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Topic: Harvestmen

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	Harvestmen
		Harvestmen, sometimes called harvest spiders, are often confused with the true spiders, but are easily distinguished from the latter by their globular body which has no obvious constriction or 'waist' between the front section (the cephalothorax or prosoma) and the hind section (the abdomen or opisthosoma).
		Harvestmen possess the usual arachnid appendages - chelicerae (jaws) and palps (leg-like sensory structures) at the front, and four pairs of walking legs articulated to the cephalothorax.
		Harvestmen feed on a wide range of living and dead animal matter, mainly comprised of small invertebrates (insect larvae, mites, young spiders, etc., or their dead remains), although they sometimes also attack juicy plant matter, primarily for its water content.
	www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk /harvestmen.htm (402 words)

	Good Bug, Bad Bug: Harvestmen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Harvestmen, or Daddy-longlegs, are sometimes mistaken as spiders, but are actually a different kind of arachnid, more closely related to mites and ticks.
		Harvestmen are generally nocturnal and solitary, although occasionally they may be found in groups with legs entwined in protected areas such as holes in trees.
		Harvestmen are generally leisurely in their movements, but can move rapidly when disturbed.
	www.bmi.net /roseguy/gbharvst.html (602 words)

	Leiobunum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Harvestmen are often called “daddy” (or granddaddy) longlegs” inviting confusion with similarly long-legged spiders in the family Pholcidae.
		Mite harvestmen are found in leaf litter or caves and five species are known from North America north of Mexico.
		Harvestmen are famous for their exceedingly long legs (although some have short legs).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310LeiobunumLab.html (3266 words)

	Berkshire Taconic :: Diversity of life
		Harvestmen are not spiders, but because they have eight legs, they are arachnids, just as spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions are arachnids.
		Harvestmen have a pore on either side of their body that secrets a foul-smelling liquid that deters predators.
		Harvestmen have also been known to suck juices from fruits and berries.
	www.lastgreatplaces.org /berkshire/diversity/spc064.html (220 words)

	Harvestmen of Kentucky - University of Kentucky Entomology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Harvestmen are members of the class Arachnida, which also includes spiders, scorpions, and mites.
		Harvestmen are sometimes a nuisance around buildings where they congregate by the dozens, but they are not harmful to humans, animals, buildings, or crops.
		During warm months, harvestmen are extremely common on the shady sides of buildings, underneath eaves, in crawl spaces, and on trees, and they are found in both rural and urban environments.
	uky.edu /Agriculture/CritterFiles/casefile/relatives/daddy/daddy.htm (798 words)

	Harvestmen
		Harvestmen do look a lot like spiders, but they are actually very different.
		The best known harvestmen have very long legs (that is why they are also known as daddy long legs), but there are species with 'ordinary' legs as well.
		Harvestmen can be found everywhere, not just on trees or walls.
	www.gardensafari.net /english/harvestmen.htm (512 words)

	Stilt walker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are a lot of different kinds of harvestmen in the world—3500 species in all—some not in the least resembling the few species we find in New England.
		Harvestmen need and seek moisture, and for this reason have been described as having an undying thirst.
		Harvestmen are vulnerable and have only a few effective means of protecting themselves.
	www.microscopy-uk.net /mag/artjul98/bastilt.html (1035 words)

	The Rhynie Chert Harvestmen
		Today harvestmen are a common and widespread group and tend to live in cool, damp terrestrial habitats such as in plant litter or wetland.
		This suggests the Rhynie fossils are either representatives of the eupnoid group of harvestmen or an extinct sister taxon, either way they are unequivocally members of the harvestman crown-group.
		The well developed branching trachea in Eophalangium sheari indicates the Rhynie harvestmen, like their modern counterparts, were unequivocally terrestrial animals; and is the earliest known example of this type of air-breathing apparatus in arachnids.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /rhynie/harvestmen.htm (922 words)

	[No title]
		Harvestmen belong to a group of animals known as 'arachnids', these are animals that have 8 legs.
		Harvestmen have only one part to their body (unlike spiders which have two body parts).
		Harvestmen are usually easy to find around harvest time (early autumn) and this is how they get their name.
	www.wildlifetrust.org.uk /urbanwt/education/wildlifeeducationwebsite/harvestmen.htm (316 words)

	The Provincial Museum of Alberta: Invertebrate Zoology - Bug Facts - Harvestmen, Daddy-long-legs
		Harvestmen are found throughout the world, but Phalangium opilio is restricted to North America, Europe and temperate Asia.
		Harvestmen feed on a wide variety of things, including small insects and other invertebrates, dead animals and plants, They can be found in a wide variety of habitats, including forests, brushy areas, open grasslands and even disturbed areas.
		Trying to identify the species of harvestmen that occur in Alberta is beyond the scope of this article.
	www.pma.edmonton.ab.ca /natural/insects/bugsfaq/daddyspd.htm (381 words)

	Arachnida
		Arachnida is a large class of chelicerate arthropods (segmented, jointed-limbed animals) including orders Araneae (SPIDERS), Scorpiones (SCORPIONS), Opiliones (harvestmen), Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions), Solifugae (wind scorpions) and Acari (MITES and TICKS).
		Ticks, pseudoscorpions and harvestmen are transcontinental north to the TREELINE, excluding arctic regions.
		Many arachnids are predators of other arthropods, although some harvestmen feed on dead organic matter; ticks are parasites of vertebrates, and mites have diverse feeding habits.
	thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000264 (189 words)

	Berkeley Daily Planet
		Spiders are predators; harvestmen eat plant matter and carrion as well as living prey.
		Rick Vetter, an arachnologist at UC Riverside and a gold mine of spider lore, says there’s a widespread belief that harvestmen are deadly poisonous but can’t inflict lethal damage because their fangs are too short.
		Six of the seven microblind harvestmen have a measure of federal protection: they’re covered in an omnibus Recovery Plan for Serpentine Soil Species, along with a couple dozen plants, a checkerspot butterfly, and a longhorn moth.
	www.berkeleydailyplanet.com /text/article.cfm?issue=10-04-05&storyID=22459 (1024 words)

	Phalangium opilio
		Harvestmen differ from most mites by their larger size and by having the posterior body section distinctly segmented.
		Harvestmen are often common in crops such as corn, alfalfa, small grains, potatoes, cabbage, strawberries, and apple in most temperate regions of the world.
		Harvestmen will feed on many soft bodied arthropods in crops, including aphids, caterpillars, leafhoppers, beetle larvae, mites, and small slugs.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/predators/phalangium_opilio.html (629 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Scotland \| Oldest fossilised genitals found
		Preserved within the male fossil was a penis two-thirds the length of its body and a female was also found to have a long egg-laying organ known as an ovipositor.
		The fossils of the harvestmen arachnids were among many animals and plants trapped in silica deposited by hot springs between 400 and 412 million years ago.
		Along with crane flies, harvestmen are popularly known as "daddy-long-legs".
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/scotland/3117958.stm (313 words)

	Ecowatch - harvestman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Harvestmen usually have long delicate looking legs, large pedipalps and a single pair of eyes.
		Harvestmen are often found in small spaces near the ground in cool, temperate areas of Australia.
		Young harvestmen resemble small adults and hatch from eggs laid into cracks and crevices in the soil.
	www.ento.csiro.au /Ecowatch/Primary/arachnida/pages/harvestmen.htm (206 words)

	"Probably the Oldest" Penis Found in Spider Fossil
		The 400-million-year-old fossil organ belongs to a harvestmen or daddy longlegs, a non-web-spinning arachnid, related to mites and ticks.
		Fossils of both male and female harvestmen bearing genitals were first uncovered in 2001 by Dunlop and his team, in rocks from the village of Rhynie, near Aberdeen in Scotland.
		The female harvestmen has a genital opening in which the male deposits sperm in modern species and an ovipositor for laying eggs.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2003/10/1006_031006_fossilgenitals.html (838 words)

	Opiliones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Phalangids or Opiliones, (better known as "harvestmen" or "daddy longlegs") are eight-legged invertebrate animals belonging to the order Opiliones in the class Arachnida, in the subphylum Chelicerata of the phylum Arthropoda.
		The difference between harvestmen and spiders is that in harvestmen the two main body sections (the prosoma and opisthosoma) are nearly joined, so that they appear to be one structure.
		Harvestmen do not have poison or silk glands.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/opiliones (321 words)

	Cronaca: Oldest genitals found
		Preserved within a male is a penis two-thirds the length of his body, and on a female there is a long egg-laying organ known as an ovipositor.
		Dubbed daddy-long-legs along with crane flies, harvestmen are not formally classified as spiders because they do not spin webs.
		As well as genitals, the fossils have the oldest known arachnid respiratory system, suggesting harvestmen's ancestors had long since crawled out of the sea and learned to breathe.
	www.cronaca.com /archives/001477.html (161 words)

	harvestman
		Harvestmen, also called Daddy Longlegs, are not spiders, but they are close relatives.
		Harvestmen are very helpful to people since they eat huge amounts of insects and other
		The story that Harvestmen "have enough venom to kill a person, but their mouths aren't big enough to bite us" is a myth.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/harvestman.htm (280 words)

	Harvestmen
		Harvestmen don't spin webs and they don't produce venom.
		In the harvestmen these two parts are fused together as one.
		When attacked, harvestmen are able to shed a leg as a defensive trick.
	www.uksafari.com /harvestmen.htm (268 words)

	Natural History: Touchy Harvestmen - sexual behavior of daddy longlegs spiders
		To striped harvestmen, ground litter is a complex and unstable three-dimensional surface, and their progress over it seems difficult and slow.
		Therefore, harvestmen probably do not have the ability to memorize paths on the litter leading to and from a particular rock.
		Noticing a pair of striped harvestmen mating, he wondered whether this common daddy longlegs might be a good candidate.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_8_109/ai_65913173 (1530 words)

	Daddy long-legs -- Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine
		The elegant harvestmen are neither spiders nor insects.
		Although they resemble spiders, daddy long-legs, more correctly called harvestmen, are neither spiders nor insects.
		Taxonomically, they are arthropods, in the same class as spiders, Arachnida, but in a different order, Phalangida.
	www.wnrmag.com /stories/2000/jun00/daddy.htm (608 words)

	Harvestman - Daddy Longlegs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are, indeed, true spiders (order araneae) that are called "daddy longlegs", but those are spiders of the family Pholcidae, aka cellar spiders or vibrating spiders.
		Underneath is a pair of pedipalps, pincers used to grasp, tear and stuff food into its mouth, to fight other harvestmen, and to frequently clean its legs.
		About 1900 species of harvestmen are distributed over the world in forests, fields and other land habitats.
	www.cirrusimage.com /spider_daddylonglegs.htm (432 words)

	Arthropod-Harvestmen
		Harvestmen ("daddy long legs") are recognized as different from spiders by their fused abdomen and cephalothorax and long, stilt-like legs.
		In general, harvestmen are predatory, but scavenging is more important than in other arachnids, and many species feed on dead animal matter and pieces of fruits and vegetables.
		The more than 4,500 described species live in both temperate and tropical climates, and most prefer moist habitats such as leaf litter, fallen logs, humus and caves.
	bioweb.uwlax.edu /zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-7a/Arthropod-Harvestmen/arthropod-harvestmen.htm (98 words)

	Re: Please explain the following behavior.
		You could try trapping harvestmen from around your house or neighbourhood (I don't know what the most effective method would be, but you could try burying a glass jar up to its neck overnight - remember to let them go) to see where the individuals making up the mass go when they are not congregating.
		It would also be useful to determine if the mass was made up of males and females, or both, but this would be difficult to acheive, since it would require clsoe examination with a handlens or micrscope (depending on the size of the individuals).
		Harvestmen are fascinating animals, the order Opiliones is a large and diverse group of about 5,000-6,000 species.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/oct99/940993491.Zo.r.html (688 words)

	Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 4] Classes of Arthropod Pests of the Urban Community
		In the class Hexapoda are such important orders as silverfish, cockroaches, crickets and their allies, termites, thrips, lice, bugs, butterflies and moths, beetles, flies, fleas, and the bees, wasps, and ants.
		The harvestmen or daddylonglegs (figures 35 and 38) are distinguished most readily by their long, slender legs.
		The harvestmen easily lose their legs or parts of their legs, and cannot regenerate them.
	www.entomology.ucr.edu /ebeling/ebeling4.html (19289 words)

	Daddy-Long-Legs, HYG-2060B-04
		Daddy-long-legs, also known as harvestmen, are very commonly confused with spiders due to their general appearance and eight legs.
		During the fall, large numbers of harvestmen often are seen clustered together.
		Harvestmen commonly live among plants or on tree trunks.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/2000/2060B.html (539 words)

	Invertebrate Zoology - Arachnids - spiders, mites and harvestmen
		Research programs are concerned with the systematics, phylogeny and zoogeography of spiders (Araneae), harvestmen (Opiliones) mites (Acarina), particularly in relation to Australian fauna.
		In addition, spiders and other arachnids are an important component of biodiversity and evolutionary studies undertaken in conjunction with the Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Research and the Centre for Evolutionary Research.
		The spiders and harvestmen collections are the strongest areas with material from many parts of Australia including much Tasmanian a large type collection.
	www.amonline.net.au /invertebrates/ara/index.htm (155 words)

	Opiliones Q & A
		Harvestmen are arachnids (8-legged arthropods) but NOT spiders.
		Harvestmen do not produce silk (like spiders), have no fangs, and have one body part, not two as in spiders, nor three as in insects.
		Harvestmen or Opiliones can pinch the skin with their chelicerae (i.e., claws with a moveable finger like a crab claw) but seldom can penetrate human skin.
	www.arachnology.org /Arachnology/Pages/Opilio_QandA (1513 words)

	BioKIDS: Harvestmen (Opiliones) : Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Harvestmen have small round bodies with eight very long, very thin legs.
		Harvestmen eat very small invertebrates, and scavenge on larger dead ones and dead plant material.
		Harvestmen mate, and then the females lay eggs in nests or crevices or other hidden places.
	www.biokids.umich.edu /critters/information/Opiliones (331 words)

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