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Topic: Hard water

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	Lehmier Electric & Water Treatment
		Water hardness has been traditionally defined in terms of the amount of calcium and/or magnesium carbonates present, because it's so easy to test for.
		For slab-built homes with an outdoor water meter, we suggest mounting the unit indoors and run the signal cable through an exterior wall to the pipe using an easily sealed "1/4" hole drilled through the exterior wall.
		We highly recommend this to be used on the cold water lines feeding a domestic coil in a boiler and or an electric water heater.
	www.hardwater.net /scaleban.html (2399 words)

	Hard Water - To Soften Or Not To Soften
		For understandability, hardness ordinarily is expressed in grains of hardness per gallon of water (g.p.g.).
		The latter option defeats the purpose of a water softener as operating the dishwasher is the only household task in which hot water alone is used.
		Bypassing the cooler with a separate water line for hard water is possible, but installation and maintenance costs must be considered.
	agfacts.tamu.edu /D10/Comal/FCS/Water/F1/nhardwtr.htm (1567 words)

	Hard water - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Water hardness usually measures the total concentration of Ca and Mg, the two most prevalent divalent metal ions, although in some geographical locations iron, aluminium, and manganese may also be present at elevated levels.
		Hard water causes scaling, which is the precipitation of minerals to form a rock-hard deposit called limescale.
		A water softener works on the principle of cation or ion exchange in which ions of the hardness minerals are exchanged for sodium or potassium ions, effectively reducing the concentration of hardness minerals to tolerable levels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hard_water (2210 words)

	Water softening - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A water softener reduces the calcium or magnesium ion concentration in hard water.
		Conventional water-softening devices intended for household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness" ions trade places with sodium ions that are electrostatically bound to the anionic functional groups of the polymeric resin.
		As the water passes through both kinds of resin, the hardness ions replace the sodium which are released into the water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Water_softener (460 words)

	Hard Water
		Hard water, i.e., water with minerals in it, tends to be healthy.
		Geochemistry of ground water and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finland.
		Kidney Stones Increased by Hard Water: As compared with both tap and soft water, hard water was associated with a significant 50% increase of the urinary calcium concentration in the absence of changes of oxalate excretion.
	www.modern-psychiatry.com /hard_water.htm (1003 words)

	What is Hard Water
		Where hardness is concerned, water containing 1-3.5 gpg of the hardness minerals calcium and/or magnesium is classified as slightly hard; water in the 3.5-7.0 gpg range is considered to be moderately hard; at 7.0-10.5 gpg water is considered to be hard; and very hard water is classified as water with concentrations greater than 10.5 gpg.
		A typical water softener works on the principal of "cation exchange" in which the ions of hardness minerals (an ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms) are exchanged for sodium ions, effectively reducing the concentration of hardness minerals to insignificant levels.
		Hard water waste can cost hundreds of dollars each year as it impact laundry operations, water heater, efficiency, household cleaning, and the life expectancy of water-using appliances and plumbing.
	www.azh2o.com /Articles/hardwater.htm (1626 words)

	Hard Water Problems
		Water described as "hard" means it is high in dissolved minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium.
		Hard water is not a health risk, but is a nuisance because of its tendency to cause mineral buildup in water pipe and heating systems, and its poor soap and/or detergent performance when compared with soft water.
		Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water "hard." The degree of hardness becomes greater as the calcium and magnesium content increases.
	www.culliganhays.com /problems-hardwater.html (832 words)

	Hard Water
		Water hardness is typically measured in "grains per gallon," an indication of the quantity of dissolved calcium and magnesium the water contains.
		Probably the most recognizable symptoms of hard water are soap scum in the tub and shower, and hard water spots on faucets and fixtures.
		Hardness minerals react with soaps and detergents to form an insoluble, sticky residue that's difficult to rinse from bathtubs, sinks, faucets and fixtures.
	www.hartwater.com /hard.htm (1480 words)

	Hard Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Water described as "hard" is high in dissolved minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium.
		Hard water is not a health risk, but a nuisance because of mineral buildup on fixtures and poor soap and/or detergent performance.
		Water flow may be reduced by hard water deposits in pipes.
	www.wholehousecomfort.com /hardwater.html (472 words)

	Straight Dope Staff Report: What's the difference between hard water and soft water?
		Skin washed in hard water is typically reported as feeling scratchy and dry as a result of the soap scum, and hair is often reported as being dull-looking and sticky.
		Hard water can be problematic in terms of taste, color, and deposits inside pipes and plumbing and on cookware and appliances such as water heaters and dishwashers.
		New results based on changes that have taken place in water hardness and in cardiovascular death rates between 1961 and 1971 in the county boroughs of England and Wales indicate a significant trend for men, in the direction of decreasing cardiovascular mortality with increasing hardness, but no trend for women.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/mhardwater.html (1236 words)

	Drinking Water Hard Water Hardness Calcium Magnesium Scale Stained Laundry
		Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water "hard." The degree of hardness becomes greater as the calcium and magnesium content increases and is related to the concentration of multivalent cations dissolved in the water..
		Because of the sodium content of softened water, some individuals may be advised by their physician, not to install water softeners, to soften only hot water or to bypass the water softener with a cold water line to provide unsoftened water for drinking and cooking; usually to a separate faucet at the kitchen sink.
		Hard water is not a health hazard, but dealing with hard water in the home can be a nuisance.
	www.water-research.net /hardness.htm (1543 words)

	Hard water
		Although hard water (containing calcium and magnesium) is good for your health, do take some preventative measures to protect your fittings and equipment from limescale.
		Water hardness is measured by the quantity of dissolved calcium (and magnesium) which the water contains.The greater the quantity, the harder the water.
		Water hardness is directly linked to the geographical nature of the soil the water passes through.
	www.veoliawater.com /files/consommateurs/CD7CxRyFvYzoz04ALKBW.php (336 words)

	Hard Water
		Hard water is probably the most common water problem found in the home.
		The hardness minerals (ions) in the water have a greater attraction to the bead than the sodium on the bead.
		The resin material is then flushed with clean water and the excess brine and accumulated hardness is flushed away, leaving the beads ready to remove additional hardness.
	www.waterdrs.com /hardwater.htm (1066 words)

	Harwich Water Department - Hard Water/Soft Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Water from your faucet may be hard or soft, may have a distinctive taste or none at all, may be clear or somewhat cloudy.
		By and large, water that comes from lakes and rivers, which is called surface water, tends to be softer than water from deep groundwater wells and underground aquifers - ground water - that has been exposed to various layers of rock.
		When we were talking about who has hard or soft water, remember we said "untreated water." As with most other characteristics of water quality, your water utility treats water quality, your water utility treats water to balance hardness/softness, to provide you with water that is neither too hard not too soft.
	www.harwichwater.com /resources/resources23.html (689 words)

	Basic Water Chemistry - aquariumsite:FRESHWATER
		The acidity of water is an overall effect of all dissolved ions on the electro-negativity of water.
		Total hardness is proportional to the concentrations of total dissolved salts and therefore to osmotic pressure which has a direct influence on the cellular activity of organisms.
		The answer resides in the purpose of the definition of carbonate hardness which is meant to be a kind of acid capacity that stabilizes the acidity (pH) of water.
	www.aquariumsite.com /freshwater/chemistry.php (3172 words)

	HomeTips: Water Softeners, Hard Water and Soft Water Systems
		Hard water is less an issue of health than one of potential expense.
		Hard water problems are more obvious as a nuisance where you cook and bathe.
		Hard water does enter the health arena in one area: People who have it are more prone to rashes and skin problems because it changes the skin's pH and soap remains on the skin, clogging pores.
	www.hometips.com /cs-protected/guides/watersoft.html (588 words)

	The Water Treatment FAQ
		Waters that contains dissolved minerals, such as calcium and magnesium above certain levels are considered "hard water" Because water is considered a "solvent", i.e., over time it can break down the ionic bonds that hold most substances together, it tends to dissolve and 'gather up' small amounts of whatever it comes in contact with.
		Hard water is the most common problem found in the average home.
		Aeration consists of breaking the incoming water into small droplets (spray) into the air, drawing fresh air through that spray, collecting the water into a storage tank, repressurize the water, passing it through a particulate filter to catch any particles that might be carried out of the storage tank.
	www.softwater.com /faq.html (6764 words)

	Howstuffworks "How does a water softener work?"
		The solution to hard water is either to filter the water by distillation or reverse osmosis to remove the calcium and magnesium, or to use a water softener.
		Filtration would be extremely expensive to use for all the water in a house, so a water softener is usually a less costly solution.
		Since sodium does not precipitate out in pipes or react badly with soap, both of the problems of hard water are eliminated.
	home.howstuffworks.com /question99.htm (390 words)

	Hard Water and Water-Using Appliances - Water Tech Industries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Barry and Gail M. Evergreen, CO Hard water reduces the efficiency of water-using appliances.
		In one study where electric water heaters were operated and tested exclusively on hard water, they consumed nearly 21.5 percent more energy than water heaters using softened water.
		Let an authorized Water Tech dealer help you discover how much hard water is costing your family in energy costs and appliance wear and tear.
	www.watertech.com /why_condition.html (240 words)

	natural soaps and hard water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This can happen if you have extremely hard water (the minerals interfere with the ability of the soap to be rinsed off your hair) or the residue can be chemicals left behind from previous shampoo.
		The reason for this is that when mild alkaline soaps come in contact with hard water, which has a high content of calcium and magnesium, a chemical reaction takes place in which the calcium and magnesium are precipitated on the hair follicles.
		The chemical reaction of hard water with our natural shampoo can be easily avoided by wetting your hair with distilled water which can be purchased at any supermarket, or by placing a water filter on your shower head.
	www.elysiandream.com /hardwater.htm (593 words)

	Hard Water Affects Hair & Shampoo
		The term “hard water” was originally coined to refer to water that was difficult or hard to work with.
		Hard water tends to make the scales stand up, which makes your hair feel rough and tangly.
		Soap is less effective in very hard water because its reacts with the excess minerals to form calcium or magnesium salts.
	chagrinvalleysoapandcraft.com /hardwater.htm (1212 words)

	Hard Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When hard water passes through the resin, calcium and magnesium ions (the hardness-causing minerals) are absorbed by the ion-exchange resin, and sodium ions are released.
		Sensor detects hardness of the water leaving the unit, and signals softener when regeneration is needed.
		To determine daily hardness removal, multiply daily household water use (measured in gallons) by the hardness of the water (measured in grains per gallon) Example: 200 gallons per day x 15 grains per gallon = 3000 grains of hardness removed daily.
	www.abe.iastate.edu /HTMDOCS/ae3058.htm (761 words)

	Hard Water
		Water is considered "hard" when it contains a high level of dissolved minerals.
		Household systems reduce the hardness of the water by replacing calcium and magnesium with sodium or potassium, depending on the type of softener.
		Installation of a water softener, however, is strictly an issue of personal preference and should be done only out of aesthetic concerns, not because of fears about water quality.
	www.lvvwd.com /html/wq_water_facts_hardness.html (365 words)

	Hard Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hard water is troublesome around the house and can dry out skin and hair.
		Further savings are realized because the products that were once needed to fight the effects of hard water are reduced or in some cases, such as dishwasher rinse aids, eliminated completely.
		Drinking water quality is improved through the use of the same technology that is used to treat many popular brands of bottled water.
	www.welcomehomemag.com /las_vegas/hardwater.html (449 words)

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