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	Shoulder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In human anatomy, the shoulder joint is composed of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone).
		The glenohumeral joint, to which the generic term "shoulder joint" usually refers, is a ball-and-socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body.
		Tendons are tough cords of tissue that attach the shoulder muscles to bone and assist the muscles in moving the shoulder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shoulder (331 words)

	CBRD - In Depth - Active Traffic Management
		Hard shoulder running may also come into use for the M42's schizophrenic traffic flows when there is a major event at the NEC: the hard shoulder may be opened as a coach-only lane to keep slow moving buses headed for the Centre out of the main three running lanes.
		The opening sequence consists of monitoring the hard shoulder from the control room via the comprehensive CCTV coverage to ensure that the section of the hard shoulder scheduled to be opened is free from debris or stationary vehicles.
		Hard shoulders were built at such cost to provide empty carriageway space for those in trouble or for emergency services access, and should remain so at all times.
	www.cbrd.co.uk /indepth/atm (1788 words)

	The Observer \| Politics \| Hard shoulder will be used to beat gridlock
		Motorway hard shoulders are to be converted into traffic lanes in a dramatic move to beat gridlock Britain.
		Traffic safety on hard shoulders includes increasing CCTV coverage to monitor all four lanes with frequent overhead messages warning drivers whether an object is ahead and whether the lane has been closed.
		Hard shoulder use will be phased in with a system of 'intelligent' traffic lights at slip roads onto motorways.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /politics/story/0,6903,892006,00.html (609 words)

	icTeesside - Hard shoulder feelings run high (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A bid by the government to cut congestion 'on the cheap' by scrapping motorway hard shoulders has been slammed by the vast majority of motorists, according to new RAC research.
		Lack of a hard shoulder - even in the fully-equipped trial on the M42 - will mean that broken down motorists will have to reach 'emergency refuge areas' - lay-bys - set at intervals along the motorway edge.
		The hard shoulder, even with the protection that it provides, is a dangerous environment in its own right.
	icteesside.icnetwork.co.uk /1600icmotors/0100news/page.cfm?objectid=12964556&method=full&siteid=50080 (621 words)

	BSM – The British School of Motoring \| Learn to drive & pass your test with the driver training experts \| UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We think hard shoulders are essential for the safety of motorists who have broken down and to allow emergency services to get to the scene of accidents quickly.
		If introduced, hard shoulders would be used at busy times of day with electronic signs on overhead gantries letting drivers know when they could use the emergency lane.
		Motorists who breakdown when the hard shoulder is in use would be expected to attempt to reach ‘emergency refuge areas’ - or lay-by’s - spaced at intervals along the motorway.
	www.bsm.co.uk /news/3.html (391 words)

	GN Online: Drivers stopping on hard shoulder to face penalties
		"This new rule is an effort to reduce the number of injuries and losses caused by the violators who stop their cars on the hard shoulder of the road," he said.
		He said the campaign to stop people stopping illegally on hard shoulders was being conducted at the same time as a campaign to penalise those found driving on the hard shoulder.
		"Even if these drivers were forced to stop on the hard shoulder, they should try to stop as far from the yellow line as possible to prevent being in the way of motorists," he stressed.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=98885 (388 words)

	The AA: Breakdown Advice - On the Hard Shoulder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Motorway hard shoulders are for emergency use only and you should only stop there if it is a real emergency and you have no other choice.
		Attempting to repair your vehicle on a hard shoulder is highly dangerous, particularly on the side nearest the traffic.
		Once your vehicle is repaired, return to the motorway using the hard shoulder as an acceleration lane.
	www.tsmember.com /onlinenews/news/newnew046.html (419 words)

	Scotland on Sunday - UK - Hard shoulder plans 'will lead to more road deaths'
		But the RAC and AA claimed safety would be jeopardised if hard shoulders were used at busy times of day in an effort to cut jams on Britain’s busiest routes, especially around London and in the north west of England.
		But the RAC said research showed that during the Dutch trials 40 vehicles an hour used the hard shoulder when they were not permitted to do so.
		An RAC spokesman said: "Hard shoulders are essential for the safety of broken-down motorists and to allow emergency services prompt access to accidents.
	scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com /uk.cfm?id=480222003 (623 words)

	Current issues - Surviving the hard shoulder - UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When walking along the hard shoulder to or from the telephone, keep as far away from the traffic as possible, and keep in mind the danger that it poses.
		There is a perception that a 'lone female' is at risk of being attacked on a motorway hard shoulder.
		Once your vehicle is repaired, return to the motorway by using the hard shoulder as an acceleration lane, merging with the traffic in lane one when you have reached a similar speed and there is an appropriate gap.
	www.rac.co.uk /racworld/issues/hard_shoulder (648 words)

	The AA: Breakdown Advice - If You Break Down
		Pull on to the hard shoulder and stop as far to the left as possible, with your wheels turned to the left.
		Ensure that passengers keep away from the carriageway and hard shoulder, and that children are kept under control.
		Walk to an emergency telephone on your side of the carriageway (follow the arrows on the posts at the back of the hard shoulder) - the telephone is free of charge and connects directly to the police.
	www.tyreserve.com /motoring_advice/breakdown_advice/general.html (671 words)

	GN Online: Vehicles driven on hard shoulder to be seized
		More than 30 motorists could be wearing out a lot of shoe leather for the next six months after Dubai police seized their cars for driving on the hard shoulder.
		"Driving on the hard shoulders of roads is a main cause of serious accidents, so we are keen to enforce these penalties on offenders," Col Al Zafeen said.
		The previous law stated that offenders who drive on the hard shoulders should be fined Dh500 and receive six fl points on their driving licence, if it is a first offence.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=97830 (845 words)

	M42 ATM Consultation process
		Under this mode of operation, the hard shoulder remains a hard shoulder, unless signs and signals specifically indicate that it may be used as a running lane.
		When there is a requirement for a local closure on the hard shoulder (due to an incident in the lane or lane 1), a red X (6031.1) stop signal with flashing lanterns will be displayed.
		Allows the lane control red X (5003.1) to be used over the Actively Managed Hard Shoulder to indicate it is not available as a running lane, but may be used for the usual reasons of using a hard shoulder (breakdown, illness etc).
	www.highways.gov.uk /roads/projects/motorways/m42/atm_diversions/publicat/consult/01.htm (2871 words)

	The SABRE Roads Website
		Sent: 7/26/2004 2:55 AM Hard shoulders so have a significant impact on keeping the traffic flowing by providing enough room to get an obstruction out of the general flow.
		Many expressways were built without hard shoulders as it was seen as not needed, up here in Scotland we have a significant length of motorway that is without a hardshoulder, the M90.
		Shoulders make it easier for emergency traffic to get to the scene of an accident, but if they use broken shoulders then we have a problem bottle neck.
	groups.msn.com /TheSABRERoadsWebsite/roadsnews.msnw?action=get_message&mview=0&ID_Message=39434&LastModified=4675482636540081290&all_topics=1 (428 words)

	Back Room: Hard Shoulder Danger
		This is long overdue and anyone who doubts the need should be invited to change a punctured offside wheel, on the hard shoulder of a motorway, while 32 tonners pass within a couple of feet from their back.
		My opinion is that hard shoulder accidents, and the all too often fatalities, seem to be a "lost" statistic in the overall accident figures.
		An American state trooper had flagged down a motorist on to the hard shoulder of a highway and he was taking details by the grass verge (filmed from his onboard car video).
	www.honestjohn.co.uk /forum/post?t=6985 (4045 words)

	rotator cuff injury
		Injuries to the shoulders of football quarterbacks, baseball pitchers, swimmers, tennis players, skiers and weightlifters are good examples.
		The tendons of the rotator cuff lie under the cap of the shoulder.
		Their main job is to rotate the head of the shoulder out and pull it down.
	www.kennedybrospt.com /rotator.html (1081 words)

	no to scrapping hard shoulder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		shoulders has been slammed by the vast majority of motorists, according to
		pressing on with the removal of the hard shoulder on sections of the M5, M6 and M25.
		"Hard shoulders are vital for the safety of broken down motorists and to
	www.filmtvdir.com /2003/car/news/hardshoulder.htm (493 words)

	[No title]
		Hard shoulder boards and shoulder epaulets are sold as 1 pair.
		Shoulder boards and epaulets are sold as 1 pair per pack.
		Shoulder boards and shoulder epaulets are sold one pair per pack.
	www.ec-securehost.com /uniformaccessoriesunlimited/NAVY_OFFICER_SHOULDER_BOARDS.html (305 words)

	Hard shoulder Warne fizzes back after rapid recovery
		Although his performance was below his normal standards at the MCG, the sight of Warne back in action was a welcome relief for Australian fans after a week in which they lost the last Ashes Test to England and were humiliated by Sri Lanka in a one-day match.
		As if to demand that the shoulder do more than simply survive in its first competitive adventure Warne gave the joint a thorough workout in only the second over of the match, diving to his right from first slip to take a sharp catch and landing heavily on the recovered shoulder.
		For all the glowing physiotherapist's reports and the hours of net bowl ing that had convinced Warne he was ready to play again, this was the first real test.
	www.buzzle.com /editorials/1-11-2003-33506.asp (445 words)

	Press Notice: Earthworks require hard shoulder closures on M11 northbound and southbound at Chigwell
		Earthworks require hard shoulder closures on M11 northbound and southbound at Chigwell
		Signs have been set up on the carriageway to advise drivers of the works and hard shoulder closures.
		"These hard shoulder closures are necessary to keep drivers and workers safe during the works.
	www.highways.gov.uk /news/press_releases/m11/2005_01_19b.htm (438 words)

	ABD Press Release - ABD Condemns Dangerous Government Hard Shoulder Proposal - 2003-05-19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The latest plans from Transport Secretary Alistair Darling to allow drivers to use the hard shoulder to avoid congestion show a breathtaking lack of understanding.
		It seems that Mr Darling has not realised that the hard shoulder is vital for use by the emergency services to quickly gain access to an accident site and for drivers to have a safe refuge in an emergency.
		Police and other emergency vehicles are able to use motorway hard shoulders to get to the scene of an accident quickly.
	www.abd.org.uk /pr/362.htm (341 words)

	Open Plan For Hard Shoulder \| Car News \| Auto Express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		he world's first scheme to turn a motorway hard shoulder into an extra lane is to take place in Britain, Auto Express can reveal.
		Yet the system is smarter than that; if CCTV shows the outside lane would be a better bet for 999 vehicles, signs tell drivers to get out of that instead.
		In addition, hi-tech 'emergency refuge lay-bys' will allow cars in trouble to pull out of the way during hard shoulder running.
	www.autoexpress.co.uk /news/47686/open_plan_for_hard_shoulder.html (200 words)

	Back Room: Police on hard shoulder
		As anything on the hard shoulder is potentially at risk from traffic using the running lanes I think it's a good thing that traffic slows when there is a Police vehicle present.
		I have heard a rumour that it will soon be legal for recovery vehicles and the like to display flashing rear red lights so that will obviously confuse some motorists who will assume it's the Police.
		I had a big outside rear blowout on the M3 a few years ago at J4 and stopped about 500 metres south where the hard shoulder is narrow and there's a barrier.
	www.honestjohn.co.uk /forum/post?t=17392 (654 words)

	neck shoulder pain hard to find resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We have worked hard to make sure that neck shoulder pain information can be found here.
		We hope you have enjoyed the neck shoulder pain resources online directory, as much as we have enjoyed researching and compiling it for you.
		Below are popular search engine results from MSN for neck shoulder pain.
	pain.search-now806.com /neck_shoulder_pain.html (641 words)

	Lear on the hard shoulder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Londoner Lear and Welshman Rees were scheduled to headline the Sports Network show at the Wembley Conference Centre in an explosive match up between two undefeated talents.
		The injury is an old one from my amateur days that I thought had gone away.
		The injury is a major blow to Lear who was looking to have a big start to his 2003 campaign in the super-featherweight division, "I still wanted to fight Rees but my trainer Johnny Eames said I would be crazy to risk my title and throw away 10-years of blood, sweat and tears.
	www.wbu.cc /lear_hard_shoulder.html (225 words)

	The SABRE Roads Website
		I'm surprised they haven't knocked it down to a 50 through this bit because of the "lack" of a shoulder - it's the bit through the middle of the housing estate that they'll never be able to widen without mass demolition, by the way.
		Yes, it is odd that it's not the usual blue "Intermittent Hard Shoulder" sign, and it's yellow.
		But for the rest of the section, there's a sign every few yards saying "Emergency Refuge", presumably so you can tell the hard shoulder's present by the absence of these signs through bridges.
	groups.msn.com /TheSABRERoadsWebsite/roadsnews.msnw?action=get_message&mview=0&ID_Message=45229&LastModified=4675495559093068355&all_topics=1 (585 words)

	RAC - Review - Stranded on the hard shoulder dying for a pee
		Stranded on the hard shoulder dying for a pee
		Suddenly a strange noise is heard, and both become aware that something is ‘not quite right’, especially as the car begins to veer from the fast into the middle lane.
		Driver slows down – fortunately the roads are very clear – and makes her way to the hard shoulder and stops.
	www.ciao.co.uk /RAC__Review_5140770 (899 words)

	PH: RE: ABD Slam Hard Shoulder Nonsense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Darling's plan to allow drivers to use the hard shoulder to avoid congestion is at best misguided and more likely plain stupid.
		The ABD have commented, "It seems that Mr Darling has not realised that the hard shoulder is vital for use by the emergency services to quickly gain access to an accident site and for drivers to have a safe refuge in an emergency."
		The ABD is once again calling for the Government to implement a motorway widening scheme and to educate drivers about lane discipling.
	www.pistonheads.com /gassing/topic.asp?f=57&t=40031 (381 words)

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