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Topic: Hassan Gouled Aptidon

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	Histoire de Djibouti, History of Djibouti
		Hassan Gouled et Mohamed Kamil, optèrent pour le "OUI".
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon pour assurer le pouvoir exécutif, et que le suffrage universel avait renouvelé le 2 juin 1981.
		Le Président Hassan Gouled Aptidon transmet par décret l'essentiel de ses pouvoirs à son neveu Ismäel Omar Guelleh en 1997.
	www.djiboutiweb.net /histoire.php (1040 words)

	Hassan Gouled Aptidon, 90, first president of Djibouti - The Boston Globe
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who became Djibouti's first leader after independence from French rule and who served as a mediator among warring neighbors in the Horn of Africa, died Nov. 21 at his home in the capital city of Djibouti.
		Gouled's greatest foray into diplomacy was his strong advocacy of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a multination group formed in the mid-1980s to combat drought that went on to tackle subregional economic and political development.
		Gouled became chairman of the group, whose secretariat is in Djibouti, and used his authority to become a regional peace broker.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/obituaries/articles/2006/12/01/hassan_gouled_aptidon_90_first_president_of_djibouti (488 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ismail Omar Guelleh
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon (born 1916), was the President of Djibouti (1977-1999) and Prime Minister between May and July, 1977.
		In 1981, Hassen Gouled Aptidon was elected as President of Djibouti.
		In 1999, President Hassan Gouled Aptidon's chief of staff, head of security, and key advisor for over 20 years, Ismail Omar Guelleh was elected to the Presidency as the RPP candidate.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ismail-Omar-Guelleh (569 words)

	Top Literature - Hassan Gouled Aptidon
		After the breakout of a civil war in 1991 he allowed for a constitutional referendum on multiparty politics in September 1992, with four parties being permitted; in the parliamentary elections held in December 1992, however, only two parties competed, and the RPP won all 65 seats in the National Assembly.
		Gouled was reelected for a fourth term in May 1993 with 60.7% of the vote.
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon • Ahmed Dini Ahmed • Abdallah Mohamed Kamil • Barkat Gourad Hamadou ;• Dileita Mohamed Dileita
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon (244 words)

	Gouled Aptidon, Hassan - MSN Encarta
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1916-2006), first president of Djibouti (1977-1999).
		Born in the city of Djibouti, Gouled worked his way up from a child street peddler to become a leader of the Issa people, who constitute slightly more than half of Djibouti’s population.
		Gouled introduced a new constitution in 1992 and won Djibouti’s first multiparty presidential election in 1993.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761584035/Gouled_Aptidon_Hassan.html (232 words)

	Djibouti former president Hassan Gouled Aptidon died (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gouled stepped down after ruling Djibouti for 22 years and paving the way for Guelleh - then his chief of staff - to succeed him as president.
		When he entered politics in 1947, Gouled wanted Djibouti to remain part of France, and after his political party was banned in 1967 he began a peaceful campaign for independence, eventually achieving his aim in June 1977.
		The latter years of Gouled's unbroken 22-year rule were rocked by sporadic violence, as government forces clashed with the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD).
	www.ethrev.com /2006/nov/11222006_hassan_gouled_aptidon_died.html (328 words)

	Atlas - Djibouti Map
		In 1981, Hassen Gouled Aptidon was elected President of Djibouti.
		In 1999, President Hassan Gouled Aptidon’s chief of staff, head of security, and key adviser for over 20 years, Ismail Omar Guelleh was elected to the presidency as the RPP candidate.
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon became the nation’s first president.
	map.freegk.com /djibouti/djibouti.php (2118 words)

	Djibouti Flag,Djibouti Map, Djibouti Culture : SphereInfo.com
		In 1977, the French agreed to withdraw and the country achieved independence with Hassan Gouled Aptidon as president.
		Gouled resigned in the spring of 1999 after 22 years before the presidential election of Djibouti.
		Gouled’s nephew and former security chief, Ismail Omar Guelleh, replaced him and comfortably won the April 1999 poll.
	www.sphereinfo.com /djibouti (550 words)

	Hassan Gouled Aptidon \| The Guardian \| Guardian Unlimited
		The death at the age of 90 of Hassan Gouled Aptidon marks the end of an era in the small east African country of Djibouti.
		In his 22 years in power, from 1977 to 1999, his shrewd navigation in the turbulent politics of the Horn of Africa brought the republic from an uncertain future at the moment of independence to a position of regional linchpin and headquarters of the regional grouping IGADD (Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development).
		One of Gouled's main tasks was coping, not always successfully, with internal tensions between the majority Issas and the minority Afars, and in 1981 he was obliged to introduce a one-party state under his own Rassemblement Populaire pour le Progrès (RPP), for which he was returned unopposed in presidential elections in 1987.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,,1963902,00.html (556 words)

	Gouled Aptidon Hassan - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gouled Aptidon, Hassan (1916-2006), first President of Djibouti (1977-1999).
		Hassan II, full name Moulay Hassan (1929-1999), King of Morocco (1961-1999), born in Rabat on July 9, 1929, the son of Mohammed V. Hassan received...
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon Hassan Gouled Aptidon Hassan Gouled Aptidon (Somali: Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Gouled_Aptidon_Hassan.html (173 words)

	Hassan Gouled Aptidon -Comment-Obituaries-TimesOnline (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon led his country’s independence struggle and was the first ruler of Djibouti after it gained independence from France in 1977.
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon was born in 1916, in a village in the Lughaya district of what was then French Somaliland.
		Gouled played a prominent part in a continuing independence campaign, at the head of the Ligue Populaire Africaine pour l’Indépendance (LPAI), and in another referendum in May 1977, the vote was clearly in favour of it.
	property.timesonline.co.uk /article/0,,60-2478137,00.html (1182 words)

	Hassan Gouled Aptidon - Definition, explanation
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon (born 1916), was the President of Djibouti (1977 - 1999) and Prime Minister between May and July, 1977.
		After the breakout of a civil war in 1991 he allowed for partially free elections in 1992; just four parties were allowed to participate, excluding the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD), which had started the war.
		The RPP won 72% of the vote, and Aptidon was reelected for a fourth term in 1993.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/h/ha/hassan_gouled_aptidon.php (175 words)

	OGADEN ONLINE:The official homepage of Ogaden on the Internet
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon who was a president of the Republic of Djibouti of 1977 to 1999, is yesterday deceased in the night at the 90 years age.
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon is deceased on November 21 at the 90 years age.
		Born in 1916 in Guérissa, Hassan Gouled Aptidon was the first president of the Republic of Djibouti of 1977 to 1999.
	www.ogaden.com /Djnws21Nov06.htm (249 words)

	Hassan Gouled Aptidon, First President Of Djibouti - washingtonpost.com
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who became Djibouti's first leader after it achieved independence from French rule and served as a mediator among warring neighbors in the Horn of Africa, died Nov. 21 at his home in the capital city of Djibouti.
		Gouled's greatest foray into diplomacy was his strong advocacy of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), a multi-nation group formed in the mid-1980s to combat drought that went on to tackle subregional economic and political development.
		Gouled became chairman of IGAD, whose secretariat is in Djibouti, and used his authority to become a regional peace broker.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/29/AR2006112901450.html (891 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		DJIBOUTI - Former Djibouti president Hassan Gouled Aptidon, the country's first ruler after independence from France in 1977, has died at his home after a long illness, a member of his family said Wednesday.
		Approximately 90 years old, Gouled was buried within hours of his death Tuesday before a large crowd, in keeping with Muslim tradition.
		Gouled stepped down after ruling Djibouti for 22 years and paving the way for Guelleh -- then his chief of staff -- to succeed him as president.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english/?id=18427=18427&format=0 (368 words)

	Hassan Gouled, 90, President of Djibouti - November 30, 2006 - The New York Sun
		Hassan Gouled, 90, President of Djibouti - November 30, 2006 - The New York Sun
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who led the tiny African naiton of Djibouti for more than 20 years as the first president after independence from France, died November 21.
		Gouled installed an authoritarian one-party state dominated by his own Issa clan when he took power in 1977, but resentment from the Afar group erupted into a civil war in the early 1990s.
	www.nysun.com /article/44407 (357 words)

	Djibouti's ex-president dies: Africa: News: News24
		Djibouti - Former Djibouti president Hassan Gouled Aptidon, the country's first ruler after independence from France in 1977, has died at his home after a long illness, says a member of his family.
		Approximately 90 years old, Aptidon was buried within hours of his death on Tuesday before a large crowd, in keeping with Muslim tradition.
		Aptidon stepped down after ruling Djibouti for 22 years and paving the way for Guelleh - then his chief of staff - to succeed him as president.
	www.news24.com /News24/Africa/News/0,9294,2-11-1447_2034273,00.html (261 words)

	A short history of Djibouti (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He is succeeded in 1958 by his co-partisan Hassan Gouled Aptidon.
		In 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon of the Ligue Populaire Africaine pour l'Indépendance (African People's League for Independence, LPAI) becomes prime minister.
		It forms a coalition with the Frount pour la Restauration de l'Unité et de la Démocratie (Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy, FRUD) in 1997.
	www.electionworld.org /history/djibouti.htm (295 words)

	First President of Djibouti, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, dies at age 90
		DJIBOUTI CITY, Djibouti- Hassan Gouled Aptidon, the first President of the Republic of Djibouti, died Tuesday.
		Aptidon served as Prime Minister of Djibouti from May 18, 1977 until July 12, 1977 when he was elevated to the office of President of Djibouti and was elected to three more terms.
		Aptidon was succeeded by his nephew Ismail Omar Guelleh, the current President, in 1999.
	www.hiiraan.com /news2/2006/nov/first_president_of_djibouti,_hassan_gouled_aptidon,_dies_at_age_90_.aspx (330 words)

	Obituaries \| Death Notices \| Newspaper Obituaries \| Online Obituaries \| Newspaper Death Notices \| Online Death Notices
		DJIBOUTI (AP) - Former President Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who led this tiny African country for more than 20 years as the first president after independence from France, has died.
		Gouled died Nov. 21 at his home in the capital, also called Djibouti, after a long illness, according to state media.
		Gouled installed an authoritarian one-party state dominated by his own Issa clan when he took power in 1977, but resentment from the Afar group erupted into a civil war in the early 1990s.
	legacy.com /Obituaries.asp?Page=APStory&Id=12144 (256 words)

	Hassan Gouled, 90, Who Led Djibouti, Is Dead - New York Times
		DJIBOUTI, Nov. 22 (Agence France-Presse) — Hassan Gouled Aptidon, the first president of Djibouti, who was in office for 22 years after independence from France in 1977, died Tuesday at his home.
		Gouled wanted Djibouti to remain part of France, but after his political party was banned in 1967 he began a peaceful campaign for independence, which succeeded in June 1977.
		Gouled’s unbroken 22-year presidency were rocked by sporadic violence, as government forces clashed with the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy, a rebel movement composed of Afars, the country’s second most powerful ethnic group after Mr.
	www.nytimes.com /2006/11/23/world/africa/23aptidon.html?ex=1321938000&en=76f03227e4e4dfbe&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss (359 words)

	Agence djiboutienne d'information
		Mais Hassan Gouled qui avait derrière lui une longue carrière politique commencée dans les années qui ont suivi la seconde guerre mondiale n’était pas homme à livrer son pays aux appétits de ses gros voisins.
		Alors que les conflits se succèdent dans la région, Hassan Gouled ouvre les portes de son havre de paix à des populations entières jetées sur les routes de l’exode par la stupidité de leurs dirigeants.
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon est donc parti pour sa dernière demeure à quatre-vingt-dix ans, après une vie bien remplie et un destin exceptionnel.
	www.adi.dj /archives/adi1106/adi91D221106.htm (525 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hassan Gouled as a true friend of Ethiopia who laid a firm foundation of cooperation and friendship between our two countries.
		The late Gouled Aptidon's role in the formation and growth of the Inter-governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), his active engagement in regional affairs and his efforts in peace making will always be remembered, Meles said.
		The late Gouled Aptidon, elected as the first Djiboutian President in 1977,passed away at the age of 90.
	www.erta.gov.et /textnews/engnews/2006EngNews/November/NovWeek3/condolesence21-11-06.htm (175 words)

	Hassan Gouled Aptidon Article, HassanGouledAptidon Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon (born 1916), was the President of Djibouti (1977 - 1999) and Prime Minister between May and July, 1977.
		After the breakout of a civil war in 1991 he allowed for partially freeelections in 1992; just four parties were allowed to participate, not including the party that had started the war, the Front forthe Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD).
		The RPP won 72% of the vote, and Aptidon was reelected for a fourth term in1993.
	www.anoca.org /he/party/hassan_gouled_aptidon.html (212 words)

	Djibouti: history (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hassan Gouled Aptidon, main leader of the African League for Independence, became President of the fledgling Republic.
		Gouled skilfully administered his country, playing upon its only valuable resource: its strategic position at the mouth of the Red Sea.
		On September 26, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17 opponents to the Gouled regime were abducted and made prisoners of the Djibouti regime.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=10 (1727 words)

	Lonely Planet's Guide to Djibouti
		During Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait, Hassan Gouled played a tricky double game - giving lip service in opposition to the military buildup (Djibouti had signed a military pact with Iraq only a few months previously), while allowing France to considerably increase its military forces in Djibouti.
		The people approved a new constitution at a 1992 referendum, and a peace accord was finally signed in 1994 despite simmering ethnic hostilities, particularly in the north and in border regions.
		Hassan Gouled systematically quashed the rebels, and after winning the election turned his attentions to the Isaak-Somalis, who wanted their own breakaway republic of Somaliland recognised.
	aolsvc.travel.aol.com /travel/lonely_planet/africa/djibouti/history.html (776 words)

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