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Topic: Haratin

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	"Slavery" African Style
		Haratin are in the minority but they are well represented in the government.
		The interviews that I made, which Jacobs refers to, was in the poorest section of the desert town of Bootilimit where Haratin and Bidan live together, often in the same raggedy old tents in the sand.
		Haratin and Bidan often intermarry and it's not an issue.
	www.twf.org /News/Y1998/SlaveryAfrica.html (573 words)

	Haratin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Haratin (also transliterated Haratins, Harratins or Haratine, etc, singular Hartani) is a Saharan / Sahelian word of obscure origin applied mainly in Mauritania, southern Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria, Senegal and Mali to largely sedentary oasis-dwelling fl populations speaking either Berber or Arabic dialects.
		The populations called Haratine appear to be a mix of indigenous fl populations that became Berberised and descendants of free sub-Saharan African slaves, and/or the children of said slaves and the lighter skinned Arab or Berber ruling class.
		Aziz Abdalla Batrán, "The 'Ulamá of Fas, Mulay Isma'il, and the Issue of the Haratin of Fas," in John Ralph Willis, ed., Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa, vol.i, Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement, 125-59, London: Frank Cass, 1985.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Haratin (575 words)

	Boulkheir's Rebuttal
		Haratin are in the minority, but they are well represented in the government.
		It is obvious that Haratines are members of their master's group as the animals bear the mark of the tribe.
		If, Haratines take action, and with them all the human rights activists, it is not only for representation, but for concrete judicial provisions; for economic, educational, social and cultural measures to eradicate slavery in Mauritania and to be in tune with this finishing century.
	members.aol.com /casmasalc/boulkhei.htm (2374 words)

	Articles
		The reference to Haratin identity in connection with labor, in particular agricultural labor, is a product of both a colonial past, as well as one of the subjugation of the Haratin and their lands by other indigenous groups.
		The Haratin were subject to the Berber by conquest of their lands and were engaged in an economic relationship with the Berbers that amounted to indentured servitude and peonage.
		The subjugation of the Haratin by another indigenous group unmasks the previously noted contentions between Haratin, Berbers and Arabs, especially in terms of the dominant perception of Haratin as “outsiders” despite recognition of the fact that they are perhaps the oldest indigenous group in southern Morocco.
	tlj.unm.edu /articles/volume_5/intertribal_conflicts_and_customary_law_regimes_in_north_africa_a_comparison_of_haratin_and_ait_atta_indigenous_legal_systems/index.php (9646 words)

	Haratin in Morocco are indigenous ''black'' cultivators in southern Morocco - EgyptSearch Forums
		The reference to Haratin identity in connection with labor, in particular agricultural labor, is a product of both a colonial past, as well as one of the subjugation of the Haratin and their lands by other indigenous groups.
		The Haratin were subject to the Berber by conquest of their lands and were engaged in an economic relationship with the Berbers that amounted to indentured servitude and peonage.
		Without a doubt, the Haratin?s historical occupation of the oasis region in southern Morocco, along with their social isolation in their respective communities, and their own assertion of autonomy, all support the conclusion that the Haratin are an indigenous group.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/002474.html (5296 words)

	AE book review search
		Although the Haratin are frequently mentioned in Moroccan writings and various authors (Djinn Jacques-Meunié, Ross Dunn, and Vanessa Maher, to name a few) have alluded to the complex hierarchies of the local societies in which they live, there has been no extended analysis of their social life and interactions with the dominant classes.
		For example, one of EnselÂ’s many allusions to ethnographer self-awareness recounts an episode early in his fieldwork in which--as he only came to realize later--a dark-skinned Sharif Â“served,Â” that is to say, enacted the role of a Hartani in a tea ceremony at a sharifian house to spoof the anthropologist.
		Beyond the inherent interest of the documentation of the minutiae of everyday life, this study is fascinating for its apparent confirmation of the overriding formlessness of Haratin social institutions noted by earlier observers and of the absence of any developed inklings of Haratin class consciousness or conceptualization of exploitation.
	www.aaanet.org /aes/bkreviews/result_print.cfm?bk_id=1545 (530 words)

	Carolina Seminar for Comparative Islamic Studies
		Haratin are assumed to be the children of freed slaves, but El-Hamel identifies them as free sedentary agriculturalists.
		The significance of the difference arises with the enslavement of Haratin in the Isma’ili operation because the enslavement of free people is prohibited in the Koran.
		Scholars challenged the order based on the Islamic prohibition of enslaving free people, but the Sultan argued that the Haratin were brought to Morocco as slaves and had run away from their slavery, thereby making it acceptable to enslave them.
	www.unc.edu /depts/islamsem/990303.shtml (572 words)

	Barbary Slavedriver, erotic S&M novel of erotic domination for free download
		And yet, ironically, such was the natural pride and rebellious nature of his oppressed Berber subjects, and their resentment of his rapacious rule, that his Khalifas never failed to produce a stream of women and girls to be sentenced to replace vacancies in the pens of his dreaded Haratin breeding farm.
		Even then, as a way of continuously impressing fear of the Emir on the woman's tribe, she would still have to wear the dreaded iron collar and the disc showing her breeding number - and would have to show at the Emir's annual Majlis that it was still in place.
		Haratin, of course, had formed the the main labour force of North Africa for many years.
	www.allanaldiss.com /extracts/A03.htm (3538 words)

	Culture of Mauritania - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture, and the use of space
		According to the latest estimates of ethnic distribution, the Haratin community accounts for 40 to 45 percent of the total population, while the white Arab-Berbers account for 25 percent and fl Africans 30 percent.
		Hassaniya is a mixture of Arabic and Berber and is the language of the white Maurs and the Haratin.
		Forced feeding to fatten young girls for marriage is common among the Maurs and Haratin.
	www.everyculture.com /Ma-Ni/Mauritania.html (4880 words)

	Resistance in the Desert
		Haratin were mostly dark skinned of Negroid ancestry.
		The haratin were a major portion of the sedentary populations, as big as or larger than the Ahrar.
		It was intended to recruit the fl haratin residents of the Kasars whom it was expected would rise up against their former masters.
	www.warflag.com /shadow/history/desertres.htm (10959 words)

	BARBARY SLAVEDRIVER
		Each would be sentenced to produce a certain number of Haratin and would not be released until she had completed her task.
		Traditionally they were the natural progeny of fl slave women, brought across the Sahara from their natural homelands and sired by their Arab Master himself or his Arab servants.
		A second iron cage, this time shrouded with a canvas cover, was for women intended for his harem, whilst the women destined to be mothers of his prize Haratin would be crammed into a third one.
	www.allanaldiss.com /extracts/A-b52-1.htm (3933 words)

	Slavery in the Sahara \| Slavery and the Arabs
		The haratin are the settled side of the nomads, tending to Tuareg gardens.
		They are still fond of quoting the proverb, commonly but quite wrongly ascribed to the Koran, that "when the plough enters a house, so does the condition of the family become vile." The Tuareg work with camels, but domestic or agricultural work is completely unacceptable.
		Mauritania officially declared slavery illegal in 1980, but at the time there were an estimated one hundred thousand "haratin slaves" in the country and best estimates are that the numbers have barely changed.
	www.ralphmag.org /BU/slavery.html (1604 words)

	The Adrar Mountains, Mauritania - Chasing the Lizard’s Tail
		The abid were the proper slaves, whereas haratin were/are mulatto descendants of Moorish men and Negro slave girls, whose slave status was often unclear.
		When I questioned Mahmoud about the haratin I was told (to my astonishment) that he and his family had only been freed in 1983, three years after the abolition of slavery in Mauritania, and fully thirty-eight years after the United Nations' Declaration on Human Rights.
		As haratin go, he was moderately well off, and was lucky enough to have found a job at all.
	www.bluegecko.org /lizard/lizard08.htm (13454 words)

	[No title]
		Chattel slavery, where one person is the property of another, has existed in the impoverished West African country for more than 800 years, since Arab-Berber raiders swept across the Sahara to subjugate fl African tribes.
		Traditionally, members of the haratin slave caste must marry who their masters say and can be given as gifts, bought and sold, or presented to the poor as charity.
		Children are often separated from their mothers and sent to work in other homes.
	www.alertnet.org /thenews/newsdesk/L01877550.htm (980 words)

	The History Cooperative \| Conference Proceedings \| Interactions: Regional Studies, Global Processes, and Historical ...
		In southern Morocco, the dark-skinned Haratin are believed to have descended from unions between Arab or Berber masters and their fl slaves.
		Ensel's research on the Haratin took place mostly in an oasis community in southeast Morocco, and it focuses upon the relationship between the Haratin and the sharifian nobility of this community.
		However, Ensel also touches upon the effects of modernism upon the traditional roles of the Haratin and upon their exodus from the rural areas to the urban centers of Morocco.
	www.historycooperative.org /proceedings/interactions/cory.html (6861 words)

	The Afrocentric Debate Resource Homepage
		However, to often it is assumed that the Saharans who came in the region of Nubia and southern Egypt were white.
		Whether these same scholars realized the physical type of the Haratin is not known.
		One study even showed that the Haratin had the closest blood type affinity to the samples left by the pharaohs of Egypt.
	www.geocities.com /pinatubo.geo/miss.htm (498 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		[Translated from the French for the HRAF by Jean Winchell.] 60 1930 Below the common people are the haraten [Haratin], particularly numerous, as we have seen, in the valleys of the Sous and especially of the Haut-Dra and the Dades, as well as in the cases of the Noun and Bani.
		Of diverse origins, they are perhaps the result of the crossing of the ancient fl populations of the Sahara and slaves from the Sudan, introduced in large numbers by the Berbere [Berber] conquerors or bought by the sultans from the Arab slave traders.
		the hartani [Haratin]: Is she white?" De Foucauld, Reconnaissance au Maroc [Reconnaissance in Morocco], p.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Mar_dir/XMarriage.4785 (375 words)

	Music of Mauritania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Al-bayda - the white way, associated with delicate and refined music, and the Bidan (Moors of North African stock)
		Al-kahla - the fl way, associated with roots and masculine music, and the Haratin (Moors of Sub-Saharan stock)
		Music progresses through five modes (a system with origins in Arab music): karr, fagu (both fl), lakhal, labyad (both white, and corresponding to a period of one's life or an emotion) and lebtyat (white, a spiritual mode relating to the afterlife).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Music_of_Mauritania (396 words)

	Hepekerian Languages
		Three languages that are completely unrelated to either Numer or Azeryani are Buqdin, Haratin and Taugari.
		Buqdini is the language of the indigenous tribes found in the Garamant Mountains between Xerium and the Nazzer sub-nation.
		Haratin is spoken by the hereditary agricultural people of the southern oases of the same name.
	members.aol.com /hepekeria/lang.htm (828 words)

	Re: About the egyptains
		According to Keita (1990) and Livingstone (1967), the Haratin are among the major descendants of the original Saharans.
		Close similarity in ABO serology between modern Haratin populations and those of ancient Egyptians.
		These Haratin are considered to be "Negroid" in physical type (Livingstone, 1967).
	raceandhistory.com /cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/896 (440 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Mauritania's nomadic elections
		Whether or not some people are unable to leave their masters is difficult to ascertain, but the dark-skinned descendents of slaves, or Haratin, who have adopted most aspects of Moorish culture, remain a large underclass.
		With low education rates, many Haratin may be unaware that slavery has been abolished, or may not wish to take the risk of venturing out on their own away from the life they know.
		Light-skinned, Arabic-speaking Moors have always held the reins of power, while in the south, along the fertile River Senegal, live people who speak West African languages and are culturally closer to the inhabitants of Senegal and Mali.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3248109.stm (746 words)

	Afrocentric Debate
		An Haratin family from the Draa Valley in Morocco.
		In general, the issue is do the early southern Egyptian exhibit tropical microadaptation or do they exhibit cold climate adaptations.
		Paoli mentions the theory of Cabot-Briggs (Cabot-Briggs, L. (1958), _The Living Races of the Sahara Desert, Massachussets) that this resemblance might indicate the origin of the Haratin.
	asiapacificuniverse.com /pkm/adb1.htm (2197 words)

	Berber music: Afropop Style -- Algeria, Morocco, Mali, North Africa, West Africa
		By now, through both natural and human cataclysms, history has blurred the old lines of Berber identity, and their deeper origins remain obscure.
		Most contemporary Berbers are today known by other names: Tuareg, Rif, Kabylia, Shawia, Haratin, and Shluh.
		The word Berber has the same root as the English word "barbarian," hence the preference among the Kabylia--one of today's largest Berber-descended ethnic groups--for the terms Amazigh (the culture), Tamazight (the language) and Imazighen (the people).
	www.afropop.org /explore/style_info/ID/2/Berbermusic (923 words)

	Haratin Live music, composing, reading, social justic
		Last 10 people to check their mail, within 50 miles of Haratin
		Often labled a bit of a renaissance man, I am just a hard working person with lofty but attainable goals, a "ten year" plan, a great education, and some pretty awesome friends.
		I would like to get a couple of good days in out on the lake sailing before it gets too cold?
	www.plentyoffish.com /member853621.htm (236 words)

	Sheffield Hallam Working Papers: Representing Morocco
		Ross’s definition of the "Haratin"—which any Moroccan would, I believe agree with—does not in anyway connect the Haratin ethnic group with Ait Atta (although there could be a few inter-marriages between some Haratin and some members of the Ait Atta tribe).
		On the contrary a Haratin lies in sharp contrast, at least in terms of colour, with the Berber and Arab tribes of the Ziz, Guir and Draa valleys.
		Moreover, the precise meaning of names to indicate categories might change from one locality to another, or the same name might be used to refer to groups which did not, have similar social positions.
	www.shu.ac.uk /wpw/morocco/Dellal/Dellal.htm (6876 words)

	Re: North Africans aren't black
		The haratin who dwell above the sahara have been for eons.
		There are still fl populatiosn who live in northern africa like the tuarege,tibbu,and the haratin.
		The mistake people often do is thinking that there is a such thing as a true negro,which does not exist.
	raceandhistory.com /cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/805 (507 words)

	Definition of haratin - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "haratin " and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "haratin " instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "haratin " in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.webster.com /dictionary/haratin (41 words)

	Berber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A number of tribes have their own distinct language.
		Some of the largest Berber tribes are Rif, Kabyle, Shawia, Tuareg, Haratin, Shluh, and Beraber.
		The written language is not commonly taught and is rarely used.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/berber.html (313 words)

	Sebastian Kramer - Haratin Ep - Coda (cr011)
		Sebastian Kramer - Haratin Ep - Coda (cr011)
		We're sorry but that record in out of stock for the moment, nuloop can warn you when it's back.
		: Sebastian Kramer - Haratin Ep on Coda (cr011).
	www.nuloop.com /Details_e.php?arti=27914 (64 words)

	data8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Both have low, sloping foreheads as commonly found in the Dynasties XIV and XX.
		The Lotuko to the right also shows a prominent occiput similar to that found in the Haratin male above.
		Another Haratin male from the Ahaggar displays a similar high vault:
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Temple/9845/data8.htm (229 words)

	Mauritania - Music
		Al-bayda - the white way, associated with delicate and refined music, and the Bidan (Moors of North African stock)
		Al-kahla - the fl way, associated with roots and masculine music, and the Haratin (Moors of Sub-Saharan stock)
		Music progresses through five modes (a system with origins in Arab music): karr, fagu (both fl), lakhal, labyad (both white, and corresponding to a period of one's life or an emotion) and lebtyat (white, a spiritual mode relating to the afterlife).
	www.mauritania-glimpse.com /Music-96.html (279 words)

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