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	Indus Valley Civilization -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although some houses were larger than others, Indus civilization cities were remarkable for their apparent (The doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality) egalitarianism.
		Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
		Unlike other ancient civilizations, the archaeological record of the Indus civilization provides practically no evidence of armies, kings, slaves, social conflict, prisons, and other oft-negative traits that we traditionally associate with early civilization, although this could simply be due to the sheer completeness of its collapse and subsequent disappearance.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/indus_valley_civilization.htm (3548 words)

	ipedia.com: Indus Valley Civilization Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Other Indus civilization settlements were situated along the Indus and its tributaries or spread as widely as Mumbai (Bombay) to the south, east of Delhi, the Iranian border to the west and the Himalayas to the north.
		The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of Baluchistan, to the west of the Indus Valley.
		The Indus civilization appears to disconfirm the hydraulic despotism hypothesis, which is concerned with the origin of urban civilization and the state.
	www.ipedia.com /indus_valley_civilization.html (3091 words)

	History - The Indus Valley Civilisation
		This civilisation was a highly developed urban one and two of its towns, Mohenjodaro and Harappa, represent the high watermark of the settlements.
		The Harappans cultivated wheat, barley, peas and sesamum and were probably the first to grow and make clothes from cotton.Trade seemed to be a major activity at the Indus Valley and the sheer quantity of seals discovered suggest that each merchant or mercantile family owned its own seal.
		By about 1700 BC, the Harappan culture was on the decline, due to repeated flooding of towns located on the river banks and due to ecological changes which forced agriculture to yield to the spreading desert.
	members.tripod.com /sympweb/IndusValleyhistory.htm (603 words)

	Questionable agendas and assertions
		For historians and the lay public alike, the recent inauguration of a gallery on Harappan civilisation at the National Museum in Delhi was an occasion for celebration.
		Harappan interpretations have remained a domain of some ambiguity, in large part because of the paucity of textual sources and a scholarly inability to decipher definitively the a vailable seals and notations.
		Indeed, Sharma feels aggrieved that several sections of a book he had written on Harappan seals to coincide with the opening of the gallery were excised because they were contrary to the new ideological slant that is being given to that period of history.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1723/17231180.htm (1635 words)

	Ancient Civilisation
		The spread of this Civilisation upto the mouth of river Kim in South Gujarat was confirmed through the excavations spearheaded by Archaeological Survey of India under the direction of the then Director General Mr.
		Harappan civilisation suffered great calamity and resultant destruction due to floods in 1900 BC.The floods swept away all the Harappan towns and villages in the delta regions of major rivers in Saurashtra, Sindh and South Gujarat.
		It was an irony of nature that the civilisation that had flourished the banks of the water by twist of events got perished due to it.
	www.ahmedabad.com /travel/ancientcivi.htm (867 words)

	Asking the right questions
		This is the author's fourth book on the Indus Valley civilisation, although it is different in being a general introduction for the lay reader.
		Harappan urban form, with its characteristic grid pattern, has also been correlated with various other functional requirements of a city, such as drainage, sewage disposal and transport systems.
		Indeed, one of the few textual references available to the Indus civilisation occurs in Mesopotamia, where the south Asian territories of "Meluhha" were known as a source of certain artefacts.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1811/18110740.htm (1467 words)

	Rupar : History of Rupar Valley Civilization - Himalayas Travel,Himalaya Tour,Tourism in Himalayan Mountains
		The Indus Valley civilisation also known as the Harappan Civilisation flourished between 3rd millennium BC to 1st millennium BC and covered an area of 3,50,000-sq-kms under undivided India.
		Among the general characteristics of the civilisation were the gridiron pattern of the cities, the fortifications, the elaborate drainage system and management.
		Large-scale excavations of the Harappan sites, both in India and Pakistan, reveal an uncompromising uniformity in pottery, trading seals, brick size, etc. It is another matter that their script has largely remained undeciphered in spite of tremendous research.
	www.travel-himalayas.com /history-himalayas/rupar.html (1275 words)

	Talk History Forum - View Single Post - A civilisation parallel to Harappa? Experts wonder
		The Sorath (present Saurashtra) region civilisation, dating back to 3700 BC at some places, was distinct from the classical Harappan as it developed in the Indus Valley, say researchers in the field.
		The Sorath civilisation was mainly rural as against mainly urban Harappan, people here ate millet and sorghum against wheat and barley of Harappa, the pottery is vastly different with 90 per cent made of bowls against ‘dish on stand’ of Harappa.
		Professor P Ajithprasad of MSU was of the opinion that instead of giving it a status of a parallel civilisation, it was perhaps safer to call Sorath, a manifestation of Harappan technology in early Chalcolithic cultures of Gujarat.
	www.talk-history.com /forum/showpost.php?p=5281&postcount=1 (549 words)

	Harappan Civilization: ca. 3000-1500 BC
		Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were the greatest achievements of the Indus valley civilization.
		In contrast to other civilizations, burials found from these cities are not magnificent; they are more simplistic and contain few material goods.
		The Harappan civilization was mainly urban and mercantile.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/India/Harappa.html (606 words)

	The Harappan Civilization and Myth of Aryan "Invasion" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On the other hand we now know that the Vedic civilization far from coming into existance after the Harappan, in fact ended with it; the mature Harappan civilization was the last glow of the Vedic age.
		This shift in perspective,that the Harappan civilization came at the end of the Vedic age also helps explain a major puzzle; the technological basis for this great civilisation.
		The rise and fall of the Vedic civilisation of which the Harappan was a part can be seen to have resulted from the vagaries of nature, inseparably bound to the boom and bust ecological cycle that followed the last ice age.
	www.hindunet.org /alt_hindu/1994/msg00178.html (2403 words)

	The Tribune...Saturday Plus Head
		The actual size of the archaeological remains was not known till the ASI did an overall survey of the area and established that they covered an area of 224 hectares.
		Over the Harappan mounds — two of them on which excavation work is being carried out — thickly populated villages have come up over the last three decades, causing irreparable damage to the site.
		In fact, the presence of the Hakra ware could be a pointer to the fact that the Harappan civilisation existed some 500-600 years earlier than the period actually perceived.
	www.tribuneindia.com /1999/99sep18/saturday/head14.htm (835 words)

	Experts call for a new look into ancient history- The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		while hardliners opine that the civilisation should be renamed the saraswati valley civilisation, moderates feel that it should be now recognised as the indus-saraswati valley civilisation.
		some archaeologists have now come out with nomenclature as the indus-saraswati civilisation", says former director of the archaeological survey of india jagatpati joshi in a recent paper on 'harappan civilisation as seen at the close of the 20th century'.
		it would be more appropriate to call it the saraswati-indus civilisation as it was initiated on the banks of the saraswati and ended up in the indus valley." and, the government move to re-look into history has provided a new impetus to the propagators of this theory.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /articleshow/msid-926949192,prtpage-1.cms (728 words)

	A Tribute to Hinduism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Civilisation: New archaeological evidence suggests that the history of civilisation dates to the Rig Vedic people who lived on the banks of the Saraswati long before the Indus Valley.
		They are among the increasing tribe of archaeologists who have noticed that Harappan sites bear a similarity to what is described in the Vedas, and are suggesting that it is the Vedic people who created the Indus-Saraswati civilisation.
		The horse-of the Indo Aryans-was not missing from the Harappan excavations (the evidence comes from Lothal, Surkotda and Kalibangan) and the Vedic geography coincides with the very domain of the Harappan civilisation.
	www.atributetohinduism.com /articles_aryan_invasion_theory/8.htm (870 words)

	The Hindu : Understanding Harappa
		In chapter 2, she discusses the location of Harappan sites in relation to rainfall, river regimes, ground water, soils and mineral resources, an exercise that reveals some features of the Harappan economy.
		She asks, for instance, whether the horned personage seated on a stool and surrounded by animals depicted on the famous seal from Mohenjodaro need necessarily be regarded as a proto-Shiva.
		She argues that while tribal institutions are likely to have survived into the Harappan period, it also appears to have witnessed the emergence of an early state with "rulers who would have initiated and cemented relationships" between various social groups.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2001/06/03/stories/1303017m.htm (720 words)

	Brain Slugs and the Indus Valley Civilisation
		The Harappans were an early riverine civilisation, reminiscent of Sumer and Egypt and not much later.
		The fall of the Indus Valley civilisation was partly due to the arrival of the Aryans, a people from Central Asia (isn't everyone) speaking Indo-European languages.
		Civilisation falters, and Indra's Aryans trash the culture.
	www.geocities.com /davidbofinger/harappa.htm (1554 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Indian civilisation '9,000 years old'
		The revelation comes about 8 months after acoustic images from the sea-bed suggested the presence of built-up structures resembling the ancient Harappan civilisation, which dates back around 4,000 years.
		The Harappan civilisation is the oldest in the subcontinent.
		Although Palaeolithic sites dating back around 20,000 years have been found on the coast of India's western state of Gujarat before, this is the first time there are indications of man-made structures as old as 9,500 years found deep beneath the sea surface.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/south_asia/newsid_1763000/1763950.stm (413 words)

	Kids News
		She is all of 5000 years old, from the time of the Harappan Valley civilisation, and in skeletal form.
		Earlier, it was thought that the civilisation was limited to fertile areas around the Indus river, and was named the Indus Valley civilisation.
		The gallery's aim is to showcase the Harappan civilisation among the world's most magnificent ancient civilisations, like the ones that arose in ancient Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) and around the Nile, in Egypt.
	www.pitara.com /news/news_india/online.asp?story=104 (578 words)

	Brahminism's new archeological evidence suggests that history of civilisation dates to Rig Vedic people
		So it seems that the Harappan civilisation developed from an internal dynamic and this internal dynamic is now to be understood within a much larger framework and comprising data from what is now India and Pakistan.
		In the earliest phase man lived in pits, in the next the pits were lined with mud bricks, and finally the bricks were piled one on top of the other, and houses were square and rectangular in shape.
		In the Harappan culture there were seals and utensils with writing, pottery carried motifs of trees, plants, birds, animals and fish, and the dimension of the brick was 1x2x4.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/2104/week_indus.html (3658 words)

	DELHI SCIENCE FORUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The peculiar twist that Rajaram imparts is his discovery of horse in one of the Harappan seals and a host of “references” to horses in the deciphered Harappan inscriptions.
		Unfortunately for Rajaram, his “horse seal” was found to be an outright fraud: it was a computer enhanced image of a cracked seal in which the horse head is allegedly visible in the portion of the seal that was cracked and broken in the original seal.
		Its lack in the Harappan seals and not finding its remains in India before 2000 BC, therefore queers the pitch for the Hindutva ideologues who claim that the Harappan civilisation was Aryan.
	www.delhiscienceforum.org /science6.html (1851 words)

	steve wright's dinner
		The language of the Harappan civilisation remains unknown.
		Nothing concrete is known about the religion of the civilisation, and, apart from a few buildings found at Mohenjo-daro, there is no significant evidence of public places of worship.
		The symbol for the female sexual organ (yoni) often forms the base of the erect phallus - a reminder that the male and female principles are inseparable and represent the totality of all existence.
	www.stevesdinner.plus.com /swd6.htm (775 words)

	TRUTH IS GOD - Looking beyond Indus Valley
		The Rig Vedic society was not so utterly rural in contrast with the highly urbanised Harappan civilisation, he maintains.
		Students have been taught that the Indus civilisation evolved from outside, while saying Saraswati or Rig Vedic will make it clear that it is indigenous." Unfortunately, the authorship of the Harappan world seems to have become less of a historical riddle to be dispassionately worked on, and more an issue of petty politics.
		The skeletons of the Harappans are threatening to disturb the peace of people centuries removed: should the verdict go in favour of the Rig Vedic Aryans, it would be seen as a denial of credit to the non-Hindus of today, in secular India.
	sathyavaadi.tripod.com /truthisgod/Articles/saraswati.html (1683 words)

	The Indus and the Saraswati (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While attempts are made to identify the Vedic culture with the Harappan culture, the importance of the Vedic culture and its archaeological counterparts is ignored by emphasising the impact of the Harappan tradition on the Ganga culture.
		Stray elements of the Harappan culture such as beads may have reached the Ganga plains, but neither the basic traits of the PGW/later Vedic culture in the upper Ganga plains nor those of the NBPW/early Pall texts culture in the mid-Ganga plains had Harappan ancestry.
		Accidental similarities between the Harappan weights and weights of coins in the Kautilyan Arthasastra are rightly attributed to the availability of the same type of seeds in different parts of the country.
	www.ercwilcom.net /indowindow/sad/article.php?child=17&article=10 (3934 words)

	The Hindu : New theory on Harappans
		Sahi claims that it was from this region that the earlier inhabitants of the Harappan civilisation moved westward towards Indus Valley, where the mature stage of the civilisation emerged.
		It had the least role to play in the growth of the Harappan culture, rather it was not conducive to its growth,'' Prof.
		The mature Harappan civilisation, he said, grew through a natural organic evolutionary process represented by four stages -- infancy (3,500 BC to 3,100 BC), adolescence (3,100-2,700 BC) adulthood (2,700-2,500 BC) and mature urban phases (2,500-1,900 BC).
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2001/11/28/stories/1428218h.htm (584 words)

	The Indian Express : National Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He now believes that it was a massive earthquake that shook the foundations of the Harappan civilisation, taking it to the brink of extinction.
		The researchers say that a similar large-scale destruction as caused by it may have led to the complete collapse of the Harappan civilisation.
		Both the earthquakes prove that the Harappan region, though not near a traditional fault zone, is seismically active.
	www.indianexpress.com /ie20020321/nat5.html (296 words)

	Ananova - Gold rush sparks search for lost civilisation
		They hope to find evidence of the mysterious Harappan civilisation which existed in the mists of time 4,000 years ago after the treasure was found in a field in the village of Mandi, near Delhi.
		The Harappan civilisation flourished in 2500 BC in western India and Pakistan, where it was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilisations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China
		The existence of the Harappan civilisation was first discovered by a British explorer at Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan in the 1920s.
	www.ananova.com /news/story/sm_42074.html (240 words)

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