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	Fiction. Bartleby.com
		The Harvard Classics and Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction.
		From the Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction, Vol.
		The basis for the 1935 Hitchcock film, this engaging mystery novel is filled with intrigue and suspense.
	www.bartleby.com /fiction (1174 words)

	Harvard Mark I Summary
		IBM management looked on the Mark I project as an opportunity to be associated both with a prestigious university, as well as a "hi-tech" project; they had no plans to commercially develop the Mark I. The Mark I was constructed at IBM's Endicott, New York facility.
		The Mark I was followed by the Harvard Mark II (1947 or 1948), Mark III/ADEC (September 1949), and Harvard Mark IV (1952) – all the work of Aiken.
		The Mark I was eventually disassembled, although portions of it remain at Harvard in the Cabot Science Center.
	www.bookrags.com /Harvard_Mark_I (1877 words)

	Harvard Mark I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mark I was followed by the Harvard Mark II (1947 or 1948), Mark III/ADEC (September 1949), and Harvard Mark IV (1952) – all the work of Aiken.
		The Mark III used some electronic components and the Mark IV was all-electronic, using solid-state components.
		The Mark I was eventually disassembled, although portions of it remain at Harvard in the Cabot Science Center.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Harvard_Mark_I (611 words)

	Balkinization
		The second question presented by that petition ("[w]hether Petitioners’ indefinite military imprisonment as 'enemy combatants' is unlawful, requiring the grant of habeas relief") is directed at the issue of identifying the category of persons who Congress has authorized the military to indefinitely detain.
		That is not a mark of originalism’s failure, or of the Constitution’s.
		It is a mark of their success, in leaving large stretches of constitutional interpretation to the people themselves, and not to judges presuming to govern them.
	balkin.blogspot.com (14568 words)

	Harvard Mark I : ASCC
		The Harvard Mark I also known as the IBM ASCC, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator was long thought to be the first large scale automatic digital computer, until after World War II the Z3 by Konrad Zuse was discovered.
		The Mark I was devised by Howard H. Aiken[?], created at IBM, shipped to Harvard in February 1944 and formally delivered there on August 7, 1944.
		Other universities have their "Mark I" computers as well, but the Harvard Mark I is generally described as "the" Mark I. See Also
	www.fastload.org /as/ASCC.html (183 words)

	Early 20th Century Computing
		It was as fast as the Harvard Mark I, produced 2 years later, and could do 3,4 additions in a second.
		It was finished in 1943 and was donated to Harvard where it became known as the Harvard Mark I. Data was read from tape and and addition or subtraction took 0.3 seconds due to the mechanical nature of the machine.
		The Harvard Mark II was finished in 1947 and was much faster than the Mark I due to the fact that it used relays as opposed to the rotating switches.
	www.csn.ul.ie /~darkstar/history/history.html (1197 words)

	Search Results for Harvard
		From Harvard he moved to Stanford University in 1972, where he was an associate professor, and, after a further three years he returned to England to take up a lectureship at the University of Cambridge in 1975.
		Harvard suited my character in that there was so little supervision that I could neglect classes for a considerable time while cultivating a side interest, sometimes mathematical sometimes not.
		He felt that Harvard was the leading university and so he wanted to go there, but on the other hand their offer to him was less generous than that of Princeton.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=Harvard&CONTEXT=1 (7488 words)

	Does Not Compute
		The moth was found trapped between points at Relay # 70, Panel F, of the Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator while it was being tested at Harvard University, 9 September 1945.
		True: Grace Hopper was a programmer for the Mark II and often told the moth story.
		II, H-O, 1997, ISBN 0-679-43464-X. Use of the word "bug" as a term for a "fault" may arise from the term being used as early as the 14th century to mean "an object of dread" derived from the Welsh word bwg for "hobgoblin" (Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology).
	www.tafkac.org /faq2k/compute_86.html (716 words)

	Charles Babbage Institute: RESEARCH PROGRAM> Current research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The first documented case of a “bug” being found in a computer comes from a logbook kept by Naval officer and mathematician Grace Murray Hopper in the operation of a Harvard Mark II electromechanical computer in use at the Naval Weapons Center in Dahlgren, Virginia.
		Mark II stopped, and we were trying to get her going.
		Inside the relay—and these were large relays—was a moth that had been beaten to death by the relay.” Hopper and her coworkers are also responsible for introducing the term “debugging,” as an excuse when the Mark II wasn’t “making any numbers.” Both terms—‘bug’ and ‘debugging’—have since become popular in describing the programming process.
	special.lib.umn.edu /cbi/shp/entries/bug.html (399 words)

	Articles - Howard Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1947, Aiken completed his work on the Harvard Mark II computer, which was an improvement over the Mark I, but it used electromechanical relays.
		He spent most of his life improving the Mark I and with all of that time he made the Mark II, Mark III, and the Harvard Mark IV.
		The Mark III used some electronic components and the Mark IV was all-electonic, using solid-state components.
	www.mainearth.com /articles/Howard_Aiken (300 words)

	Smithsonian Honors the Original Bug in the System
		The Smithsonian Institution is commemorating the 50th anniversary of the discovery of one of the first bugs (a moth, actually, that shorted out Harvard's Mark II computer in 1947) in an exhibition at the National Museum of American History.
		The center of the exhibit is the log book kept by technicians at Harvard's computer lab to record problems and their solutions.
		In recent years, credit for discovering the bug has gone to Grace Hopper, one of the Mark II's programmers at Harvard who went on to become a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/cyber/week/120497bug.html (692 words)

	Mathematicians are People Too (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		However she was too old (at 34!) to enlist and as a mathematics professor was considered essential to the war effort.
		Yet, she was determined to join the Navy and, despite being told that she could serve her country best by remaining in her teaching post at Vassar College, she eventually persuaded the Naval Reserve to accept her in 1943.
		By the end of the war, Hopper was working on the Harvard Mark II computer.
	nces.ed.gov /nceskids/MathQuiz/MathResult.asp?coolest=h (576 words)

	Preprints, Jan/Feb 03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The VLA was used to observe H I absorption against 20 ultracompact H II regions, thereby resolving the kinematic distance ambiguity to these sources.
		Combining these results with other sources whose distances were resolved through H I absorption, the HWHM of the distribution of source height above and below the Galactic plane is found to be 35 ± 2 pc within the solar circle.
		The vertical height distribution is used to investigate the predictive accuracy of the Galactic latitude in resolving the kinematic distance ambiguity to UCH II regions without the need for H I observations.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /ep/preprint/janfeb03/4934.html (173 words)

	Bugs
		In the most popular story, Grace Murray Hopper discovered that the Harvard Mark II computer was producing incorrect answers.
		When she examined the machine more closely, trying to locate the problem, she found a squashed moth, which was caught between the contacts of an electromechanical relay, preventing the relay from fully closing; ergo, the first computer bug.
		During her wartime service she was a programmer who worked on the Harvard series of computers —the first general-purpose American stored-program computer.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~pattis/15-1XX/common/handouts/bugs.html (1298 words)

	IEEEVM: Grace Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		At Harvard, Hopper became involved in the later stages of the construction of the U.S. Navy’s Harvard Mark I computer, which was co-sponsored by the IBM corporation.
		Once when the Harvard Mark II was malfunctioning, she discovered that one of its electromechanical switches had jammed when a small moth had gotten stuck in it.
		In 1991 she was awarded the National Medal of Technology "for her pioneering accomplishments in the development of computer programming languages that simplified computer technology and opened the door to a significantly larger universe of users." She was the first woman to receive this award as an individual.
	www.ieee-virtual-museum.org /collection/people.php?id=1234743&lid=1 (488 words)

	Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		However her at 34 she was too old (and not heavy enough for her height) to enlist and anyway as a mathematics professor her job was considered essential to the war effort.
		However she was determined to join the Navy and, despite being told that she could serve her country best by remaining in her teaching post at Vassar College, she eventually persuaded the Naval Reserve to accept her in 1943 and she also persuaded Vassar College to grant her leave.
		She continued to work on the Mark II, then later on the Mark III computer.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Hopper.html (1654 words)

	From Gutenberg to the Internet: Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		With eighteen thousand vacuum tubes and weighing thirty tons, it is about one thousand times faster than the Harvard Mark I. The ENIAC is programmed by time-consuming plugging of patch cords from buses to panels for each individual problem.
		She removes the bug and enters the dead insect into a log book with the note, “First actual case of bug being found.” This is first use of the term “bug” and the concept of “debugging” within the context of computing.
		These tables, calculated by the Harvard Mark I, are the first published mathematical tables calculated by a programmed automatic computer, finally fulfilling the dream of Charles Babbage first expressed in 1822.
	www.historyofmedicine.com /G2I/docs/timeline/timeline_07.shtml (1502 words)

	Computer History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Harvard MARK II, an expensive machine that is considerably faster than the MARK I, goes into operation, again under the direction of Howard Aiken.
		The Ferranti MARK I, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer MARK II (a copy of the original MARK I, not an improvement), is installed at the University of Toronto.
		A NASA rocket, the Mariner II, is equipped with a Motorola transmitter on its trip to Venus.
	www.prof-soft.com /CompHistory.htm (8860 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Midair collision between a Canadair C-4-1 and a RCAF Harvard Mark II at 6,000 feet.
		Thirty-five killed on the Canadair, one on the Harvard.
		Failure on the part of the pilots of both aircraft to maintain a proper lookout.
	www.planecrashinfo.com /1954/1954-16.htm (39 words)

	Mechanical Calculators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It was not the first mechanical calculator: machines that could multiply and divide were built as early as 1623.
		The Harvard Mark II (and the Bell Relay Computer) used electrical relays instead.
		Unfortunately, the Mark II wasn't much faster than the Mark I, and relays proved to be even less reliable than vacuum tubes.
	www.don-lindsay-archive.org /talk/differ.html (175 words)

	Marznet's Great Moments In Computer History::The 1940s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		1944 :: The Harvard Mark I is introduced at Harvard University.
		It was built by Howard Aiken and IBM.
		1945 :: September 9th, 15:45 hrs.- Rear Admiral Grace Hopper records the first computer bug, a moth that got stuck inside one of the relays of the Harvard Mark II Computer.
	computing.marzopolis.com /40s.php (263 words)

	looking.back -- September
		On 9 September 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, but working in a World War I temporary building, Grace Murray Hopper was able to get the Harvard Mark II computer operating again after locating and removing a moth from the jaws of a relay.
		She was used to Howard Aiken, the designer of the Harvard series of machines, walking into the computer room to ask if they were "making any numbers".
		The original bug, carefully pasted into the logbook of the Mark II computer, and after a sojourn at the Museum at the Dahlgren Naval Surface Weapons Center (now the Naval Surface Warfare Center) in Virginia, is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/50th/September.html (900 words)

	Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Aiken wrote a report on how he envisaged the machine, and in particular how such a machine designed to be used in scientific research would differ from a punched card machine.
		Punched cards were used to enter data and the output from the machine was either on punched cards or by an electric typewriter.
		Grace Hopper worked with Aiken from 1944 on the ASCC computer which had been renamed the Harvard Mark I and given by IBM to Harvard University.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html (598 words)

	HRC Weekly - Volume VI Issue II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Harvard Crimson is looking for opinionated, persuasive individuals to apply for its editorial columnist and cartoonist positions.
		Interested Harvard students should send their resume and a cover letter to Christy Lake (Christy_Lake@homedepot.com) as soon as possible.
		There are many perks of becoming a dues-paid member of the HRC, from getting priority in all lotteried events, invitations to exclusive events, help in finding summer internships, to getting to vote and run in HRC elections.
	hcs.harvard.edu /~hrrc/weekly/6-2.htm (685 words)

	BYTE.com
		They removed the moth with a pair of tweezers, and from then on, whenever there was a problem with the Mark I, the scientists said they were looking for bugs.
		I must note that there do es appear to have been a moth found in the Mark II (not the Mark I) by Hopper and her colleagues at Harvard.
		Even the verb debug must have predated Mark II, since the OED cites a 1945 use in the Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, which was probably preceded by sev eral years of oral use in engineering slang.
	www.byte.com /art/9404/sec15/art1.htm (961 words)

	The AskTog Bug House: Hall of Fame
		Whether you are in engineering or user-experience, whether you are an individual contributor or manager, join me for this in-depth course at our:
		Discussion: The above is a photograph of the very first recorded computer bug, discovered wedged in a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer, then under development, by the legendary Naval officer, "Amazing Grace" Murray Hopper.
		As you can see, it is quite dead, making it eligible for inclusion in our Hall of Fame.
	www.asktog.com /Bughouse/BugHallOfFame.html (2866 words)

	Con-IH 2005 :: International History at Harvard University :: lewis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		These projects had originally been designed to address war crimes; now they were retooled to deal with international terrorism.
		However, this new international order was not implemented due to the decline of the League, the legitimatization of international political violence brought on by World War II, unresolved legal conflicts underlying the conventions, and states’ insistence on their sovereignty.
		Nevertheless, the attempt to construct this system relays the history of the legal codification of terrorism.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~conih/abstracts/lewis.htm (337 words)

	The Science Bookstore - Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Harvard Mark I, designed and built by Howard Aiken and his team of engineers, becomes operational.
		The first computer "bug" is found in the Harvard Mark I by Grace Murray Hopper.
		This discovery was completely unexpected -- I.I. Rabi comments "who ordered that?" The term "lepton" is introduced to describe objects that do not interact too strongly (electrons and muons are both leptons).
	www.thesciencebookstore.com /chron.asp?pg=35 (1088 words)

	Computer: looking.back
		That first commercially viable application of card processing, and the subsequent founding of the Hollerith Tabulating Company, led to the establishment of IBM and gave the company a technological base to become a world power even prior to its entering the computer business.
		Harvard Mark II operating again after locating and removing a moth from the jaws of a relay.
		The original bug, carefully pasted into the logbook of the Mark II, sojourned at the Dahlgren Naval Surface Weapons Center Museum (now the Naval Surface Warfare Center) in Virginia before ending up at the Smithsonian Institution.
	www.indwes.edu /Faculty/bcupp/lookback/hist-09.htm (840 words)

	Harvard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Nearby terms: hardwarily « hard-wired « Harris Semiconductor Ltd. « Harvard architecture » Harvard Graphics » Harvard Mark II Machine » Harvest
		Nearby terms: hard-wired « Harris Semiconductor Ltd. « Harvard architecture « Harvard Graphics » Harvard Mark II Machine » Harvest » Harvest C
		Nearby terms: Harris Semiconductor Ltd. « Harvard architecture « Harvard Graphics « Harvard Mark II Machine » Harvest » Harvest C » hash
	www.linuxguruz.com /foldoc/foldoc.php?Harvard (178 words)

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