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	Psilocybin Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Psilocybin is a zwitterionic alkaloid that is soluble in water, moderately soluble in methanol and ethanol, and insoluble in most organic solvents.
		Psilocybin is a naturally-occurring compound found in high concentrations in some species of Psilocybe and Panaeolus (collectively called "psilocybin mushrooms" or "psilocybian mushrooms"), and at low levels in a large number of species of the Agaricales.
		Psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated in the body to psilocin which then acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT serotonin receptor in the brain where it mimics the effects of serotonin (5-HT).
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Psilocybin (1892 words)

	Psilocybin - dKosopedia
		Psilocybin, sometimes misspelled psilocybine, is a splendid psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family.
		Psilocybin is a zwitterionic alkaloid that is soluble in water, moderately soluble in methanol and ethanol.
		Psilocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated in the body to psilocin which then acts as an agonist at the 5-HT serotonin receptor in the brain where it mimics the effects of serotonin (5-HT).
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Psilocybin (1591 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Psilocybe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Psilocin and psilocybin are hallucinogenic compounds and are responsible for the psychoactive effects of these mushrooms.
		Cultivation of psilocybin mushrooms is considered drug manufacture in most jurisdictions and is often severely penalized, though some countries and one US state have ruled that growing psilocybin mushrooms does not qualify as "manufacturing" a controlled substance.
		Psilocybin mushroom spores are legal to sell and possess in every state except California, Idaho, and Georgia.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Psilocybe (2427 words)

	Psilocybin - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Psilocybin, sometimes misspelled psilocybine, is a psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family.
		Psilocybin can be synthesized in the laboratory from psilocin by a two-step procedure, but this is rarely done since psilocin is the actual pharmacologically active compound.
		Albert Hofmann was first to recognize the importance and chemical structure of the pure compounds psilocybin and psilocin, largely because he ingested fractions isolated from the mushroom and subsequently named the active fractions.
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php?title=Psilocybin (1655 words)

	The Strange Case of the Harvard Drug Scandal
		Other hallucinogenic drugs are psilocybin, which was first isolated from a species of Mexican mushroom in 1958, and LSD-25, synthesized in 1938 from a compound in a fungus attacking rye: but not discovered to have hallucinogenic properties until 1943.
		Researchers could obtain LSD and psilocybin at nominal prices from Sandoz, Inc., a Swiss drug company with branch offices in Hanover, N. Distributors of investigational drugs were expected to determine the qualifications of persons they supplied by asking purchasers to complete brief forms outlining their educational backgrounds, research facilities and proposed investigations.
		Harvard may have wished to dissociate itself from the drug project in 1961, but it had no grounds on which to act.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/history/e1960/look11051963.htm (4372 words)

	TimothyLeary.us - Harvard Psilocybin Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Begun by Dr. Timothy Leary and Dr. Richard Alpert, the Harvard Psilocybin Project was a series of loose experiments in psychology conducted by Leary and Alpert.
		These concerns were then printed in the Harvard Crimson, and the publicity that followed resulted in the end of the official experiments, investigation by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (which was dropped), and eventually led to Leary's and Alpert's firing.
		Both Leary and Alpert had been rising academic stars until their battles with Harvard; these battles and their advocacy of the use of psychedelics made them major figures in the nascent counterculture.
	www.timothyleary.us /psilocybin.html (209 words)

	Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34 Year Follow-Up Study
		As a further method of providing emotional support to the subjects for their frequently challenging psilocybin experiences, one of the group leaders usually self-administered psilocybin as a demonstration of solidarity and trust in the healing potential of psilocybin.
		Of the 21 psilocybin subjects for whom records could be searched, the actual recidivism rate at 2.5 years (30 months) post-release was 71%, with 15 out of 21 of the subsample having been returned to prison.
		Leary was, at that time, a respected, experienced and committed research scientist, who had spent a decade doing statistical evaluations of psychotherapy and coming to the depressing conclusion that none of it did any better than chance (as far as one could tell from the tests).
	www.maps.org /news-letters/v09n4/09410con.html (7020 words)

	Chase, "Murray, the Zelig" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Project Bluebird was renamed “Project Artichoke” in 1951, and in that same year the CIA discovered LSD.
		code named Project Pelican, in which Blauer was used as a guinea pig.” The supervisor of the project was Dr. Paul H. Hoch, director of experimental psychiatry and, according to Albarelli and Kelly, an associate of Harold Abramson's.
		Project Pelican, write Albarelli and Kelly, was part of a larger cooperative venture between the CIA and the army's Chemical Corps Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, Maryland, called MK-NAOMI -- reputedly named after Abramsonís assistant, Naomi Busner.
	www.frankolsonproject.org /Articles/Chase.html (4298 words)

	Green Earth Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the 1960's I worked at Harvard University with Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass), doing research on the possible applications of psychedelic drugs, that were also called “consciousness-expanding”, such as psilocybin, mescaline and LSD (Leary et al., 1963; Leary et al., 1964).
		The key to understanding the content of a psychedelic experience as formulated by Timothy Leary, Frank Barron and colleagues in the early days of the Harvard Psilocybin Research Project, was the “set-and-setting” hypothesis: that the content of a psychedelic experience is not so much a function of pharmacology, i.e.
		Psilocybin, the psychoactive principle of Mexican visionary mushroom, was tried in the treatment of recidivst offenders (Leary et al., 1965); and is currently being tested as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders (Delgado and Mereno, 1998).
	www.greenearthfound.org /psychedelic.html (7691 words)

	TimothyLeary.us - Dr. Timothy Leary Ph.D. Works
		Leary's research at Harvard with psychedelics led him to believe that use of these substances under specific circumstances could help suspend and, in some cases, reprogram a variety of troublesome behaviors (including alcoholism and "personality" disorders).
		His group's most famous research project along these lines was the Concord State Reformatory Rehabilitation Study conducted in 1961 and 1962.
		The study showed a significant reduction of the recidivism rate of repeat offenders who took psilocybin with the guidance of Leary and company.
	www.timothyleary.us /learyworks.html (591 words)

	The Free Information Society - Timothy Leary Biography
		He consumed psilocybin mushrooms while he was in Mexico in 1960 and returned to Harvard in order to initiate the Harvard Psilocybin Project with his old friend Frank Barron.
		The group was allowed to administer psilocybin to prisoners at the Concord state prison.
		However, Harvard became very suspicious of Timothy's activities and required extensive supervision of his research, particularly the administration of drugs to students.
	www.freeinfosociety.com /site.php?postnum=88 (1310 words)

	Timothy Leary St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture - Find Articles
		When he arrived in the fall of 1959, he was nearing 40 and was at the bottom rung of the academic ladder, but he proved to be a popular lecturer, charming his students and faculty members alike.
		He had come up with an inspired study to test psilocybin's efficacy in effecting behavioral change: he would give the drug to inmates at Concord State Prison, and monitor the change in values and recidivism rate of the test group.
		And if psilocybin could do that to hard-core cons, imagine what it was doing to the members of the psilocybin project." After the Harvard Crimson (the school newspaper) published a series of articles in which Leary was taken to task for his sloppy science, the long-brewing conflict came to a head.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200701 (855 words)

	The Strange Case of the Harvard Drug Scandal
		The man dismissed was Dr. Richard Alpert, a young psychologist, member of Harvard's Social Relations department and son of George Alpert, former president of the New Haven Railroad.
		Shortly after his appointment to the Harvard faculty in 1958, Alpert had become interested in the psychological effects of a group of drugs that have since been well publicized: the hallucinogens or psychotomimetics—substances producing hallucinations and peculiar changes of consciousness when taken by normal persons.
		The appointments of both Alpert and Leary were to expire on June 30, l963, and Harvard's governing body—the Corporation—had voted not to renew their terms.
	www.psychedelic-library.org /look1963.htm (4402 words)

	Erowid Timothy Leary Vault
		When he returned to Harvard he began the Harvard Psilocybin Project, studying the effects of psilocybin on humans.
		As part of the project he, along with Richard Alpert and Ralph Metzner, gave psilocybin to a series of volunteers including Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady, and Arthur Koestler, among others.
		In 1963, he and Richard Alpert were fired from their positions at Harvard after which they both lived at Millbrook for a time.
	www.erowid.org /culture/characters/leary_timothy/leary_timothy.shtml (482 words)

	Timothy Leary Birthday and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He returned to Harvard and teamed up with Richard Alpert and other associates to begin the Harvard Psilocybin Project, which involved researching the effects of psilocybin and LSD.
		The project became extremely contraversial and they were asked to leave Harvard in 1963.
		Just a couple years after leaving Harvard, Leary began having trouble with the law and ended up in jail several times, eventually escaping prison and fleeing the country.
	www.sudokudaily.net /puzzle/archive/?id=1542 (176 words)

	Green Earth Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Condemned by the Catholic church and driven underground, the mushroom cult re-appeared in mainstream Western culture through an article in LIFE magazine in 1957 by the legendary ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson, who wrote about his participation in a mushroom ceremony with a Mazatec sage woman healer named Maria Sabina.
		The psychoactive principle of the visionary mushroom was identified as psilocybin by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD.
		Psilocybin has beeen used as an adjunct to psychotherapy, prisoner rehabilitation, enhancement of creativity and catalyst for mystical experience; and is presently being studied as a treatment for OCD.
	www.greenearthfound.org /new__sacred_mushroom_of_visions.html (538 words)

	Tymothy Leary: ZoomInfo Business People Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Upon his return to Harvard in 1960, Leary and his associates, notably Dr. Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass), began the Harvard Psilocybin Project conducting research into the effects of psilocybin and later LSD with graduate students.
		Leary and Alpert were dismissed from Harvard in 1963.
		Their colleagues were uneasy about the nature of their research, and powerful parents began complaining to the university administration about the distribution of hallucinogens to their children.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Leary_Tymothy_817062133.htm (1274 words)

	Why Ram Dass Is Still Here -- Beliefnet.com
		This foray into acid blew Alpert's scientifically trained mind off its hinges and led to his founding, along with Leary, the Harvard Psilocybin Project--the first attempt to induce, quantify, and compare religious experiences, in a laboratory setting--and to becoming the first tenured professor in this century to be ousted by that institution.
		I was a distant, second-generation fan of Ram Dass' work (I was finishing kindergarten the year Alpert was fired from Harvard) when his editor contacted me in autumn 1998 to ask whether I would be interested in helping him finish his book on conscious aging and dying.
		The previous year, at 67, Ram Dass had suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage that placed 9-to-1 odds against his survival; he was confined to a wheelchair, suffered from severe verbal aphasia, and was physically incapable of writing.
	www.beliefnet.com /frameset.asp?boardID=2692&pageloc=/story/23/story_2361_1.html (405 words)

	Main Article
		A study conducted by Walter Pahnke back then under Leary's supervision (as part of Harvard's Psilocybin Project) showed that theology students given psilocybin (the active constituent of certain `sacred' mushrooms) had mystical experiences identical to the kinds of mystical experience attested to in religious scripture.
		Ethnomycologist Gordon Wasson, the first European to experience psilocybin during a native Mexican mushroom ceremony in 1955, was the first to offer the prescient idea that the Soma of the Rig Veda as mentioned by Nichols, was in fact the psychoactive Amanita muscaria mushroom (known to be used by Siberian shamans).
		In particular, it has been established that psychedelics as diverse in structure as psilocybin and mescaline (belonging to the chemical classes indolamine and phenethylamine respectively) are able to infiltrate and thus influence serotonergic neurons known as 5-HT2 receptors.
	www.island.org /prescience/MainArt.htm (4179 words)

	Unanswered Questions from Huxley's Experiments
		In one of several remembrances of Aldous appearing in this volume, Osmond comments that the finest praise one could receive came in his expression, "How absolutely incredible!" Well, after about an hour and a half into the experience, Aldous noticed he was "not looking now at an unusual flower arrangement.
		Over the next decade, there were to be nine other tries -- two more with mescaline, one with morning glory seeds (8 of them), two with psilocybin and four with LSD.
		psilocybin, and was observed: "No. 11 sat in contemplative calm throughout; occasionally produced relevant epigrams; reported experience was an edifying philosophic experience."
	www.island.org /ive/1/staff1.html (1486 words)

	http
		Timothy Leary was in charge of psychology at Kaiser in Oakland and had a degree from the University of California.
		Involved with the Zihuatanejo Project, the IFIF (The International Foundation for Internal Freedom) and the Castalia Organization at Millbrook, all of which were attempts to realize a psychedelic utopia as presented in Island by Aldous Huxley, and Glass Bead Game by Herrman Hesse.
		Disillusioned with the failure of these utopist projects, he travels to India in 1967 and encounters his spiritual teacher, Neem Karoli Baba.
	www.newsmakingnews.com /ramdaas7.8.00.htm (5053 words)

	Timothy Leary Tribute Part 1
		Upon his return to Harvard that fall, Leary and his associates, notably Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass), began a research program known as the Harvard Psilocybin Project.
		The goal was to analyze the effects of psilocybin on human subjects using a synthesized version of the drug--one of two active compounds in the so-called Mexican mushroom--that was produced according to a recipe concocted by Albert Hoffman, a research chemist at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals.
		Their colleagues were uneasy about the nature of their research, and some parents complained to the university administration about the distribution of hallucinogens to their students.
	60sfurther.com /Tao-Guides-Leary.htm (1781 words)

	Erowid Library/Bookstore : 'Sacred Mushroom of Visions' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Teonanacatl was the name given to the visionary mushrooms used in ancient Mesoamerican shamanic ceremonies, mushrooms that contain psilocybin, the psychoactive agent identified by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD.
		It provides firsthand accounts of studies performed in the controversial Harvard Psilocybin Project, including the Concord Prison study and the Good Friday study.
		It also details how psilocybin has been used since the 1960s in psychotherapy, prisoner rehabilitation, the enhancement of creativity, and the induction of mystical experiences and is being studied as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
	www.erowid.nl /library/books/sacred_mushroom_of.shtml (317 words)

	The Place For Trips Of The Mind-Bending Kind
		Foreign tourists are coming to Huautla to experience it on their own - to the dismay of the tribal priestesses who know it, and other hallucinogens, intimately.
		For centuries, the Mazatec Indians who live here have used psilocybin mushrooms in ceremonies combining Catholic and indigenous rituals, conducted only at night, before homemade altars adorned with 13 flickering candles and the images of saints.
		In the 1960's, thousands of Americans on psilocybin pilgrimages made their way up the newly built road to Huautla, a glorified goat path that climbs 45 miles and 378 hairpin turns from the two-lane highway below.
	www.mapinc.org /drugnews/v02/n882/a02.html?130612 (894 words)

	Psilocybin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The toxicity of psilocybin is relatively low; when administered intravenously in rabbits, Psilocybin's LD50 is approximately 12.5mg/kg.
		Mental and physical tolerance to psilocybin builds and dissipates quickly.
		The consumption may cause Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psilocybin (1808 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In May of 1963, Leary and Alpert were dismissed from Harvard after college authorities confirmed that undergraduates had shared in the researchers' drugs.
		According to another account, Leary was fired for not showing up to his classes while Alpert was fired for giving psilocybin to an undergraduate in an off campus apartment.
		He appeared as a Harvard professor in the episode Stagecoach of the TV show The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Timothy_Leary (6375 words)

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