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Topic: Hassaniya Arabic

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	Mauritania - Ethnic Groups and Languages
		Hassaniya is derived from the beduin Arabic spoken by the Bani Hassan tribe, who extended their authority over most of the Mauritanian Sahara between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.
		Hassaniya is not closely related to other North African variants of Arabic, probably because the Arab invaders of this southwestern portion of the Sahara remained relatively isolated from the great Berber tribes of the northern Sahara.
		The primary differences among the numerous dialects of Hassaniya are phonetic.
	countrystudies.us /mauritania/28.htm (513 words)

	Hassaniya - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Though clearly a western dialect, Ḥassānīya is relatively distant from other North African variants of Arabic; its geographical isolation exposed it to influence from Zenaga and Wolof, and insulated it from the influence of northern Berber languages and Romance languages.
		All phonemes of Classical Arabic are represented in the dialect, but new phonemes are numerous, too.
		As in most western Arabic dialects, etymological short vowels are generally dropped in open syllables (except for the feminine noun ending /-a/): */tak.tu.biː/ > /təktbi/ 'you (f.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Hassaniya (855 words)

	Hassaniya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hassānīya is an Arabic dialect originally spoken by the Beni Hassān Bedouin tribes, who extended their authority over most of Mauritania and the Western Sahara between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.
		Today Hassaniya is spoken by inhabitants of Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Senegal and the Western Sahara.
		Hassaniya, the Arabic of Mauritania, Al-Any, Riyadh S. / In: Studies in linguistics; vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hassaniya (903 words)

	hassaniya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The long vowels are the same as in Classical Arabic, and the short ones extend this by one:.
		As in most western Arabic dialects, etymological short vowels are generally dropped in open syllables (except for the feminine noun ending): * > 'you (f.
		Hassaniya Arabic (Mali) : Poetic and Ethnographic Texts, Heath, Jeffrey; Kaye, Alan S. / In: Journal of Near Eastern studies; vol.
	www.zincalloys.com /wiki/?title=Hassaniya (772 words)

	Arabic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Arabic is a major source of vocabulary for languages as diverse as Berber, Kurdish, Persian, Swahili, Urdu, Hindi (especially the spoken variety), Turkish, Malay, and Indonesian, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.
		The Qur'an is expressed in Arabic and traditionally Muslims deem it impossible to translate in a way that would adequately reflect its exact meaning—indeed, until recently, some schools of thought maintained that it should not be translated at all.
		While Arabic is strongly associated with Islam (and is the language of salah, prayer), it is also spoken by Arab Christians, Mizrahi Jews, and smaller sects such as Iraqi Mandaeans.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Arabic_language.htm (4137 words)

	Arabic language
		Arabic is a major source of vocabulary for languages as diverse as Berber, Kurdish, Persian, Swahili, Urdu, Hindi (especially the spoken variety), Bengali, Turkish, Malay, and Indonesian, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.
		Arabic-based pidgins, with a small largely Arabic vocabulary lacking most Arabic morphological features, are or have been widespread along the southern edge of the Sahara; the medieval geographer al-Bakri records a text in one (in a place probably corresponding to modern Mauritania) in the 11th century.
		For Egyptian Arabic and Moroccan Arabic, the effect is sometimes described as half as powerful as an emphatic consonant, as a vowel with uvular consonants on both sides is affected similarly to having an emphatic consonant on one side.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Arabic.html (8268 words)

	Home > Hauppauge, New York, NY, 11749, Hauppauge Real Estate, Hauppauge Yellow Pages, Hauppauge Classifieds, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maltese, though descended from Arabic, is considered to be a separate language and is in fact written with Latin letters.
		Arabic-based pidgins, with a small largely Arabic vocabulary lacking most Arabic morphological features, are or have been widespread along the southern edge of the Sahara; the medieval geographer al-Bakri records a text in one (in a place probably corresponding to modern Mauritania) in the 11th century.
		For Egyptian Arabic and Moroccan Arabic, the effect is sometimes described as half as powerful as an emphatic consonant, as a vowel with uvular consonants on both sides is affected similarly to having an emphatic consonant on one side.
	www.hauppaugenyus.com /info/Varieties_of_Arabic (4478 words)

	Hassaniya Information
		Though clearly a western dialect, Ḥassānīya is relatively distant from other North African variants of Arabic; its geographical isolation exposed it to influence from Zenaga and Wolof, and insulated it from the influence of northern Berber languages and Romance languages.
		All phonemes of Classical Arabic are represented in the dialect, but new phonemes are numerous, too.
		As in most western Arabic dialects, etymological short vowels are generally dropped in open syllables (except for the feminine noun ending /-a/): */tak.tu.biː/ > /təktbi/ 'you (f.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Hassaniya (821 words)

	African Languages
		Modern Standard Arabic is the official language, used in public, official, formal and written contexts, while colloquial dialects of Arabic are spoken s a mother tongue and used in informal contexts by the majority of the population.
		Arabic is spoken by 12 percent of the population, chiefly by traders from Yemen.
		Arabic is the sole official language, and the native language of the vast majority of the 5.2 million citizens (1995 estimate).
	chora.virtualave.net /afrilang1.html (10097 words)

	Mauritania: Religions & Peoples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Moors speak Hassaniya Arabic, which is a form of Arabic with many Berber words.
		Hassaniya Arabic is one of Mauritania's 2 official languages.
		Both French and Arabic are widely used in schools and universties, as well as in media and administration.
	i-cias.com /e.o/mauritania_4.htm (262 words)

	Wikipedia: Varieties of Arabic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These are the Arabic languages and dialects that native speakers learn at home, rather than at school; Arabic is a diglossic language.
		Maltese, though descended from Arabic, is considered to be a separate language and is in fact written with Latin letters.
		Later, in 1994, Abdelaziz Pasha Fahmi, a member of the Academy of the Arabic Language in Egypt proposed the replacement of the Arabic alphabet with the Latin alphabet.
	en.pediax.org /Arabic_languages (4293 words)

	Maghreb Arabic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maghreb arabic is a dialect of Arabic spoken in the Maghreb, including Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya.
		Speakers of Maghreb Arabic call their language Derija or Darija, which means "dialect." Derija is characterized by many borrowings from the languages of the colonizers of North Africa, including France and Spain.
		It frequently combines French and Spanish roots with Arabic endings to form words; since it is not written, there is no standard and it is free to change quickly and to rapidly pick up new vocabulary from neighboring languages.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Maghreb_Arabic (234 words)

	Mauritania
		Hassaniya Arabic is the language of the Moors, spoken in a triangle between Southern Morocco, the Senegal river and Timbuktu.
		It differs from Modern Standard Arabic to the extent, that other Arabs, with the possible exception of Moroccans, Algerians and Tunisians, find it difficult to understand.
		In many sources, H. almost is described as a creole of Arabic and Zenaga, which is a large exaggeration of the Berber element.
	hjem.get2net.dk /joachim_jacobsen/maurit.htm (600 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Mauritania
		Hassaniya, a mainly oral Berber-influenced Arabic dialect which derives its name from the Beni Hassan tribe, became the dominant language among the largely nomadic population.
		Moreover, the government took measures in November 1978 that favored Arabic as the sole language in Mauritania's secondary schools, further fueling accusations of economic and political discrimination.
		The God preached by Muhammad was known to his countrymen, for Allah is the general Arabic term for the supreme being rather than the name of a particular deity.
	www.rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/mauritania.html (8373 words)

	Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Hassaniya speak one of the purest Arabic languages, perhaps being the closest to classical Arabic.
		The Hassaniya Arabs are among the poorest of the poor.
		Arabic, Hassaniya (Maure, Mauri, Moor, Sulaka, Hasanya, Hassani, Hassaniyya) {MEY} 1,800,000 in Mauritania, 66% of the population (1991); 150,000 in Algeria (1995); 40,000 in Morocco (1995); 5,000 in Senegal (1993); 106,000 in Mali (1991); 127,400 in Niger (1991); 2,230,000 in all countries.
	www.peopleteams.org /hassaniyaarabs/default.htm (297 words)

	Strategic Resource Group
		Hassaniya Arabic (a Moorish dialect of Arabic) is the official language, and Fulfulde, Wolof, Soninke, and French are also widely spoken.
		The descendants of the Arabs became the upper stratum of Mauritanian society, and Arabic gradually displaced Berber dialects as the language of the country.
		There are many barriers to change – low literacy, no Scriptures completed in Hassaniya Arabic, only a few local radio broadcasts from Sénégal, and laws that forbid Mauritanians from converting to Christ.
	www.srginc.org /mauritania.html (1981 words)

	Hassaniya Translation Service - English to Hassaniya Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		You probably don't speak Hassaniya yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		To ensure our translators keep abreast of the language our Hassaniya translators live in-county and translate into their mother tongue.
		Professional translators whose native language is English and speak fluent Hassaniya perform our Hassaniya to English translation.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/Hassaniya_translation.shtml/?source=germanfreelance (474 words)

	Western Sahara
		A mixture of indigenous Berbers and Arabic tribes the Saharawi peoples' direct ancestors can be traced back to the XVth century when tribes from the Yemen crossed North Africa establishing themselves in the region later to be known as the Western Sahara.
		Later, the acceptance of Islam by the berbers and the increasing strength of the arabic culture gave the tribes people a predominantly Arabic bias.
		As a result of this mixture of tribes the Saharawi people and culture was born.
	us-africa.tripod.com /sahara.html (623 words)

	Ethnologue: Morocco
		ARABIC, JUDEO-MOROCCAN [AJU] 18,000 in Morocco, including 12,000 in Casablanca (1985 J. Chetrit); 250,000 in Israel (1992 H. Mutzafi); 268,000 in all countries.
		The younger generation in Morocco uses French as mother tongue, and their Arabic is closer to Moroccan Arabic than to Judeo-Arabic.
		Southwestern Morocco, from coast south to Ifni and north to near Agadir, northeast to outskirts of Marrakech, and east to Draa, including the valley of the Sous, and south near the border.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Moro.html (618 words)

	Spoken or Colloquial Arabic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		"Colloquial Arabic" is a collective term for the spoken languages or dialects of people throughout the Arab world which differ radically from the literary language.
		Maltese (link to page), though descended from Arabic, is considered a separate language.
		Although related to each other, Arabic dialects are not always mutually understandable.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/arabic/spoken_arabic.shtml (297 words)

	Mauritania - CHANGING SOCIAL PATTERNS
		At independence, Hassaniya Arabic was given "national" language status, while French remained an "official" language.
		In 1966, however, the government made Hassaniya Arabic an official language along with French and required that Arabic be taught in secondary schools, a requirement that brought protests from Mauritania's fls.
		In the late 1980s, fls continued to protest against the compulsory study of Arabic and complained that their lack of proficiency in the language was used to block their advancement in the bureaucracy and military.
	countrystudies.us /mauritania/40.htm (1361 words)

	Mauritania (12/06)
		Languages: Arabic (official), Hassaniya (Arabic dialect), French, Pulaar, Wolof, and Soninke.
		Hassaniya, a mainly oral, Berber-influenced Arabic dialect that derives its name from the Beni Hassan tribe, became the dominant language among the largely nomadic population.
		Moors reacted to this change by trying to Arabicize much of Mauritanian life, such as law and language.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5467.htm (2294 words)

	Mauritania travel guide - Wikitravel
		Hassaniya Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (official), French
		Geographically part of the Maghreb, Mauritania borders Algeria, Senegal and Mali, along with the disputed territory of Western Sahara.
		Hassaniya Arabic is the language of the Moor majority, which numerous languages are spoken by Southern fls including Pulaar, the most widely spoken.
	wikitravel.org /en/Mauritania (689 words)

	YWAM Sahara - Saharawi
		The Saharawis are a sub-group, ethno-culturally speaking, of the beidan or Moors nomads of mixed Berber, Arab and fl African descent who speak a dialect of Arabic known as Hassaniya and live in the desert from the Oued Draa in southern Morocco to the valleys of the Niger and Senegal rivers.
		General literacy programs are present and centres for teachers' and nurses' training conducted in Arabic, Spanish and French.
		Main need is for the stabilisation of the political situation so that easier access may be gained for the placement of long-term workers in Western Sahara.
	www.gosahara.org /saharawi.html (1690 words)

	Operation World - Detailed Information
		Official Language Arabic; the Hassaniya dialect is used.
		Many are the barriers to change — low literacy, no Scriptures completed in Hassaniya Arabic, only a few local radio broadcasts from Senegal, and laws that forbid Mauritanians from hearing the gospel or converting to Christ.
		Ask the Lord to encourage and to increase the various Hassaniya speaking believers scattered through West Africa.
	www.gmi.org /ow/country/maua/owtext.html (929 words)

	Algeria - Guide to Language, Culture, Customs, Doing Business and Etiquette
		According to the census of 1966, Arabic is the language of 81% of Algeria's population; in addition to this, non-native speakers learn Arabic at school.
		Within Algerian Arabic itself, there are significant local variations; Jijel Arabic, in particular, is noteworthy for its pronunciation of qaf as kaf and its profusion of Berber loanwords, and certain ports' dialects show influence from Andalusi Arabic brought by refugees from al-Andalus.
		Algerian Arabic is part of the Maghreb Arabic dialect continuum, and fades into Moroccan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic along the respective borders.
	www.kwintessential.co.uk /resources/global-etiquette/algeria.html (1501 words)

	DER Filmmaker: Danielle Smith
		She has spent long periods in the Saharawi refugee camps in southwest Algeria, living as a member of a large extended family and teaching English at the Women's Vocational Centre.
		She has learnt Hassaniya, the arabic dialect spoken by the Saharawis and gained an intimate understanding of the culture and society.
		This guide is being developed to use in the classroom for students ranging from age 14 to 18.
	www.der.org /films/filmmakers/danielle-smith.html (430 words)

	Ethnologue: Algeria
		The Ouled Nail of Biskra speak Arabic, and are ethnically separate.
		Many men are bilingual in Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic.
		Tumzabt villages are interspersed among Arabic speaking villages.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Alge.html (608 words)

	Psychology of... Mauritania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Mauritania (Arabic: ÙÙØ±ÙØªØ§ÙÙØ§â transliteration: MÅ«rÄ«tÄniyÄ), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in northwest Africa.
		Many of the Berber tribes claimed Yemeni (and sometimes other Arab) origin: there is little evidence to suggest this, though some studies do make a connection between the two.
		[2] Hassaniya, a Berber-influenced Arabic dialect that derives its name from the Beni Hassan, became the dominant language among the largely nomadic population.
	www.psychologyof.com /wiki/Mauritania (2509 words)

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