much to the remains above ground were ravaged by brick-hunters using the material as blast when the railway tracks between Lahore and Multan were laid.
		The cemeteries discovered at Harappa confirm that the Indus Valley people buried their dead, many of them wearing finger rings, necklaces of steatite beads, anklets of paste beads, earnings and shell bangles.
	travel.web.pk /destinations/archaeological_sites/harappa.asp (374 words)

	The Indus River Valley Civilization: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The civilization of the Indus River at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa arose at about 2500 BCE and ended with apparent destruction about 1500 BCE.
		The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were built of fire-baked bricks.
		Over the centuries the need for wood for brick-making denuded the country side and this may have contributed to the downfall.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/indus.htm (187 words)

	The Hindu : Understanding Harappa
		While Shereen Ratnagar's book on Harappa, with maps, illustrations and photographs, is intended for the layman, it does manage to question the prevalent assumptions about the civilisation, says NAINA DAYAL.
		Her new book - Understanding Harappa - gathers in all her insights on the subject.
		Understanding Harappa: Civilisation in the Greater Indus Valley, Shereen Ratnagar, New Delhi, Tulika, 2001.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2001/06/03/stories/1303017m.htm (720 words)

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