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Topic: Hardware registers

	Processor register - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Processor registers are the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way for the system to access data.
		Registers are normally measured by the number of bits they can hold, for example, an "8-bit register" or a "32-bit register".
		Registers are now usually implemented as a register file, but they have also been implemented using individual flip-flops, high speed core memory, thin film memory, and other ways in various machines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Processor_register (570 words)

	Registers
		GDB has four "standard" register names that are available (in expressions) on most machines--whenever they do not conflict with an architecture's canonical mnemonics for registers.
		`$fp' is used for a register that contains a pointer to the current stack frame, and `$ps' is used for a register that contains the processor status.
		For example, the registers of the 68881 floating point coprocessor are always saved in "extended" (raw) format, but all C programs expect to work with "double" (virtual) format.
	docs.freebsd.org /info/gdb/gdb.info.Registers.html (649 words)

	BoxView IDE G1 Hardware Debugging
		Hardware debugging is the build-in mechanism used to stop the core from running on the target, permitting a scan of the target device.
		In hardware mode debugging the ZSP map file is used to report on the state of the registers.
		Since memory cannot be accessed once a hardware breakpoint is hit, BoxView IDE uses Cache to hold desired memory ranges prior to the hardware break; once the break has hit, the IDE displays the previously captured memory data in the windows; this is useful to represent the instructions being executed.
	www.domaintec.com /BVIDEhwbrk.html (693 words)

	Hardware register - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hardware register is contained within a certain peripheral unit, and presented to the central processing unit of the computer by means of memory-mapped I/O or port-mapped I/O.
		Hardware registers are addressed in words, but sometimes only use a few bits of the word read in to, or written out to the register.
		Strobe registers are hardware registers which do not store data but are used as a means of triggering an action when they are accessed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hardware_register (189 words)

	Hardware model - CPU registers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Register A7 has special properties built into the hardware, and is known as SP (the Stack Pointer).
		Registers A5 and A6 are general purpose registers as far as the hardware or CPU is concerned, but there are software conventions which give them special meaning (as the global pointer and the frame pointer).
		Some registers are also special by software convention (as in the 680x0) and should not be used.
	moss.csc.ncsu.edu /~mueller/codeopt/codeopt00/notes/register.html (422 words)

	VGA/SVGA Video Programming--Accessing the VGA Registers
		If they differ it may mean that the VGA hardware has a stuck bit in one its registers, that you are attempting to modify a locked or unsupported register, or that you are not providing enough delay between I/O accesses.
		Many registers in the EGA were write only, and thus the designers placed read-only registers at the same location as write-only ones.
		As in the attribute registers, there is guaranteed way for an interrupt routine to access the color registers and return the color registers to the state they were in prior to access without some communication between the ISR and the main program.
	www.osdever.net /FreeVGA/vga/vgareg.htm (2662 words)

	Antique Reproduction Louvered Floor Registers - Floor Grates with Dampers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Victorian cast iron floor registers (with louver) in a matte fl finish available in five different sizes.
		These registers have a dark distressed finish and are available in many different sizes.
		These registers come with removable louvers and are available in 9 different sizes.
	houseofantiquehardware.com /s.nl/sc.13/category.140/.f (162 words)

	Info Node: (gdb.info)Registers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For example, on the SPARC, `info registers' displays the processor status register as `$psr' but you can also refer to it as `$ps'; and on x86-based machines `$ps' is an alias for the EFLAGS register.
		There is no way to refer to the contents of an ordinary register as floating point value (although you can _print_ it as a floating point value with `print/f $REGNAME').
		Normally, register values are relative to the selected stack frame (Note: Selecting a frame.).
	www.cs.cmu.edu /cgi-bin/info2www?(gdb.info)Registers (554 words)

	Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition: Chapter 8: Hardware Management
		Despite the strong similarity between hardware registers and memory, a programmer accessing I/O registers must be careful to avoid being tricked by CPU (or compiler) optimizations that can modify the expected I/O behavior.
		The main difference between I/O registers and RAM is that I/O operations have side effects, while memory operations have none: the only effect of a memory write is storing a value to a location, and a memory read returns the last value written there.
		The problem with hardware caching is the easiest to face: the underlying hardware is already configured (either automatically or by Linux initialization code) to disable any hardware cache when accessing I/O regions (whether they are memory or port regions).
	www.xml.com /ldd/chapter/book/ch08.html (7507 words)

	High Performance Graphics Hardware Design
		The high-end Unix graphics hardware community has learned that both worlds are possible: direct access from user-level programs (usually through libraries) for performance, coupled to protected system modes that prevent out-of-control or malicious programs from hanging the system and locking up the hardware.
		For example, if it requires three registers to be written to draw a line or clear an are (start-xy, end-xy, and "command"), it must be possible for the software to write the start/end points, and never get around to writing the command, without hanging the hardware.
		Hardware that does support save/restore usually supports this at sub-millisecond speeds, thus allowing hundreds of context switches per second, while still leaving the the CPU and graphics card 90% free so that drawing can continue without hardly any slowdown.
	linas.org /linux/graphics.html (2820 words)

	The CBI Register List.
		Most of the CBI hardware that is accessible to the control system is reached via the VME bus.
		This allows all registers, readable or not, to be monitored by the scanner task.
		In addition to VME hardware registers, some CBI attributes are recorded only in memory.
	www.astro.caltech.edu /~mcs/CBI/cbiscript/registers.html (4240 words)

	"Working in the Protected Mode Environment"
		Hardware interrupt handling is perhaps one of the most important functions in protected mode.
		The SS register must be loaded with a segment whose DPL and CPL are equal.
		See Hardware Interrupts.), may be caused by the processor itself, or may be a software interrupt.
	members.tripod.com /protected_mode/prashant/protmode.html (6054 words)

	CS241 Notes on Using C to access hardware registers
		To see the values in the registers using Tutor, use the "rd" command, for register display.
		register is just a digital circuit that can hold bits until it is told to hold other bits, and can supply the bit values when asked.
		This works fine because the UART device knows whether an in or an out is happening, and if it's an in, it supplies the byte from its receiver register, and if it's an out, it accepts the byte and puts it in its transmit holding register.
	www.cs.umb.edu /ulab/UsingCforHardwareRegs.html (2478 words)

	VGA/SVGA Video Programming--Standard VGA Chipset Reference
		Only those registers that are present and functional on the VGA are given, so if you are seeking information specific to the CGA, EGA, MCGA, or MGA adapters try the Other References section on the home page.
		In order to facilitate understanding of the registers, one should view them as groups of similar registers, based upon how they are accessed, as the VGA uses indexed registers to access most parameters.
		This is especially useful for fields that are split among multiple registers, or for finding the location of a field that are packed in with other fields in one register.
	www.osdever.net /FreeVGA/vga/vga.htm (1263 words)

	A Security Analysis of the Direct Rendering Infrastructure
		The hardware lock is a single lock for each graphics device that is used cooperatively to schedule direct access to the low-level graphics hardware (i.e., the frame buffer and the hardware registers).
		On low-end graphics hardware, there is one hardware lock (for each graphics card) that is shared, cooperatively, between all the 3D clients, the X server, and the kernel.
		A malicious client could grab this lock and hold it indefinitely, thereby denying access to the hardware by all the 3D clients, the X server, and the kernel (in much the same was that a 2D client could do a server grab for an indefinitely long period of time).
	dri.sourceforge.net /doc/security_low_level.html (2619 words)

	Accelerator Development Department RHIC Project
		A hardware block diagram for the multiplexed analog to digital converter module and the controller module is provided in figure 4.
		The error status register may be read outside the interrupt handler to determine the current status of the interrupt bits.
		This register indicates the cause of an interrupt.
	www.rhichome.bnl.gov /Hardware/madc4htm.htm (4898 words)

	The Atari Compendium - Hardware
		Keep in mind that access to hardware registers is limited to those applications operating in supervisor mode only (except where noted otherwise).
		Interrupts may be disabled by setting the system interrupt mask (bits 8-10 of the SR register) to a value higher than the interrupts you wish to disable.
		Unlike most hardware registers, these do not have to be accessed in supervisor mode.
	www.fortunecity.com /skyscraper/apple/308/html/chap5.htm (5278 words)

	CS344 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The hardware registers can be used to read the Tx/Rx counters, the interface information, configure the routing table, configure the ARP table and for a number of other functions.
		All control packets received by the hardware are passed to your code like any other packet except that the incoming interface name is "cpu".
		hardware register spec for correct packet formatting and use.
	klamath.stanford.edu /cs344_public/sf_hw_integ1.html (732 words)

	In Your Face
		The control registers and data buffers on a device may be implemented (by the hardware designers,) in either address space.
		If the hardware device engineer put the registers in PORT space, that is where the raw resource descriptor will report that resource.
		On different platforms the same device hardware register could be in different translated resource IO space addresses.
	www.wd-3.com /archive/PioAccess.htm (2580 words)

	Door Hardware, Custom and Reproduction - Custom Building, Design & Restoration
		The flsmiths of Yellowknife Forge are committed to the reproduction of museum quality architectural hardware in hand forged wrought iron.
		Supplier of hand-forged door hardware: reproduced from firm's collection of 18th-century wrought-iron latches, hinges, bolts, hooks, pulls & more; strap hinges for barn doors; shutter dogs; iron trammel hooks for fireplace cranes.
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	www.traditional-building.com /RTEdoor_hardware.htm (1269 words)

	15-412: Project # 3
		The hardware provides two regions so that it can protect kernel data structures from illegal tampering by the user applications: when the CPU is executing in privileged mode, references to both regions are allowed, but when the CPU is not executing in privileged mode, references to region 0 are not allowed.
		In order to switch execution from one user process to another, you need to be able to save the state of the running process, and restore the state in which some other process found itself at a previous time.
		hardware instruction, the CPU is completely halted and does not begin execution again until rebooted (i.e, until the Yalnix process is started again from your UNIX terminal.) You should use this instruction to end the emulation and exit from your kernel.
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /course/15-412/projects/proj3/proj3.html (10993 words)

	Decorative Door Hardware, Floor Registers, & Mailboxes at Signature Hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The outside of your home can be as beautifully decorated as the inside with our fine selection of exterior hardware.
		From deadbolts and mortise locks to shelf brackets and hinges, our luxury hardware is made to provide the security and style that only Signature Hardware can offer.
		Outfit your floors and walls with our floor registers and air returns, electrical plates, coat hooks, and radiator flanges.
	www.signaturehardware.com /hardwareindex.php (220 words)

	Why use this?
		When you use Bits you enter the format information for each register, and Bits does the tedious work of generating the necessary macros to access the registers, memory regions, and bit fields defined for these.
		Often, developers have hardware accesses sprinkled throughout their code base, and code can look a bit ugly with lots of #IFDEFs to stub out the hardware.
		Consider being able to trace hardware interactions in one place in software, or being able to log accesses to memory for later viewing.
	home.earthlink.net /~jamgotchian/Bits/html/why_use_this_.html (330 words)

	Newton Hardware — Hammering Newton
		This document will contain information about all classes and protocols which are used for controlling Newton's hardware.
		It will also describe internal working of hardware - registers etc.
		Hardware drivers implemented as protocols use few "hidden" classess for interaction with bare hardware:
	newton.vyx.net /hardware (140 words)

	QNX Developer Support
		If your serial hardware is completely compatible with the 8250, you might not have to change anything.
		If your hardware is almost compatible with the 8250, you might have to change the register addresses.
		This function configures hardware registers and settings such as baud rate, parity, etc.
	www.qnx.com /developers/docs/6.3.0/ddk_en/character/ser8250.html (604 words)

	Performance Counters Library - hardware registers
		This example introduces hardware registers pmc_uint32_t pmc_uint64_t Control Registers -- CR0, CR4, EFLAGS Model-Specific Registers -- TSC, PMC control, PMC counters Model-specific semantics pmc_query, pmc_test, pmc_test.c pmc_enable, pmc_disable, pmc_able.c These are implementation details and various opinions that can be skipped by most readers.
		The control registers CR0, CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4 and EFLAGS are described in the Intel Architecture publications.
		That is, they are first and foremost not strictly part of the Intel Architecture, and their implementations and semantics have changed from one Pentium model to the next.
	www.scl.ameslab.gov /Projects/Rabbit/menu4.html (1409 words)

	Debugging with GDB: Data
		Another possible effect of compiler optimizations is to optimize unused variables out of existence, or assign variables to registers (as opposed to memory addresses).
		Whenever possible, these four standard register names are available on your machine even though the machine has different canonical mnemonics, so long as there is no conflict.
		Normally, register values are relative to the selected stack frame (see section Selecting a frame).
	sources.redhat.com /gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb_9.html (6957 words)

	Programming The Plus/4's Hardware
		You can also check to see if ANY key has been pressed by writing $00 in to the latch register, as this selects all the whole keyboard at once.
		The attribute byte was split (like the hardware colour registers) into colour and luminance.
		This is almost like the C64's bitmap screen, but because the Plus/4 uses 7 bits for each colour, it was unable to have completely independant colours per character block.
	www.geocities.com /cbmplus4/hardware/hardprog.htm (1297 words)

	Doorknob: door hardware, cabinet pulls, door bells, antique door hardware, floor registers, home hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Enjoy our vast selection of home hardware—cabinet pulls, door bells and other antique door hardware.
		Design your new home with a classic look and add our home hardware accessories to enhance your home.
		Our selection of nickel, porcelain, and brass antique door hardware and door bells gives a wonderful classic feel to the inside and outside of your home.
	www.bathtubbeautiful.com /home-hardware.cfm (164 words)

	[Icc-avr] Memory mapping with hardware registers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
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		They use a neat method to define >the memory mapped registers.
	dragonsgate.net /pipermail/icc-avr/2004-February/003211.html (176 words)

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