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	Harlequin duck - Histrionicus histrionicus
		The harlequin duck gets its name from the decorated appearance of the male harlequin, because it resembles the colorful costumes worn by "harlequins", who were people dressed as clowns.
		During breeding, the female duck looses most of her feathers on the lower breast, exposing the skin where it touches the eggs during incubation.
		The harlequin duck is a prey to the arctic fox and to the gray wolf.
	www.blueplanetbiomes.org /harlequin_duck.htm (538 words)

	Harlequin
		Harlequin Ducks are a small sea duck that nest on mountain streams and winter on coastal rocky shores.
		A small (60 - 100 birds) molting and wintering population of Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) was studied from June to November 1995 to assess the molting and pairing chronology of this population.
		A small (60 -100 birds) moulting and wintering population of Harlequin ducks was studied from June to November 1995 to assess the moulting and pairing chronology of this population.
	seaducks.org /docs/harlequin.htm (6847 words)

	Harlequin duck molting and wintering ecology in Prince William Sound: impact and recovery from the Exxon Valdez Oil ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Harlequin duck molting and wintering ecology in Prince William Sound: impact and recovery from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.
		Harlequins appear to be highly philopatric to their molting and wintering sites; this is an adaptive behavioral strategy in natural situations and predictable environments, but does not accommodate movement to undisturbed sites in the face of human-caused perturbations.
		Harlequin ducks typically defer reproduction for 3 years, have relatively low annual investment in reproduction, and are long-lived (Goudie et al.
	www.absc.usgs.gov /research/sis_summaries/waterfowl_sis/harlequin_duck_molting.htm (497 words)

	The Birds at Myvatn
		Duck eggs are relatively large and the local farmers traditionally collect a lot of them for domestic use.
		Tufted Ducks tend to be in scattered flocks on the lake, but in the spring large numbers are seen on the ice edges and along the edges of the ponds in the marshes where they nest later on.
		The Long-tailed Duck (Oldsquaw) Clangula hyemalis is an arctic species, one of the character birds of the tundra and Iceland is on the southern boundary of its range.
	www.hi.is /HI/Stofn/Myvatn/mybird.htm (3148 words)

	Harlequin Ducks
		The Harlequin Ducks are the lords and ladies of the water.
		The Harlequin Ducks breed from Alaska on the Arctic Coast to British Columbia and from Greenland south to Newfoundland.
		The Harlequin Duck winters on the Pacific Coast in the Aleutian Islands to California and on the Atlantic Coast from Maine to New York.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/birding/50478 (419 words)

	Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) in Maine, 1950-1999 Northeastern Naturalist - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The objectives of this paper are (1) to summarize knowledge of Harlequin Duck numbers and distribution in Maine since the 1950s, (2) to assess winter population trends, and (3) to describe changes in sex and age ratios.
		Harlequin Ducks are present only along the southern and eastern shores of Isle au Haut (Mittelhauser 1989) and much of this portion of the island is administered by Acadia National Park.
		To estimate recent Harlequin Duck numbers and distribution in Maine, we conducted surveys by boat and air along portions of the outer coast between January 1989 and March 1999 (summarized in Appendix 1).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3845/is_200201/ai_n9028712 (1026 words)

	Harlequin Duck (Eastern Canada population)
		The Harlequin Duck with its extravagantly coloured plumage is named for the colourful character in early Italian pantomime.
		Harlequins winter along the rugged coasts of southern Newfoundland, the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia, in the Bay of Fundy off New Brunswick, the Gulf of Maine to as far south as the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay.
		However, in the spring of 2001, Harlequin Ducks were downlisted to Species of Special Concern as COSEWIC viewed the population increase and present positive population trend as sufficient to take them off the endangered list.
	www.ns.ec.gc.ca /wildlife/harlequin/index.html (393 words)

	Harlequin Ducks in Oregon - Status and Distribution 1
		Harlequin Ducks in Oregon - Status and Distribution 1
		DOWLAN, S. The breeding status and distribution of Harlequin Ducks in Oregon: a summary of observations and survey efforts.
		The breeding status of Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) in western Oregon has remained uncertain since Gabrielson and Jewett listed three definite breeding records in the 1940 publication of Birds of Oregon.
	members.aol.com /OWLHOOTER/HQPAGE1.html (256 words)

	10-30-96 Biologists study elusive harlequin ducks
		Harlequin ducks spend most of the year on rocky ocean coasts, feeding on mussels, chitons, limpets and other marine invertebrates.
		The scientists hoped to find out what types of habitat harlequin ducks require for nesting and feeding, how successful they are at fledging young, how readily they find new sites if their previous year's nest is destroyed, and whether nesting sites are passed on from generation to generation.
		Young ducks stay with their mother for much of the summer and she may accompany them on their initial move to the coast.
	oregonstate.edu /dept/ncs/newsarch/1996/96October/hducks.htm (682 words)

	Harlequins
		Harlequin ducks can be seriously affected by degradation of water quality and encroachment of human development in breeding streams.
		It was a natural extension of the field work already underway by the University and wildlife personnel to collect small numbers of harlequin eggs from nests located in and near their study area, in an effort to establish a captive study flock of known age Harlequins.
		Because Harlequins delay reproduction until after the first spring, and because of their close phylogenic relationship to the Oldsquaw, we expect to find bursa involution and elevated hormonal levels sometime after the first spring.
	www.greatnorthern.net /~dye/Harlequin_work.html (2310 words)

	The Bizarre Life of the Harlequin Duck - National Wildlife Magazine
		Harlequin society is matriarchal, with adult females returning salmonlike to their natal streams to reproduce.
		Harlequins are at jeopardy on the coast, threatened primarily by oil spills and other pollution.
		Harlequin hunting is still allowed in the West, though the birds are absent from most inland western states and provinces during all or most of the fall hunting season.
	www.nwf.org /nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=48&articleID=637 (1913 words)

	Hinterland Who's Who - Harlequin Duck
		Harlequin Ducks are also known as "sea mice" and "squeakers" because of their mouse-like call.
		Harlequin Ducks are also called "rock ducks" due to their habit of hauling out on rocks.
		Harlequin Ducks are usually two to three years of age when they first breed.
	www.hww.ca /hww2.asp?id=47 (1965 words)

	Harlequin Duck: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
		Harlequins are one of a few unrelated duck species throughout the world that have become “river specialists.” During the breeding season, the South American torrent duck, New Zealand blue duck, African fl duck, and harlequin seek rapidly flowing streams and rivers for nesting and rearing young.
		Presence of harlequins in summer should not be interpreted as proof of local nesting, because a substantial portion of the population does not breed each year.
		Harlequins are better able than other ducks to contend with strong currents, spending a greater proportion of their foraging time under water among current-swept rocks and boulders.
	www.adfg.state.ak.us /pubs/notebook/bird/harlequn.php (1462 words)

	Harlequin Ducks Records along the Oregon Coast
		Harlequins appear to be more abundant in Tillamook and Lane Counties than Lincoln County (Table 1), even though I have put little effort into trying to compile records for those counties and there are undoubtedly many more observations available for those counties (e.g., Table 7).
		Given the high numbers of Harlequins along the northern Lane County coast in summer (Tables 1 and 5), their nesting in that area is possible.
		Harlequins appear to be much more abundant along the north coast of Lane County than in Lincoln County (Table 5), so contacting birders about Harlequin records in Lane County is particularly recommended.
	www.orednet.org /~rbayer/j/j243.htm (6444 words)

	WDFW -- PHS Management Recommendations Vol IV: Birds
		Harlequin ducks winter along the Pacific Coast from the Aleutian Islands to northern California and along the Atlantic Coast.
		In Washington, harlequins historically bred in the Olympic Mountains, the Cascades, and the Blue and Selkirk mountains (Jewett et al.
		Whereas harlequins generally appear to avoid certain types of human disturbances, some anecdotal evidence has shown that individuals may use and even nest in areas that are regularly visited by humans (Cassirer et al.
	wdfw.wa.gov /hab/phs/vol4/harlduck.htm (1263 words)

	Harlequin Ducks and the Exxon Vakdez Oil Spill
		Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) occur year-round in intertidal and shallow subtidal zones (nearshore waters) of Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska (Isleib and Kessel 1973).
		The objective of the study is to determine whether the harlequin duck population in WPWS recovered from the effects of the oil spill.
		The number of breeding pairs, age and sex composition of the population, molt chronology, and number of broods were used to determine whether harlequin ducks in EPWS and WPWS exhibit similar demographic characteristics.
	www.wildlife.alaska.gov /index.cfm?adfg=waterfowl.harley (2147 words)

	Watchable Wildlife - Harlequin Duck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These beautiful ducks are found in western Montana in high mountain streams and rivers.
		Harlequins feed mainly on under-water insect larvae, so they depend on environments with moving, oxygen-rich water.
		Spotting a harlequin while on a hike or float trip is a real treat, and because of their distinctive looks,they are one of the easiest waterfowl species to identify.
	wildlife.visitmt.com /Waterfowl/harlequin_duck.htm (240 words)

	The Curious Lives of Sea Ducks
		In contrast to mallards, sea ducks (with the exception of cavity nesters) generally lay smaller clutches of from four to six eggs.
		The chance for a sea duck to successfully hatch a nest may be greater, but unlike the mallard, they generally have only a single nesting attempt each year.
		Eleven out of 15 species of sea ducks appear to have declining populations within some portion of their range (exceptions are common goldeneyes, buffleheads, red-breasted mergansers and common mergansers).
	www.ducks.org /Conservation/WaterfowlBiology/2114/TheCuriousLivesofSeaDucks.html (882 words)

	GORP - The Harlequins of Sachuest - Quality Time with Harlequins
		Harlequin ducks are not the only rarity found here in numbers.
		All of the birders I speak to are Rhode Islanders, and many are as excited about the harlequins as I. One is rightly proud that her tiny state has such a big attraction for out-of-town birders.
		Most of the harlequins stay just beyond the breakers, but now and then one rides inside the arc of a wave or dives under a wave that is about to break.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/activity/birding/harlequins3.htm (341 words)

	North Cascades National Park: Threatened and Endangered Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Harlequin ducks are compact birds; their 1-1/2 pound bodies measure 15-21 inches.
		Harlequin ducks are also known as "painted" ducks; they are named after Harlequin clowns.
		In the spring and summer, harlequins may be sighted on the Stehekin River and Thunder Creek, a tributary of the Skagit River.
	www.nps.gov /archive/noca/treas4-7.htm (408 words)

	Audubon: Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Denizens of rocky, turbulent waters, harlequin ducks are nimble swimmers and divers par excellence.
		Harlequins are still reasonably abundant (although probably declining) in the northern Pacific Ocean, but little was known about the much smaller, genetically distinct Atlantic populations when Mittelhauser began studying them in the 1980s.
		The harlequin drake's coat of many colors was thought to resemble the parti-colored costumes of zany characters in Renaissance comedies.
	magazine.audubon.org /birds/birds0103.html (2051 words)

	Waterfowl - Satellite tracking of Harlequin Ducks
		Conversely, Harlequin Ducks wintering in Atlantic Canada and/or along the eastern seaboard of the United States breed and/or moult in southern Québec, Labrador, and insular Newfoundland.
		The exact distribution of the two Harlequin Duck populations during the breeding season is still unknown.
		As a result, eight (8) male Harlequin Ducks were fitted with satellite transmitters in Maine, USA (Isle au Haut area) in early April, 2001, and an additional five (5) transmitters were deployed on male harlequins already on their breeding rivers in central Labrador in mid-May, 2001.
	www.qc.ec.gc.ca /faune/sauvagine/html/hd_satellite.html (351 words)

	Predation Risk and Population Structure of Breeding Harlequin Ducks Histrionicus histrionicus in northern Labrador
		Harlequin Ducks have a unique life history: like salmon they migrate from the ocean to breed on rivers during summer.
		The primary objective of this project was to determine how Harlequin Ducks distribute themselves in relation to biophysical habitat attribues, prey abundance, and predation risk from nesting raptors.
		Productivity studies in stable, high density populations of Harlequin Ducks indicate these populations are at carrying capacity and a potential Source of immigrants to other, less productive river canyons where there are high densities of raptors.
	www.sfu.ca /~jpheath/Research/Msc.html (742 words)

	Harlequin hunting:Harlequin duck hunting Harlequin Sea ducks hunting in Alaska pictures of Harlequins
		Also being one of the smallest in the Sea duck family this unique duck is fascinating to watch as it has very good social skills and is a great diver.
		Our Harlequin are harvested conservatively as allowing non resident hunters to take only 4 per year as set by state- federal regulations.
		In addition, the fl crown is highlighted by rust and there is a large rust patch on the flank.As with most sea ducks, harlequins do not mature or attain full adult plumage until they are 2 years old.
	www.alaskaduckhuntingguides.com /harlequin.htm (280 words)

	Waterfowl - The Harlequin Duck: a species at risk
		It was not until the Harlequin Duck received its Endangered status from COSEWIC that further scientific research and monitoring was conducted on the species.
		The original status assessment was based on the only known population of Harlequin Ducks in eastern North America at the time: the Eastern North American Wintering population, which is presently estimated at ca 2000 individuals.
		Although there have been moderate population increases since 1995 as well as winter range expansion in some areas, the Harlequin Duck is still clearly at risk from the presence of disturbance or imminent threats from development.
	www.qc.ec.gc.ca /faune/sauvagine/html/hd_risk.html (445 words)

	Harlequin Ducks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Image # 8607: Harlequin Duck - Barnegat Light, NJ - 12/21/03 - Nikkor VR 80-400mm lens with a Nikon D100.
		Image # 16198: Harlequin Duck - Barnegat Light, NJ - 12/31/04 - Nikkor VR 80-400mm lens with a Nikon D100.
		Image # 16268: Harlequin Duck - Barnegat Light, NJ - 12/31/04 - Nikkor VR 80-400mm lens with a Nikon D100.
	www.1000birds.com /gallery_Harlequin-Ducks.htm (113 words)

	Yosemite Fens and Harlequin Ducks
		Harlequin Ducks were recorded in Yosemite Valley way back in 1922.
		In June of 2002, however, a female Harlequin Duck and four ducklings were spotted on the Merced River in Yosemite Valley by three park employees.
		Four juvenile or female Harlequins were seen again in August at the upstream end of Bridalveil Meadow along the south bank of the Merced River.
	www.yosemite.org /member/E-Newsletters/102403.htm (941 words)

	Welsh Harlequin Ducks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This duck originated from a color sport in the Khaki Campbell breed.
		It is a light breed layer of white or greenish eggs that was developed in 1949, not surprisingly in Wales.
		The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy on Welsh Harlequin Ducks
	www.feathersite.com /Poultry/Ducks/Welsh/BRKWelsh.html (96 words)

	Harlequin Ducks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The western Harlequin Duck is a small, relatively uncommon, sea duck that breeds and nests in low densities in fast-flowing mountain streams.
		Several activities were undertaken by Cardinal River which have resulted in minimizing and mitigating potential disruption to the Harlequin Duck population during construction of the haul road.
		Harlequin Ducks are listed as a species of Special Concern in Alberta.
	www.elkvalleycoal.ca /cache/page_1261-1315-1868-1943.html (387 words)

	All About Birds
		Harlequin Duck, breeding male (left) and female (right); Ninilichik, AK About the photographs
		A bird of fast-moving water, the Harlequin Duck breeds on fast-flowing streams and winters along rocky coastlines in the crashing surf.
		When engaged in behavioral interactions, the Harlequin Duck gives distinctly unducklike squeaks, the source of one of its local names: sea mouse.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Harlequin_Duck.html (196 words)

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