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Topic: Harappan

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	Indus Valley Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls.
		Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
		Unique Harappan inventions include an instrument which was used to measure whole sections of the horizon and the tidal dock.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Harappan (3579 words)

	Harappan writing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Harappan Astronomy A discussion of the mathematics and a astronomy of the Harappan Civilization.
		The Harappan Tradition Attempt at an evolutionary ethnological synthesis of the cultural phenomena known variously as the Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization.
		Harappan Horse Myths and the Sciences An editorial by Michael Witzel in The Hindu disputing reports of horse remains from the Harappan period.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Harappan_writing.html (358 words)

	Harappa and the Indus River
		These new peoples, however, did not seem to adopt the religious practices of the Harappans, so it is not possible to reconstruct Harappan religion through the religion of the Vedic peoples, that is, the Indo-Europeans who constructed the rudimentary Indian religion represented by the Vedas.
		Harappan writing was a pictographic script, or at least seems to be; as of yet, however, no one has figured out how to decipher it or even what language it might be rendering.
		The logical candidate is that the Harappans spoke a Dravidian language, but that conclusion, which may not be true, has not helped anybody decipher the script.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ANCINDIA/HARAPPA.HTM (1111 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Traders of the Plain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Harappan domain was twice the size of the Egyptian or Mesopotamian territory of the time, yet the Harappans appear to have had neither conquering emperors nor standing armies to enlarge or defend their homeland.
		Dani holds that the Harappan commoners, in their integration with the Aryans, may well have become that culture's lower caste, and still later the modernday Untouchables or Shudras of the Hindu religion.
		And the Harappan texts are short: None is longer than 26 signs, and the average length is only five, which does not give much opportunity for the development of recurring patterns of signs that might be discerned.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199905/traders.of.the.plain.htm (3972 words)

	India Harappan Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated.
		Harappan culture was conservative and remained relatively unchanged for centuries; whenever cities were rebuilt after periodic flooding, the new level of construction closely followed the previous pattern.
		They also have inscriptions generally thought to be in the Harappan script, which has eluded scholarly attempts at deciphering it.
	www.country-studies.com /india/harappan-culture.html (500 words)

	'Oldest Harappan signboard at Kutch township'- The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Harappans had also built dams to conserve the precious commodity of water," added Bisht.
		He said, "Harappans never allowed vehicular traffic inside their cities which explains the condition of their roads which remained as they were for a long time," he said.
		While natural calamities are widely believed to be the reason for the decline of civilisations, for Dholavira it is believed that the damage was due to frequent earthquakes.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /articleshow/505144.cms (429 words)

	[No title]
		The importance of the Harappan seals as amulets is attested too by the popularity of wearing totems among the Dravidians.
		In the Harappan worldview animals were used in many cases to represent characteristics human beings should exhibit.
		The principal Harappan gods are all depicted on the Harappan seals.
	www.geocities.com /olmec982000/Indus.html (1749 words)

	Harappan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fall of Harappan Civilization - Ascribes the fall of the Indus civilisation to Aryan invasions, and defends the Aryan Invasion Theory.
		Harappan Horse Myths and the Sciences - An editorial by Michael Witzel in The Hindu disputing reports of horse remains from the Harappan period.
		Harappan Astronomy - A discussion of the mathematics and a astronomy of the Harappan Civilization.
	www.findly.com /harappan.htm (384 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization in Gujarat
		Some important finds are a typical Harappan terracotta seal, a heavy copper chisel, a hoard of copper beads and bangles and terracotta toys, tanks and beads besides animal skeletal remains of the horse, camel, elephant and sheep.
		The harappans buried the bones of their dead in small oval pits and put jars and dishes on a stand probably for keeping food etc. and covered it with a huge slab.
		The excavations have revealed that the Harappans lived here along with an antecedent culture with all their typical modes of habitation and cultural assemblage and continued even after the mature phase was over.
	www.rajkot.com /tourism/indus.htm (1379 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization: The Demise of Utopia
		In the Harappan case, the theory that climatic change was a factor in the demise of the Indus Valley Civilization is supported by palynological and not archaeological evidence and it encompasses the entire Holocene period and not just the Harappan period.
		Interestingly, S.R. Rao notes that "to deserve the term 'Late Harappan' it is essential that the inhabitants of the deurbanized phase must have retained the core of Harappan achievements such as writing, use of the Harappan standard of weights and Harappan religious beliefs including the method of the disposal of the dead" (Rao 1980: 354).
		The fact that these supposed Harappans seem to have forgotten their writing, their system of weights and measures, and all of their other diagnostic traits in the process of moving makes it impossible for us to believe that most of these "North Indian Harappans" were even Harappans at all.
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/collapse.html (4676 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Some years ago, when the large Harappan settlement at Dhola Vira was excavated on a significant scale, the archaeologist in charge of the operations explained some of the details to me with the help of several photographs taken at the site.
		He explained that while the Harappan structures and other finds represented the efflorescence of the very best of the artistry of the times, the pre-Harappan pieces were not in the same category — they lacked the finish, the confident lines and curves that came with later years.
		The late Harappan structures were what he called degenerate and more coarse, with the techniques of the Harappan period done with excessive ornateness or with a casualness that took away from the artistry of the true Harappan pieces.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1031215/asp/opinion/story_2635801.asp (1219 words)

	The Hindu : From Harappan horse to camel
		The Hindu : From Harappan horse to camel
		While we are on the Harappan horse, he cites the example of a camel found in a Harappan site, dated to 2200-1900 BC by the earlier excavators, which now has been dated directly by Carbon 14 method to 690 BC, showing the earlier claim was wrong.
		The conflicting writings on Harappan horse and Vedic or Dravidian speculation are so voluminous and the issues are so complex that there is need to continue the dialogue, but not include them in school textbooks.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/op/2002/07/02/stories/2002070200110200.htm (1953 words)

	The Harappan Civilization and Myth of Aryan "Invasion" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is the loss of water or dessication that causes massive disruptions on the scale witnessed at the end of the Harappan civilization.
		This shift in perspective,that the Harappan civilization came at the end of the Vedic age also helps explain a major puzzle; the technological basis for this great civilisation.
		The rise and fall of the Vedic civilisation of which the Harappan was a part can be seen to have resulted from the vagaries of nature, inseparably bound to the boom and bust ecological cycle that followed the last ice age.
	www.hindunet.org /alt_hindu/1994/msg00178.html (2403 words)

	TKS Book Series
		It was the Harappans who gave the idea of welfare of the workers for the first time by establishing workmen's quarters and now it has become a necessity.
		Settlement patterns of the Harappans were conditioned by the behaviour of the river providing an active flood plain and ecology, navigability of the river for internal trade, climate, accessibility to natural resources and trade routes, both internal and external.
		The end of Harappan cities in Punjab and particularly in Sind could be due to massive flooding, tectonic movement, climatic changes and increase of aridity in the area in c.
	www.infinityfoundation.com /joshi_book.htm (5387 words)

	Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization (c. 3000 B.C.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Volkerwanderung that brought the Harappans to Lothal (2450 BC) is conceived of as a sea passage from the Indus...
		The desertion of the semi-arid zone of north Rajasthan and Bahawalpur by the Harappans or the Harappa-influenced kindred folks, and their subsequent expansion further north-east seems to have been forced by the growing desiccation of the Sarasvati basin consequent upon the changes in the courses of the Sarasvati, Drshadvati and the Yamuna rivers.
		It was this second phase of the Harappan expansion which was largely responsible for the colonization of the ancient Madhya Desa which ensued with the settlements of Daulatpur I, Alamgirpur I etc...
	www.ucl.ac.uk /~ucgadkw/members/indus.html (9911 words)

	GO.HRW.COM
		This map shows the major cities as well as the towns and villages of Harappan civilization.
		This civilization appeared in the Indus River valley around 2400 B.C. Before that time, this area had had settlements, some of whose sites are also shown on the map.
		The Harappan civilization, however, was remarkable for the uniformity of its technology, measurements, and city planning throughout its large geographic area.
	go.hrw.com /hrw.nd/gohrw_rls1/pKeywordResults?keyword=st9+harappan (66 words)

	Center and Periphery: Indus Valley Civilization
		By culling the excavation reports for the quantities and uses of all 'imported' materials, and then by studying the various gazetteers and geological studies of the region and its immediate hinterlands, she attempts to show that virtually all of the 'imported' goods could be accounted for within the Indus region proper.
		S.R. Rao notes that "to deserve the term 'Late Harappan' it is essential that the inhabitants of the de-urbanized phase must have retained the core of Harappan achievements such as writing, use of the Harappan standard of weights and Harappan religious beliefs including the method of the disposal of the dead" (Rao 1982:354).
		Further contributing to the problem of identifying a site as being 'Harappan' is the fact that "only about 3% of all the sites reported as being 'Harappan' have been excavated horizontally to the maximum of 20% of their area" (Jansen 1981:251).
	www.adventurecorps.com /archaeo/centperiph.html (3221 words)

	Civilization - Harappan Civilization: An Analysis in Modern Context
		The Harappan people also made rough terracotta statuettes of women, usually naked, but with elaborate head dresses, These are certainly icons of the mother goddess and are so numerous that they seem to have been kept in nearly every home.
		In the design of one tool, however, the Harappans had been superior; they had devised a saw with undulating teeth, which allowed the dust to escape freely from the cut and much simplified the carpenter's craft.
		The Harappan script has not been deciphered but the discovery of writing material clearly indicates that the Harappans were educated.
	www.ignca.nic.in /nl002308.htm (1153 words)

	Indus Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The result of the Harappan civilizations emphasis on agriculture and irrigation lead to a plethora of irrigation systems around which human settlements were built.
		The culture of the classical Harappan era surrounded the rivers of the Indus valley and was greatly dependent upon the valley and trade for its subsistence.
		Indicative of all Harappan sites are the fire mud brick houses and the net-like city plans that took generations to evolve.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/india/indus/elements.html (358 words)

	Harappan Civilization
		Traders from the highlands of Baluchistan and northern Afghanistan to the west brought in copper, tin and lapis lazuli; clam and conch shells were brought from the southwestern seacoast, timber from the Himalayas, semiprecious stones from Gujrat, silver and gold from Central Asia.
		Nearly every Harappan home had a bathing platform and a latrine, says Kenoyer, and some Indus Valley cities reached heights of 40 feet in part because of concern about hygiene.
		And in the crowded marketplaces, as merchants hawk the superiority of their silver over the low-quality ore of their neighbors, as gold and jewels are weighed in bronze balances, it’s hard to imagine that a 4,000-year-old Harappan bazaar could have been terribly different.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/Harappan.html (2430 words)

	Traditional Yoga Studies Interactive Content - Why the Aryan Invasion of India Never Happened (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Harappan civilization was therefore located in the same riverine region as the Vedic culture.
		Most archaeologists now believe that the Harappan cities were not destroyed by invading Aryans but were abandoned by their citizens because of major geological and climatic changes.
		The evidence includes the use of iron and the employment of a script that is intermediate between the Harappan glyphs and the Brahmi alphabet of later India.
	www.yrec.info /contentid-117.html (3005 words)

	Brahminism's new archeological evidence suggests that history of civilisation dates to Rig Vedic people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The skeletons of the Harappans are threatening to disturb the peace of people centuries removed: should the verdict go in favour of the Rig Vedic Aryans, it would be seen as a denial of credit to the non-Hindus of today, in secular India.
		So it seems that the Harappan civilisation developed from an internal dynamic and this internal dynamic is now to be understood within a much larger framework and comprising data from what is now India and Pakistan.
		In the Harappan culture there were seals and utensils with writing, pottery carried motifs of trees, plants, birds, animals and fish, and the dimension of the brick was 1x2x4.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/aryan/week_indus.html (3628 words)

	Antiquity Frenzy \| The Harappan Horse Fraud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One notable pre-Aryan monument in India is the enigmatic Harappan (or Indus Valley) civilization, which at a minimum possessed an urban culture, and perhaps also a proto-writing system.
		Indeed, if it could be shown that the Harappans possessed the horse, the entire Aryan scenario could be dismissed as a myth, and a foreign-invented myth at that.
		On the whole, though discussion of the Harappan attested culture and the Aryan implied culture will naturally continue, at all levels, the course of this particular antiquity fraud seems to have been successfully arrested, and the intellectual honor of modern India appears, in our view, to have been maintained.
	www.umass.edu /wsp/methodology/antiquity/india/harappa.html (972 words)

	Harappan Civilization: ca. 3000-1500 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Harappan people were literate and used the Dravidian language.
		The Harappan civilization was mainly urban and mercantile.
		Topsoil erosion, depletion of nutrients from the soil, or a change in the course of the Indus River may have forced these people to leave their towns and move northeastward in search of more fertile land.
	campus.northpark.edu /history/WebChron/India/Harappa.html (606 words)

	The Harappan Civilization
		Although the translation of the Harappan script is still very much a work in progress, there are numerous indications that Harappans were well versed in astronomy.
		The straight streets of the Indus cities are oriented towards the cardinal directions, which presupposes astronomical observations and the use of the sun-stick, the gnomon.
		Evidence for the Harappan origin of this myth is provided, among other things, by Indus seals which show a row of six or seven human figures; their female character is suggested by the one long plait of hair, which to the present day has remained characteristic of the Indian ladies.
	visav.phys.uvic.ca /~babul/AstroCourses/P303/harappan.html (745 words)

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