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	Hard science fiction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hard science fiction, or hard SF, is a subgenre of science fiction characterized by an interest in scientific detail or accuracy, being the opposite of soft science fiction.
		In hard science fiction, the main characters are usually working scientists, engineers, military personnel, or astronauts.
		Hard science fiction writers usually attempt to make their stories consistent with known science at the time of publication (which also means that to later audiences their knowledge may be obviously incomplete; some older works depict astronauts walking on Venus in street clothes).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Science_fiction/Hard_science_fiction (497 words)

	Hard science fiction
		Hard science fiction, or hard SF, is a subgenre of science fiction characterized by an interest in scientific detail or accuracy.
		Interestingly, some hard science fiction stories are set in an alternate universe where different physical laws apply; however, in such cases the author makes use of current physics to design a universe that is at least potentially realistic.
		Hard science fiction is largely a literary genre, as the complexities of physics rarely translate well to the screen.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ha/Hard_SF.html (319 words)

	Hard Science Fiction by David G. Hartwell
		Science fiction is as a whole comes in many varieties, but overall it tends to depend more on a knowledge of the body of hard science fiction written in the genre over the past few decades than upon science.
		Hard sf is in fact at base a Neo-Platonic literature, referring implicitly or explicitly to the forms behind external reality, which the readers are expected to know of and identify as the laws and principles of science and mathematics.
		Hard sf is merely a special case, in which the standards of rigor through which the demands of plausibility are met are foregrounded in the fiction and are therefore higher.
	ebbs.english.vt.edu /exper/kcramer/anth/Hartwell.html (5730 words)

	Science Encyclopedia @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A science, from the Latin, scire, to know, is a body of knowledge that is constructed via observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and logic for the purpose of explaining and predicting events or behavior.
		Science continually seeks to gain increased understanding and, where appropriate, the possibility for control of many specific aspects of the physical world.
		Science has become so pervasive in modern societies that it is generally perceived a necessity to communicate the achievements, news, and dreams of scientists to a wider populace.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/Science (3017 words)

	The SF Site Featured Review: The Hard SF Renaissance
		Hard science fiction has been in existence as a sub-genre of SF at least since the time of John W. Campbell, Jr., the term itself was coined by P. Schuyler Miller in 1957.
		If science fiction as an art is at all concerned with the ideas and methods of science, then stories that base their art expressly on how they deal with those ideas and methods is always going to be important and central to the art of writing science fiction.
		This is, after all, science fiction, and it cannot be simply a coincidence that the addition of corrective lenses to the Hubbel Space Telescope and the almost daily flood of observations that called into question some basic tenets of cosmological theory coincided with the re-birth of SF that engaged the universe on a grand scale.
	www.sfsite.com /05a/re151.htm (2255 words)

	washingtonpost.com: High-Tech Futures
		Science fiction consists of stories set on the shore or out in the shallow coastal waters of that huge scientific land mass.
		Her novel was, in the language of today, "hard science fiction," a story of science consistent with what is known, or a reasonable extrapolation thereof.
		Hard science fiction, which as science looks to tomorrow and as literature draws on all of history, is thriving.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A62465-2002Apr4?language=printer (1334 words)

	Chris Moriarty Science Fiction (Hard SF)
		The explorations of science fiction are normally for the purpose of testing an idea, a question, or a possibility in the literary laboratory; as opposed to tryting it out in the real world, where a botched experiment can mean famine, pestilence, or the bloody slaughter of one people by another....
		Science fiction is, in fact, essentially an unstructured think tank in which authors of different points of view can paint differing solutions of eventualities suggested by present problems or situations.
		In short, hard SF is the most unexclusive exclusive club there is. Of course, if you don't believe in the objectivity of quantitative analysis or the knowability of the unverse, then you might have trouble finding a place for yourself in hard SF.
	www.sff.net /people/moriarty/hard-sf.html (3597 words)

	Article Abstracts: #60 (Special Section: Hard Science Fiction)
		Unlike other fantasy, SF relies on science for content and rhetoric, best exemplified today in the subgenre of "hard SF." More so than other SF, hard SF is undergirded by the scientific principles of empiricism, determinism, and relativism, with their pragmatic applications of prediction and control.
		Examinations of the problematic interaction between science and spirituality demonstrates the importance of "psience fiction" in SF history and interrogates the materialist bias of SF criticism.
		Instead, hard SF should be seen as a development of the 1950s and 1960s, suggesting that versions of science-fiction history treating the 1930s and 1940s as eras of science-dominated SF may need to be rethought.
	www.depauw.edu /sfs/abstracts/a60.htm (874 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Science Fiction - Some Hard, Some Soft
		Science fiction is commonly defined as a literary or cinematic genre in which fantasy, typically based on speculative scientific discoveries or developments, environmental changes, space travel, or life on other planets, forms part of the plot or background.
		Hard sf eschews the deus ex machina (God from the machine) endings possible in softer sf or science fantasy ('Use the Force, Luke' from Star Wars), preferring characters to use their ingenuity to get out of jeopardy.
		Hard sf is also generally 'directly' concerned with the consequences of a particular aspect of technology, rather than simply using it as a backdrop to a story which could have been told in any setting.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A593282 (1220 words)

	About Hard Science Fiction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hard science fiction, like any sci-fi, is based on what is known and the possibility of what could be.
		Hard vs. Soft science fiction: A discussion on the differences between hard and soft science fiction written by Richard Treitel.
		The science of science fiction: This page describes how science is far ahead of the hard science fiction, as well as providing links to other works of hard science fiction.
	my.execpc.com /98/DE/moondog/hardscifi.html (447 words)

	Hard Science Fiction
		Another, older definition might be that Hard SF is that branch of literature which is written with science or technology as the main focus of the story.
		In this definition Hard and Soft SF are complementary rather than contradictory, as there is no reason why a story written with science tech as the focus, or just simply a scientifically viable story, cannot have good character development as well.
		In this regard, "hard science", certainly does not have to be the same as "ultra hard" or "diamond hard".
	www.kheper.net /topics/scifi/hard_scifi.html (579 words)

	Hard Science Fiction
		The hardest of hard science fiction would, I feel, restrict itself to just the first part of that definition and would require that the story be firmly based on scientific fact.
		The novel is the hardest of hard SF and it would be a very brave physicist or mathematician indeed who would dare to argue with the science (though the basic premise might raise a few eyebrows).
		Indeed it is one of science fiction’s primary distinguishing characteristics.
	homepages.paradise.net.nz /triffid/sf/triffid20033.htm (3084 words)

	Science Fiction
		In hard science fiction, the artist must imitate a phase of science that does not yet exist or could not exist in the physical order of things as presently known.
		Hard science fiction is generally written according to rigorous specifications that involve extrapolating or projecting believable future developments of known scientific laws or principles.
		In most soft science fiction, the focus is not on imagining and projecting "hard" science into the future, but instead rests on the moral and social life of humanity.
	faculty.uca.edu /~terryw/scifi.html (1022 words)

	SF Citations for OED
		Gregory Benford might take some issue with this notion..with his metaphor of all science fiction which is not hard science fiction being like `playing tennis with the net down', meaning that hard science fiction is that science fiction which eschews violation of the presently known laws of the continuum.
		Its motifs have been plundered by these neighbouring genres to the extent that purists have been forced to designate a special category of ”hard science fiction“ to distinguish the sf which aims for some kind of extrapolative rigour from that which simply uses the imagery of sf as window-dressing.
		Nowadays, fantasy has the marketplace clout and the classic motifs of science fiction are increasingly being relegated to the status of stock ideas which can be deployed without discrimination alongside the traditional motifs of fantasy.
	www.jessesword.com /sf/view/1674 (664 words)

	Classes You Missed
		We read two science fiction classics--Jules Verne's book, From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon, and Isaac Asimov's short story, "Nightfall." The interesting thing about both these stories is the role of authority--the person in the white lab coat, the scientist as a priest for today.
		Their science is very advanced in many ways, but it's very rudimentary in terms of astronomy and things that were done first here on Earth.
		I would hope that when my students read a newspaper story that deals with science, they would have a basis to look at that story and, without making a snap judgment, have a sense of whether the story is really credible or not credible, and whether or not they should be worried or excited.
	www.umc.pitt.edu /pittmag/sep95/s95classesh.html (1370 words)

	Review: Easy Reading: The Hard Science Fiction Renaissance, reviewed by Greg Beatty
		The Hard Science Fiction Renaissance is, in many ways, a completion of the critical project begun in their 1994 volume The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF.
		Actually, they do more than argue that hard SF is central to science fiction; they argue that hard SF is the best, most important part of science fiction, the source of the classic "sense of wonder" that defines it.
		That each of the stories engages science seriously (and well) is a given for inclusion, but one of the first shared characteristics is how often the stories tackle several sciences at once, or engage the entire nature of science and knowledge, per se.
	www.strangehorizons.com /2003/20030303/hard.shtml (2422 words)

	ipedia.com: Hard science fiction Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He has also created the Neurohard project, a world in the hard science fiction style to be used by him and other artists.
		Shirow's work is unique in that it develops in equally great depth the social/cultural aspects in a 'hard' style, again providing notes on ideas, philosophy, etc. and using a somewhat techical approach in discussing ethics and social issues.
		Appleseed is another story featuring heavy use of advanced technology in which, ironically, the critical moment is resolved by clever use of an actual apple seed in the midst of hardcore robotic chaos.
	www.ipedia.com /hard_science_fiction.html (682 words)

	Reviews: July 1997
		Despite his sympathy for science as a human activity, and his desire to explode the cold/hot dichotomy, he still draws distinctions between science and "human values," as if science were not one of them and were not employed in the service of other human values.
		I include as "givens" of hard sf a relatively short "shelf life," congruence with human values, importation of story types from other fiction, didacticism, elevation of scale and scope, fixation on problems, use of limitations as story-telling tools, and dependence on human language to express the almost inexpressible.
		Yet this does prevent science fiction critics--and I include myself here --from presenting grand theories, general observations, and profound commentaries about the nature and purpose of science fiction--all based on their knowledge of only a small fraction of the genre.
	www.depauw.edu /sfs/birs/bir72.htm (11044 words)

	Hard versus soft Science Fiction
		Generally, it somehow means fiction in which the science is not merely necessary, but central: one half-joking definition says that you have to have had a scientific education in order to enjoy it.
		Another person (whose name I forget) applies the term "hard" to works where the author has gone to the trouble of showing us a way of life that has been shaped, or at least is different from ours, by the science or technology in the story.
		Hard SF is a form of alternate universe fiction, set in a world where the world-view of American engineers in the late twentieth century is a precise reflection of The Way Things Are.
	www.treitel.org /Richard/sf/hard.html (1153 words)

	Hard Science Fiction Stories
		This is a link to the first page of the Daily Dose, a far term hard SF story that I told in daily chunks over the span of a year and a half.
		You can quibble over my definitions of the different types of science fiction, but it would be hard to argue that this belongs anywhere other than the "Hard" category.
		A young scientist learns the hard way that the scientific community is not always appreciative of radical ideas that challenge what is currently believed to be true.
	www.mystikeep.com /stories/hsf.htm (1851 words)

	SFcrowsnest. Science Fiction Library.
		Apparently the classic science fiction movie The Man Who Fell To Earth is due for the glossy SFX update in a new re-make.
		Science fiction author Robert Silverberg ponders a story he read when he was twelve years old, in Donald A. Wollheim’s anthology Portable Novels of Science.
		Science fiction and fantasy comic-book publisher Dabel Brothers has announced that they will be continuing work with fantasy and science fiction writers such as Raymond E. Feist, George R. Martin, Robert Silverberg and Tad Williams into 2006 with several new titles adapted from these authors’ most popular works.
	www.sfcrowsnest.co.uk /dailynews.php?subaction=showfull&id=1139323296&archive= (1031 words)

	Science Fiction Genre
		Anna Quibler who works for NSF (National Science Foundation) is not only a good scientist, she is also a genuinely good person.
		Frank Venderwal on loan to NSF for a year from UCSD is very closed off and the only thing that makes him real is his penchant for climbing which comes in handy later on when he meets a fascinating woman in a stuck elevator and begins to come into his own.
		This latest hard science fiction novel by the Nebula and Hugo award-winning Robinson is sure to appear on the major award ballots.
	www.genreflecting.com /Science.html (257 words)

	Hard Lemonade Science Fiction Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		And thus, after one too many lemonades, the idea of the Hard Lemonade Science Fiction Society was born.
		Hard lemonade is an answer to every writing problem -- it may not be the best answer, or even a good answer, but it is always an answer.
		Society business is conducted, consisting of the reading/critiquing of manuscripts in progress, blathering on about anything even vaguely relevant to science fiction, and consuming lemonade.
	members.aol.com /hlsfs (147 words)

	Amazon.com: The Hard SF Renaissance: Books: David G. Hartwell,Kathryn Cramer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Edited by David G. Hartwell and Kathryn Cramer, The Hard SF Renaissance (2002) is a thematic sequel to their 1994 anthology The Ascent of Wonder.
		If, like me, you lament the state of science fiction today, and if, like me, you long to read stories that will transport you back to the days of the masters of "hard" science fiction--writers like Clarke, Heinlein, Hal Clement and Malcolm Jameson--then this thick volume could be just what you're looking for.
		While I don't agree that they collectively presage a "renaissance" of the "hard" SF style, they are nonetheless all quite good and live up to their billing.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0312876351?v=glance (2097 words)

	Hard Science Fiction Pathfinder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Notes: "Hard" science fiction often takes the state of current scientific advancement and from it extrapolates future possibilities, if not probabilities.
		Some of the "hard" sciences scrutinized in science fiction are mathematics, cybernetics, medicine, chemistry, physics, and astronomy.
		Hard science themes appear in short stories as well as novels.
	www.jsu.edu /dept/library/graphic/hardpath.htm (87 words)

	Hard Science Fiction
		"Hard science fiction embodies the fantasies of empowerment of the scientific and technological culture of the modern era and validates its faith in scientific knowledge as dominant over other ways of knowing."--Hartwell.
		The hard science fiction genre deals with astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology.
		To view the history, problems and attitudes of hard science fiction, look at David G. Hartwell's home page.
	www.angelfire.com /pa/esfmu/hs.html (126 words)

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