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Topic: Hard sectoring

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	Hard sectoring
		Hard sectoring in magnetic[?] or optical disk storage is sectoring that uses a physical mark on the disk, from which mark sector locations are referenced.
		Hard sectoring may be done, for example, by punching an index hole in a floppy disk.
		When the presence of the index hole is recognized by an optical reader, a reference signal is generated.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ha/Hard_sectoring.html (68 words)

	Storage Devices
		Hard sectoring means that the drive will produce a sector pulse on the start of each new sector.
		For ESDI hard sectoring is the default (at least on everything I came across).
		During/after the low-level format of the disk bad sectors are marked as such, and a replacement sector is put in place (logically of course) of the bad one.
	www.freebsd.org /doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/storage-devices (2294 words)

	Hard rock - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hard rock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hard Rock is often loosely defined, and is primarily of use in describing radio station formats.
		Hard Rock lyrics are typically not as "dark" as heavy metal lyrics, and are often sexual in content.
		Hard Rock is typified by a bright, trebly overdrive distortion effect on the guitars, lending to its overall sound.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Hard-rock.html (442 words)

	Viewing Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hard sector disks use a system of perforations in the media to mark the beginnings and ends of sectors.
		This means that computers which used hard sectored disks required the exact disk type they specified rather than a generic soft-sector floppy.
		Hard sectored controllers used the index hole to indicate the start of each sector, thus relatively dumb hardware could decode a sector without having to track the state of the disk through a whole revolution.
	www.classiccmp.org /kb/view_article.php?num=16 (403 words)

	Encyclopedia: Floppy disk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Since these micros had no hard drive, the OS was usually from one floppy disk, which was then removed and replaced by another one containing the application.
		In general, data is written to floppy disks in a series of sectors, angular blocks of the disk, and in tracks, concentric rings at a constant radius, e.g.
		Because the sectors have a constant angular size, the 512 bytes in each sector are packed into a smaller length near the disk's center than nearer the disk's edge.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Floppy-disk (11986 words)

	Market Sector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The term Market Sector is used in economics and finance to describe a set of businesses that are buying and selling such similar goods and services that they are in direct competition with each other.
		In mathematics (geometry), a sector is the "pie shaped" area of part of a circle enclosed by two radii and an arc.
		Sector 3 is the town centre in Mechastrike.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/121/market-sector.html (416 words)

	Hard sectoring circuit and method for a rotating disk data storage device (US5050013)
		An apparatus for providing sector location pulses to a controller of a rotating disk data storage device having a counter clocked in proportion to the disk rotation rate and an accumulator for accumulating times to sectors on the disk.
		The sector location pulse generator includes a flip-flop that is set following a partial reset signal to prevent sector location pulses from being generated following partial reset until the accumulator has accumulated the count in the counter.
		sector location pulse generation means, connected to the first comparator, for providing the sector location pulses to the controller in response to at least selected ones of said electrical indications that the contents of the first counter is at least as large as the contents of the accumulator.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05050013 (730 words)

	Floppy Disks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hard Sectoring is where there are a ring of holes in the disk, each hole indicating the start of a new sector.
		Soft Sectoring is where the sector marks are pieces of data on the disk, and as such can be placed wherever one wishes.
		Because of possible impurities on the disk, there is a much reduced recording density on a floppy disk than a hard disk, hence they hold much less data.
	www.rz.uni-hohenheim.de /hardware/basics/csc102/ch22.html (825 words)

	Hard news, soft news, and infotainment - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hard news, soft news, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hard news, soft news, and infotainment - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hard news, soft news, and infotainment.
		Hard news and soft news are terms for describing a relative difference between poles in a spectrum within the broader news trade —with "hard" journalism at the professional end and "soft" infotainment at the other.
		Because the term "news" is quite broad, the terms "hard" and "soft" denote both a difference in respective standards for material news value, as well as for standards of conduct, relative to the professional ideals of journalistic integrity.
	encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Hard-news-soft-news-and-infotainment.html (844 words)

	Expanded Remapping and Spare Sectoring
		When any hard disk detects a problem with a particular sector on the surface of the drive, it will remap that sector and mark it as "bad" so that it will not be written to again in the future.
		Instead of just remapping the sector where an error is encountered, or where a number of retries were necessary to get the data from the disk, the controller remaps a zone of sectors around the defective location.
		After all, a single sector on a hard disk is very small; it stands to reason that there is a much higher chance that a sector near the defective one will go bad than a random sector somewhere else on the disk.
	www.storagereview.com /guide2000/ref/hdd/perf/qual/featuresRemap.html (354 words)

	Sector Zero Virus -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In mathematics (geometry), a sector is the "pie shaped" area of part of a circle enclosed by two radii and an arc.
		In the context of computer hardware, a sector is a sub-division of a track of a magnetic hard disk or optical disc.
		Sector 3 is the town centre in Mechastrike.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/131/sector-zero-virus.html (456 words)

	hard disk
		A hard disk drive in computing is a type of data storage device made up of hard disk platters, a spindle, read and write heads, read and write arms, electrical motors, and integrated electronics contained inside an airtight enclosure.
		From the original use of a hard drive in a single computer, techniques for guarding against hard disk failure were developed such as the redundant array of independent disks (RAID).
		Hard disks are also found in network attached storage devices, but for large volumes of data are most efficiently used in a Storage Area Network.
	www.fact-library.com /hard_disk.html (1425 words)

	ANSDIT - The letter "H"
		Typical hard disk drives use multiple hard disks mounted on a single spindle.
		Hard hyphens are not subject to hyphen drop.
		The physical marking of sector boundaries on a magnetic disk.
	www.ncits.org /tc_home/k5htm/h.htm (3104 words)

	Using ESDI disks with FreeBSD
		Hard sectoring means that the drive will produce a sector pulse on the start of each new sector.
		For ESDI hard sectoring is the default (at least on everything I came across).
		During/after the low-level format of the disk bad sectors are marked as such, and a replacement sector is put in place (logically of course) of the bad one.
	www.stdio.com /FreeBSD/handbook/handbook121.html (1576 words)

	hard sector \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Hard sectoring in a magnetic or optical data storage device is an archaic form of sectoring that uses a physical mark or index hole in the recording medium, from which sector locations are referenced.
		Hard sectoring was most notably implemented in older 8- and 5¼-inch floppy disks, by punching an index hole in the disk.
		All sector locations could be referenced from this signal.
	www.babylon.com /definition/hard_sector (117 words)

	Hard Drive Glossary
		A sector is a logical segment of information on a particular track, and is the smallest addressable unit of storage on a disk.
		Modern drives use ZDR - Zone Density Recording, where there are more sectors per track on the outside of the disk where there is more surface area, and fewer and fewer sectors as you go in toward the center of the drive.
		This is contrasted to hard sectoring where a digital signal indicates the beginning of a sector on a track.
	www.dewassoc.com /kbase/hard_drives/hard_drive_glossary_5.htm (1925 words)

	Hard sectoring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When the presence of the index hole was recognized by an optical sensor, a reference signal was generated.
		All sector locations could be referenced from this signal.
		This page was last modified 15:01, 15 August 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hard_sectoring (107 words)

	Introduction to System Software, Chapter 11
		A multiple sector drum is characterized by the number of tracks, sectors per track, and bytes per sector, as well as the time to transfer one sector and the minimum, maximum, and average latency time.
		Hard sectored devices have a physical indicator to mark the start of each sector, while soft sectored devices use the data on the disk track itself to indicate the start of each sector.
		Typical hard sectoring schemes rely on notches in the edge of one disk platter along with photocells, or they use one disk surface to hold "servo tracks" that are recorded only once, in the factory, and used from then on to control the recording format used on all the other tracks of the device.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jones/syssoft/fall00/notes/11disk.html (8042 words)

	Defect Mapping and Spare Sectoring
		All the sectors that have problems or are thought to be unreliable, are recorded in a special table.
		While early PC users accepted that a few bad sectors on a drive was normal, there was something distasteful about plopping down $1,000 for a new hard disk and having it report "bad sectors" as soon as you turned it on.
		On modern hard disks, a small number of sectors are reserved as substitutes for any bad sectors discovered in the main data storage area.
	www.mrkay.org /zenpc/ref/hdd/geom/formatDefect-c.html (694 words)

	Defect Mapping and Spare Sectoring
		Sectors that are bad cannot be used to store data, for obvious reasons: they are bad because they cannot be trusted to reliably write and/or reproduce the data at a later time.
		These will normally be detected either during a routine scan of the hard disk for errors (the easy way) or when a read error is encountered trying access a program or data file (the hard way).
		The risk of data loss is too high, and hard drives today are inexpensive compared to the cost of even an hour or two of recovering lost data (which takes a lot more than an hour or two!) See here for more on troubleshooting hard disk errors.
	www.pcguide.com /ref/hdd/geom/formatDefect-c.html (1339 words)

	Telecom Dictionary H: Phone Service Definitions
		Note: A hard disk is distinguished from a diskette by virtue of the fact that it is rigid.
		Early in the development of computer technology, hard disks, often multiple disks mounted on a common spindle, were interchangeable and removable from their drives, which were separate from the processor chassis.
		Hard Sectoring - In magnetic or optical disk storage, sectoring that uses a physical mark on the disk, from which mark sector locations are referenced.
	www.faxswitch.com /Definitions/telecom_dictionary_h.html (8310 words)

	Hard disk types: The number of sectors per track
		Hard sectored controllers use 34 sectors per track and soft sectored controllers can use 34, 35 or 36 sectors per track.
		IDE (ATA) drives usually have a variable number of sectors per track and here we see that one has to use a geometry that is unrelated to the actual hardware.
		Thus, we see a great variety of values for the number of sectors per track here, and it is not always clear in which cases this is an obligatory value.
	www.win.tue.nl /~aeb/linux/hdtypes/hdtypes-4.html (334 words)

	Intro to System Software, Chapter 11
		Among hard disk drives for the PC era, we find the older MFM drives mostly had 17 sectors per track, with from 306 to 1024 cylinders, from 1 to 8 heads, and typically 512 bytes per sector.
		Typical hard sectoring schemes rely on notches in the edge of one disk platter along with photocells, or they use one disk surface to hold "servo tracks" that are recorded only once, in the factory, and used from then on to control the recording format for on all the other surfaces of the disk.
		Rewriting a sector of such a disk typically involves at least one pass over the sector heating the track to a high enough temperature that it erases, followed by a pass to record new data on that sector.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jones/syssoft/notes/11disk.html (9702 words)

	Using ESDI hard disks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hard sectoring means that the drive will produce a sector pulse on the start of each new sector.
		For ESDI hard sectoring is the default (at least on everything I came across).
		During/after the low-level format of the disk bad sectors are marked as such, and a replacement sector is put in place (logically of course) of the bad one.
	www.elec.uq.edu.au /help/FreeBSD/handbook/handbook121.html (2423 words)

	[No title]
		Hard Disk Primer This abbreviated document is published as an informational reference for the numerous hard disk drives encountered in the PC environment.
		Hard sectored controllers use 34 SPT and soft sectored controllers can use 34, 35 or 36 SPT.
		The drive must be jumpered for hard/soft sectoring to match the constraints of the controller being used.
	webpages.charter.net /dperr/diskguid.txt (2294 words)

	Storage Devices
		Typical is 35 sectors per track, high capacity drives I have seen were up to 54 sectors/track.
		In most cases the remapping is done by using N-1 sectors on each track for actual data storage, and sector N itself is the spare sector.
		So: do not use spare sectoring, bad block remapping or whatever it may be called by the controller manufacturer when you want to use the disk for FreeBSD.
	jamesthornton.com /freebsd/articles/storage-devices (2300 words)

	Upgrading Pre-4.0 Systems with Logical Drive(s) > 32 MB (68176) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This was usually implemented by using a sector size larger than the standard value of 512 bytes.
		This is called "logical sectoring" because the sector size of the drive is a logical value; that is, it is dependent on the value in the BIOS parameter block of the drive for bytes_per_sector.
		A sector size of 512 bytes per sector is assumed on all hard disk drives.
	www.it-faq.pl /mskb/68/176.HTM (539 words)

	Magnetic disk recording
		Describe how fixed (hard) disks are constructed; how data is organized on them; how they are handled, stored, and shipped; and how they are erased.
		Soft sectoring is by far the most popular method of sectoring a floppy disk.
		Once a floppy disk is formatted, the computer uses the disk's side number, a track number, and a sector number (together) as an address.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book23/103.htm (1501 words)

	Hard sectoring - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Hard sectoring - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 17:25, 8 Jun 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Hard sectoring contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Hard_sectoring (127 words)

	Upgrading Pre-4.0 Systems with Logical Drive(s) > 32 MB
		This was usually implemented by using a sector size larger than the standard value of 512 bytes.
		This is called "logical sectoring" because the sector size of the drive is a logical value; that is, it is dependent on the value in the BIOS parameter block of the drive for bytes_per_sector.
		A sector size of 512 bytes per sector is assumed on all hard disk drives.
	support.microsoft.com /kb/68176 (585 words)

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