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	Hard Link
		This is in fact a hard link, but most people usually associate "hard linking" to be the creation of additional directory entries for an existing object.
		Therefore, the creation of a subdirectory creates a new hard link to the parent, and two new hard links to the new object: one from the parent, and one from its own dot entry.
		Depending on the kernel, the decision to allow a directory hard link may be deferred to the filesystem module itself.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?HardLink (872 words)

	Hard link - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computing, a hard link is a reference, or pointer, to the physical data on a volume.
		Hard links can only refer to data that exists on the same file system.
		If all of the links are removed and no process has the file open, then the space occupied by the data will be considered free, allowing it to be reused in the future for other files.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hard_link (524 words)

	Link - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A symbolic link or hard link to a computer file, associating a filename with another file or a file's data.
		A verb "to link", which in computer science means to assemble object files and libraries into an executable file or library.
		A link is often referred to as one object of several identical objects "linked" together.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Links (517 words)

	ITworld.com - UNIX SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION - When Hard Links Won't Do the Job
		Hard links are often used to make "copies" of files without having to allocate additional disk space and without concern that the "copy" and the original file will get out of synch.
		Hard linking gives an executable the opportunity to invoke a different character depending on how it is called, while still sharing a good deal of common code.
		A hard link is a duplicate of a file, another reference in the file system; hard linking a symbolic link will, therefore, create another symbolic link and, if the relative location is not valid from the new link's location, then the link will be "dangling" (i.e., pointing to something which doesn't exist).
	www.itworld.com /nl/unix_sys_adm/06062001/pf_index.html (760 words)

	hard link Computer Encyclopedia Enterprise Resource Directory Complete Guide to Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Hard links to the same file are indistinguishable from each other except that they have different pathnames.
		Normally all hard links to a file must be in the same {file system} because a directory entry just relates a pathname to an inode within the same file system.
		The space associated with a file is not freed until all the hard links to the file are deleted.
	jaysir.com /computer-encyclopedia/h/hard-link-computer-terms.htm (236 words)

	Link - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A connection by radio waves, or a radio path between two points is called a radio link.
		A link is often reffered to, as one object of several idenical objects "linked" together.
		A link can be an idea, a concept, a thing, a person, and/or a place, that joins together orlinks, two or more, like or unlike, tangible and/or intangible objects.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /link.htm (430 words)

	The Answer Gang 93: hard links
		If there are more than one hard links to a file or directory, the file remains, so although we regard the rm command as deleting a file, it only deletes the link to the file.
		When there are no hard links to a file or directory, the file system will then free up the actual space used by the file.
		ISTR that hard links to directories can only be created by mkdir to ensure that we can't build up cyclic directory structures, otherwise programs such as find, which traverse the directory could loop over the same directory structure for ever.
	linuxgazette.net /issue93/tag/2.html (1407 words)

	hard link - Definition of hard link - hard link in Encyclopedia - DictionaryWords.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The standard ln command does not usually allow you to create a hard link to a directory, chiefly because the standard rm and rmdir commands do not allow you to delete such a link.
		The restrictions on hard links to directories and between file systems are very common but are not mandated by POSIX.
		Symbolic links are often used instead of hard links because they do not suffer from these restrictions.
	www.dictionarywords.net /find/word/hard+link (229 words)

	elsdoerfer.info \| NTFS Link \| Information
		NTFS Link is a Windows Shell Extension, which hooks into Windows Explorer, providing extended functionality for creating and using hard links, as well as junction points on NTFS file systems.
		A hard link is the file system representation of a file by which more than one path references a single file in the same volume.
		As you can see, compared to hard links, soft links have a drawback: If the target folder is deleted/moved/renamed, all the links to it will stop working, as the path they have attached is then invalid.
	www.elsdoerfer.info /ntfslink (410 words)

	Hard link -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In (The branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures) computing, a hard link is a reference, or pointer, to the physical data on a volume.
		On most (A system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically)) file systems, all named files are hard links.
		If all of the links are removed, then the space occupied by the data will be considered free.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/hard_link.htm (507 words)

	LWN: More notes on reiser4
		Note that hard linking from inside a chroot to main system files (such as /bin/bash) is not a very smart thing to do, as chrooted users can then modify exactly the files you wanted to prevent them from modifying.
		I suppose what is meant is, that with symbolic links there is a distinction between the actual file and the link: removing the symbolic link leaves the file intact, while removing the file leaves you with a link pointing nowhere.
		With hard links, you merely remove one of the references to the file (this is a number in the inode that is increased whenever a hard link is created), leaving it intact until the last link is removed.
	lwn.net /Articles/100148 (5679 words)

	LinuxQuestions.org - differences betwn link, unlink, mkdir, rm - where Linux users come for help
		Hard links were developed before soft links, both are actually short cuts to the physical file.
		Soft links were developed to to enable files to be linked across file systems and hard disks, something which cannot be done with hard links.
		Hard links do not depend on the initial filename being present whereas soft links refer to nothing if the initial filename is removed.
	www.linuxquestions.org /questions/showthread.php?postid=686477 (1012 words)

	[Chapter 18] 18.4 More About Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		They have two important limitations: a hard link can't cross a filesystem (i.e., both filenames must be in the same filesystem), and you can't create a hard link to a directory (i.e., a directory can only have one name).
		With a hard link, the two filenames are identical in every way.
		does to the inode is decrement its "link count," which (as the name implies) counts the number of hard links to the file.
	ninja.kinsuth-mar.com /unix/upt/ch18_04.htm (992 words)

	Novell Documentation: Novell Error Codes - 21001 zERR CANT HARD LINK DATA STREAMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Explanation: NSS is not allowed to create hard links to or from a dataStream.
		Possible Cause: This error is expected to be returned to the program when an attempt is made to link to a data stream.
		A data stream could be the resource link for the Macintosh name space.
	www.novell.com /documentation/nwec/nwec/data/al3s411.html (79 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hard link
		It is also the simplest way for the file system to track the use of a given area of storage, as zero values indicate free space and nonzero values indicate used space.hai how r u.all r virus
		Categories: Computing A symbolic link (often symlink, especially in verb form, or soft link) is a special type of file in a Unix (or Unix-like) filesystem that allows a file entry to refer to another directory entry.
		The ln command is used on Unix-like systems to create links between files.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hard-link (629 words)

	Hard Links - Finding Files
		Hard links allow more than one name to refer to the same file.
		This is useful because hard links cannot point outside a single filesystem, so this can cut down on needless searching.
		File is a hard link to the same inode as NAME.
	www.gnu.org /software/findutils/manual/html_node/find_html/Hard-Links.html (346 words)

	HP OpenVMS UNIX Portability Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The first link to a file is referred to as the primary link and is distinguished by having the directory ID and name of the link stored in the file header.
		Additional links are either aliases or hard links, depending on whether the volume on which the file resides has hard links enabled or disabled.
		If hard links are not enabled and you have not created an alias for a file, only one link to that file exists: the primary link.
	h71000.www7.hp.com /portability/51.html (602 words)

	win+ Reference: create_hard_link (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A pointer to the name of the file for which a hard link is being created.
		Hard links are supported by NTFS under windows 2000.
		Hard links yield the capability of supplying multiple file names for a single file.
	www.iplusplus.com /doc/create_hard_link.html (117 words)

	OSXFAQ - Technical News and Support for Mac OS X
		How a link ``points'' to a file is one of the differences between a hard or symbolic link.
		A hard link to a file is indistinguish- able from the original directory entry; any changes to a file are effec- tive independent of the name used to reference the file.
		Hard links may not normally refer to directories and may not span file systems.
	www.osxfaq.com /man/1/ln.ws (458 words)

	Thanks for the hard link report
		If it allows hard links but not symbolic links, then clearly the restriction is not based on a security issue of linking to a program in another person's space.
		You can't hard link directories, although there may be no problem with hard linking the access files.
		It is reasonable that all the scripts could be on the same partition, so hard links should be OK for that.
	www.hypernews.org /HyperNews/get/hypernews/installation/304/1/1/1.html (569 words)

	link(2) - make a hard file link
		Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating one of the pathnames.
		The directory in which the entry for the new link is being placed cannot be extended because there is no space left on the file system containing the directory.
		The directory in which the entry for the new link is being placed cannot be extended because the user’s quota of disk blocks on the file system containing the directory has been exhausted.
	www.gsp.com /cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=2&topic=link (295 words)

	Re: Restoring hard link(s)
		All subsequent hard links to the file are recorded as pointers to the first copy.
		There are notes in the manual that warn that if you try to restore a hard linked file, and you happen to specify only the second copy, you will not get the file back.
		The trouble is that when the backup was taken, there appears to have been a /sbin/sh process running which creates a hard link to /sbin/sh under /proc.
	www.eng.auburn.edu /pub/mail-lists/veritas-users.Sep99/msg00062.html (594 words)

	FILE_LINK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		All files carry a reference count that contains the number of hard links that point to them; deleting a link to a file does not remove the actual file from the filesystem until the last hard link to the file is removed.
		Hard links may not span filesystems, as hard linking is only possible within a single filesystem.
		Hard links may not be created between directories, as doing so has the potential to create infinite circular loops within the hierarchical UNIX filesystem.
	idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov /idl_html_help/F13.html (570 words)

	Documentation of the module nt: 14. Create a hard link on a file or directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		An NTFS hard link is similar to a POSIX hard link.
		Additional hard links, created with the HardLink function, allow you to have multiple directory entries for a file, that is, multiple hard links to the same file.
		Because hard links are just directory entries for a file, whenever an application modifies a file through any hard link, all applications using any other hard link to the file see the changes.
	www.scriptbasic.com /html/texi/mod_nt/mod_nt_14.html (239 words)

	Hard Link Detection? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Then after the traversal you would compare the inodes >for those files, to see which ones are hard linked (or even better, >you could hash them on the inode, meaning that the hard links will end >up in the same bucket -- better performance).
		Since hard links usually >are sparse, you would get good performance except in the most >pathological cases.
		Now, the user should specify that /proc be ignored, and it should be the case that since /proc is a filesystem, no hard links out of it can exist.
	linuxfromscratch.org /pipermail/lfs-chat/2003-May/013890.html (379 words)

	Hard Links - The GNU C Library
		to the file.) Creating a new link to a file does not copy the contents of the file; it simply makes a new name by which the file can be known, in addition to the file's existing name or names.
		In most implementations, it is not possible to have hard links to the same file in multiple file systems.
		You are not allowed to write to the directory in which the new link is to be written.
	www.gnu.org /software/libc/manual/html_node/Hard-Links.html (334 words)

	Hlscan.exe: Hard link display tool
		Hlscan is a command-line tool that displays hard links on an NTFS volume or in specified files or directories of the volume.
		(Hard links are alternate logical names for a physical file.) The Hlscan display lists all files with more than one name and includes the NTFS file ID, the number of names established for the file, and all file names and paths.
		Hard links in other directories are included in the name count and listed as "Missing." For a complete list of names of a file, search the entire volume.
	www.microsoft.com /windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/new/hlscan-o.asp (562 words)

	Link Vault - Free Online Advertising via Link Exchange
		In return you receive 'Vaultage' which you use to receive links from the other members websites which is in effect a link exchange.
		Should you wish to use your Vaultage quota to provide text link adverts to a website not in the system, then this website will also need to pass the vetting.
		Link Vault is completely free and the set up is straightforward, flexible and easily customized.
	www.link-vault.com (240 words)

	dBforums - About Hard Link/soft link
		the solaris used lots of hard link, the most is 27 hard links.
		This is one instance where symlinks (soft links) may be a better option.
		links are files themselves therefore need some storage of their own.
	www.dbforums.com /t438780.html (2040 words)

	[Chapter 13] 13.3 Creating Alternate Names for a File: Linking
		Every hard link to a file must reside on the same mounted filesystem (usually a disk or a part of a disk).
		Because of this, you cannot make a new hard link to a file that is on a different mounted filesystem.
		A hard link protects the contents of a file from being lost (because it counts as one of the names of the file).
	www.cs.caltech.edu /~hzhang/perl/learn/ch13_03.htm (693 words)

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