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Topic: Hardpan

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	Hardpan - Definition, explanation
		There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristics of being distinct soil layers that are largely impervious to water.
		Hardpan can be a problem in farming and gardening, by impeding drainage of water and restricting the growth of plant roots.
		More difficult hardpans may be further improved through the action of both adjusting the soil pH with lime if the soil is acidic, and with the addition of Gypsum.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/h/ha/hardpan.php (637 words)

	Deep Tillage of Hardpan Soils in Saskatchewan
		Hardpan soils have a dense layer which has few, if any, large pores such as cracks and old root channels.
		Paraplows (Figure 2) are subsoilers that loosen the hardpan layer by lifting up the soil and lowering it again in a wave-like motion, resulting in very little subsoil mixing.
		Generally, the greater the severity of the hardpan, the greater is the cost of deep plowing or deep ripping and, usually, the greater the benefits in terms of increased crop production.
	www.agr.gov.sk.ca /docs/production/SCD0294.ASP (2318 words)

	Forest:Present:Flatwoods
		A hardpan is a hardened layer of soil that prevents drainage.
		Water seeping down through the litter and surface soils cannot drain through the hardpan, and, as a result, these areas are often wet during the spring and fall.
		The hardpan forms as fine clay particles, along with suspended minerals within the surface soil are leached down to the 'subsoil.
	www.museum.state.il.us /muslink/forest/htmls/pr_flat.html (415 words)

	Miramont Estates - Hardpan
		Trees do not live in these hills, of this I am sure because the hardpan is so solid that without machines breaking through there is no way for them to obtain the nutrients and moisture to survive the summers.
		The hardpan is formed over millions of years by minerals being washed down during winter rains and having the right composition to bond with each other.
		The most common way for a farmer to break up the hardpan is to hire a D-10 or larger Cat with a 7 feet deep ripping shank to rip the ground in two directions.
	www.miramontestate.com /our-story/hardpan.html (467 words)

	GOLFONLINE - 2 Types of Hardpan
		Impenetrable hardpan is often a roadway made of cement or asphalt, a surface too hard for the clubhead to dig into.
		Another advantage of impenetrable hardpan is that you can hit the ground as much as a quarter-inch behind the ball and, as long as the clubhead doesn't have too much bounce, still hit a decent shot: It will fly even lower, but will still be playable.
		Two final instructions for hardpan play: 1) Be sure your wedge doesn't have too much bounce on the bottom, as that only increases the likelihood of hitting the ground before the ball; and 2) Use an almost wrist-free wedge swing.
	www.golfonline.com /golfonline/instruction/shortgame/article/0,17742,469149,00.html (675 words)

	AAES and ARS Researchers Exploring Acoustic Compaction Layer Detection
		In a compacted layer (also known as a “hardpan”), the soil density is usually higher and the soil strength greater than in the surrounding soil.
		The overall depth of the hardpan across the field is obtained by repeating the cone penetrometer test, usually in a locally randomized fashion.
		This implies that in certain locations the hardpan may not be disrupted at all, while in others the soil is disturbed deeper than necessary, leading to significant energy waste.
	www.ag.auburn.edu /aaes/communications/highlightsonline/winter01/grift.html (977 words)

	rec.gardens.ecosystems FAQ -- Section B: soil
		Hardpan is a dense, hard, crust-like soil layer that occurs in some subsoils.
		If the hardpan layer is relatively thin and close to the surface, it can be broken up by deep digging.
		If the hardpan can't be resolved mechanically and the earth worms can't get through, the remaining option is to use raised beds.
	www.ibiblio.org /rge/faq-html/sectionb.htm (10271 words)

	GOLFONLINE - All hardpan is not the same, which means the technique you use should vary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hardpan is generally considered to be any surface that is smooth and free of grass.
		But I've found two types: impenetrable hardpan, which is really hard, and "diggable" hardpan, composed of slightly softer surfaces, such as hard-packed sand or dirt.
		The keys to handling both types of hardpan are ball position and a quality swing.
	www.golfonline.com /golfonline/print/0,18068,469149,00.html (673 words)

	Impact Reports
		The increase of no-till farming by farmers has reduced or eliminated the practice of sub-soiling as an operation for the management of hardpans in the soil.
		The purpose of this study was to monitor the soil on a no-till field to determine if a hardpan was developing over a three year period.
		If the developing hardpan is not corrected by sub-soiling, yields could be reduced as much as one hundred pounds of lint per acre.
	www.lsuagcenter.com /impacts/publicold2004.asp?id=619 (455 words)

	Golf Medic \| Penetrable Hardpan Lie
		Your ball lies in hardpan composed of hard-packed sand or dirt such as greenside bunkers where the club can penetrate the sand.
		This kind of hardpan is soft enough to dig your club into to get the ball out.
		The key to a successful hardpan shot is to allow only a very small wrist cock on the takeaway and to bow your left wrist through impact to help reduce bounce.
	www.golfmedic.net /archive/penetrable-hardpan-lie (167 words)

	Non-destructive Evaluation of Soil Hardpan Characteristics of Japanese Paddy Field using X-ray CT Scanner
		In paddy field, hardpan is important to prevent leakage of water and support the weight of field machinery during the operation.
		Density of soil is considered the most important physical properties of agricultural soils especially for hardpan of paddy field.
		Measurement of water permeability of soil was done at the laboratory using sample taken from the surface layer (root zone), hardpan layer, and under the hardpan layer.
	www.unisa.edu.au /icsd-iv/PaperAbstracts/SMT1.htm (761 words)

	Dravo Corp. v. Metro
		According to the contract documents, the sewer was to be laid on hardpan where such hardpan existed at the elevation of the sewer.
		It was impossible to determine the exact contour of the hardpan lying beneath the sewer in these areas by visual inspection, of course, and the cost of taking sufficient test borings to acquire an accurate picture of this contour would have been prohibitive.
		In accordance with the directions of Metro’s engineer, the hardpan was excavated to the elevation called for by the drawings and the pipe was laid on a base on the hardpan.
	courses.washington.edu /cm500/case/Dravo.html (2489 words)

	Phil Windley's Technometria \| March 31, 2003 Archives
		If you're a gardener, you're probably familiar with the term hardpan, a soil condition where the individual soil grains become cemented together by bonding agents like calcium carbonate, forming a hard, impervious mass.
		Hardpan often forms a few inches below the surface of the soil.
		In soil, the hardpan restricts the flow of water.
	www.windley.com /2003/03/31.html (904 words)

	VP Report Northeastern
		The soils in the Northeastern Sacramento Valley Region are derived primarily from basalt and volcanic mudflows emanating from the southern Cascades and the adjacent northern Sierra Nevada.
		Northern Hardpan pools are typically found in complexes in areas of hummocky ground on old terraces above the recent river flood plains and below the foothills.
		Northern Hardpan types are most threatened due to lower valley positions in areas of urban expansion (Chico, Oroville, Gridley areas), agriculture, and long-term intensive grazing.
	www.dfg.ca.gov /whdab/wetlands/vp_asses_rept/northeastern.htm (664 words)

	ABSTRACTS OF V INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND FIELD WORKSHOP ON PALEOPEDOLOGY
		Hardpan calcretes have been mapped for their spatial extent and thickness over the bedrock both, in the field and using bore hole lithologs.
		Hardpan calcretes consists of 0.3 to 0.5 mm thick laminated carbonate zones forming rims around the detrital grains and nodules of calcium carbonate and siderite.
		Hardpan calcrete distribution is therefore, not merely a reflection of local topography but host material, sediment, time and rates of accretion, vegetation soil microenvironment and carbonate source.
	fadr.msu.ru /inqua/nl-17/abstr_5.html (11679 words)

	Hardpan - The studio record
		We decided to proceed making this record as there were only the 10 days to do so before we all, once again, scattered for our own respective corners of the world.
		This music and the band itself were forged during those dark days and it is our belief and wish that you can hear Hardpan's collective affirmation of life, hope and love within the songs on this CD.
		Recorded by Jeb Lipson and Hardpan at The Studio in Tucson, AZ from September 11 - 22, 2001.
	www.terryleehale.com /Hardpan/files/hardpancd.html (517 words)

	SPLASH The Vernal Pool Grassland
		The water cannot move deeper into the ground in a vernal pool grassland because hardpan blocks its path.
		Hardpan is a layer of clay or minerals that water cannot pass through easily.
		In the upland (the higher, drier areas of vernal pool grasslands) we cannot see this water because the water table is below the soil surface.
	www.sacsplash.org /mather/lessons/lesson2b.htm (315 words)

	CD Baby: HARDPAN: Hardpan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It all worked because they were all playing together, backing each other up as best they could, and putting the world out of their minds for a while to make good music.
		We can't say yet whether there will be a second Hardpan album, their solo careers keep each of them very busy.
		Hardpan is 4 musicians whom they fuse very well acoustic and electric instruments.In this CD we find one cracked of less ancient and recent American music.
	cdbaby.com /cd/hardpan (585 words)

	VP Report San Diego Region
		San Diego Mesa Claypan and San Diego Mesa Hardpan vernal pools are known from the region as well as unidentified types at Cuyamaca Lake and Lake Henshaw.
		They are underlain by reddish-colored soils with an iron-silica cemented hardpan (primarily Redding, Olivenhain, and Huerhuero soil series) and often with a coarse cobbly surface texture.
		Like the hardpan pools, they are small in size and may occur in complexes, but are most often associated with grassland and not Chamise Chaparral.
	www.dfg.ca.gov /bdb/wetlands/vp_asses_rept/san_diego.htm (1135 words)

	San Joaquin Soil History & Description
		The hardpan was expected to be encountered within a depth of 6 feet.
		Where the hardpan was less than 30 inches deep, it was noted that it was necessary to fracture the hardpan by blasting to grow fruit trees.
		The character of the materials beneath the hardpans of either soil was no longer a differentiating feature since consistent determination in mapping was not feasible.
	www.northcoast.com /~mwreed/stasoil2.htm (2196 words)

	Hardpan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These deposits can range from dissolved silica to matrices formed from iron oxides and calcium carbonate.
		The results are primarily determined by how extensive and / or intractable the hardpan is.
		This page was last modified 17:07, 6 September 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hardpan (664 words)

	Retrieval Process Development and Enhancements Waste Simulant Compositions and Defensibility
		The waterjet pressure required to induce mobilization of hardpan simulants was shown along with the sludge simulant data in Figure 2.1, which demonstrates the importance of sludge shear strength in determining the resistance of a sludge to sluicing or other low-pressure waterjet-based waste retrieval methods.
		For the purpose of the present and past simulant-development efforts, the mechanisms operating in the hardpan and dried sludge waste types were assumed to be the binding together of insoluble sludge particles by interstitial salt crystals (hardpan) and chemical bonding of sludge particles at their contact points.
		Assuming the relationship shown in Figure 2.1 between the threshold waterjet impact pressure and shear strength holds for the hardpan waste, the shear strength of the hardpan is estimated to be between (1/4)(31 psi) = 7.8 psi = 53 kPa and (1/1.2)(31 psi) = 25.8 psi = 178 kPa.
	www.tanks.org /ttgdoc/pnnl11685.htm (14755 words)

	Amazon.com: Hardpan: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hardpan soils of the Coastal Plain of southern Maryland, (Geology and soils of the Brandywine area, Maryland) by C. C Nikiforoff (Unknown Binding - 1955)
		Hardpan and microrelief in certain soil complexes of California (Technical bulletin / United States Department of Agriculture) by C. C Nikiforoff (Unknown Binding - 1941)
		Hardpan Hardpan is a condition whereby a layer of soil beneath...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Hardpan&tag=icongroupinterna&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (993 words)

	Hardpan
		Caliche may be found a few centimeters under the surface or it may be buried in sand, and dust up to two meters below.
		caliche • calcium carbonate • hardpan • calcrete • kalihari
		Topsoil differs in texture, content, and color depending on regions, whether the climate is temperate, arid, or desert.
	www.suite101.com /reference/hardpan (95 words)

	Tools that dig the desert \| www.azstarnet.com ®
		If making a 1- or 2-inch-deep divot requires slamming the point of the shovel into the ground at full force several times, you most likely have some kind of hardpan (compacted clay, sometimes with rocks).
		Hardpan requires either a digging bar or a jackhammer, or perhaps both.
		Even though a jackhammer is heavy, it is easy to use." Jackhammers, which can be used to dig trenches as well as holes for plants, make quick work of stubborn hardpan soils and will even go through caliche.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/87063 (1104 words)

	Steep III - Pacific Northwest Conservation Tillage Systems Information Source (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Soils of the study area were Portneuf silt loam and similar silt loam soil series with a lime/silica-cemented hardpan or lime-enriched horizon at 10 to 18 inches depth in the uneroded soil.
		The white hardpan or lime horizon is 8 to 18 inches thick and contains 25 to 35 percent lime.
		A recent survey of the Magic Valley area of southcentral Idaho indicates that about 75 percent of the fields exhibit white eroded areas where the white hardpan or lime horizon is exposed, or topsoil is shallow enough that the material is brought to the surface by plowing.
	pnwsteep.wsu.edu /tillagehandbook/chapter1/010285.htm (683 words)

	hardpan - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		hardpan condition of the soil or subsoil in which the soil grains become cemented together by such bonding agents as iron oxide and calcium carbonate, forming a hard, impervious mass.
		It is disadvantageous to farming, interfering with the circulation of moisture in the soil and with the growth of roots through the soil.
		Know your SOIL Bad soil will defeat your green thumb every time, but with effort, even hardpan can be overcome.(LIFE)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hardpan.html (274 words)

	Natural Communities of Virginia - Terrestrial System - Low-elevation Dry & Dry-Mesic Forests & Woodlands: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Surficial soils are silt or clay loams, with an abrupt transition to heavy, plastic clay hardpans at depths of 23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 in).
		Piedmont hardpan forests are scattered throughout the Piedmont in specialized soil environments and are considered uncommon to rare in Virginia.
		Very few stands of periodically wet hardpan forest have been found in Virginia and data are insufficient for classification.
	www.dcr.state.va.us /dnh/ncTIIIp.htm (485 words)

	The SimpleSwing Golf Forum - Pitching on Hardpan Lies - Powered by ForumCo.com - The Forum Company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On at least six holes, I was a sand wedge away from the hole after my drives and tasted "birdies".
		Had a rough time controlling my distance and trajectory with my wedges, and was unable to convert any of these opportunities to birdies.
		Forty years ago and more hardpan was quite common.
	simpleswing.forumco.com /topic~TOPIC_ID~298.asp (1376 words)

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