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Topic: Haustoria

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	Gene Expression Profiles of Blumeria Graminis Indicate Dynamic Changes to Primary Metabolism During Development of an ...
		Haustoria are the feeding structures of B. graminis that deliver nutrients from the plant and enable the fungus to proliferate rapidly on the surface of the leaf and produce epiphytic mycelium and additional secondary haustoria.
		The enzymes involved in lipid breakdown were represented on the arrays by numerous upases that catalyze the severance of the bond between glycerol and fatty acids and by four enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of fatty acids themselves in the β-oxidation chain.
		Once the haustoria are in place, the nutrients derived from the plant are channeled through glycolysis to support protein and DNA synthesis for the proliferation of the external hyphae and formation of masses of conidia in which glycogen is laid down as storage.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=192343&source=r_scienc (7948 words)

	FUNGI - LoveToKnow Article on FUNGI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mycelium with haustoria (h); 2, Erysiphe; A and B, mycelium (rn) with haustoria (h).
		In Rhizopus certain hyphae creep horizontally on the surface of the substratum, and then anchor their tips to it by means of a tuft of short branches (appressorium), the walls of which soften and gum themselves to it, then another branch shoots otit from the tuft and repeats the process, like a strawberry-runner.
		The other genera are more purely parasitic; the inycelium usually sends haustoria into the cells of the host and puts out branched, aerial conidiophores through the stomata, the branches of which abstrict numerous conidia ; these either germinate directly or their contents break up into zoospores (fig.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FU/FUNGI.htm (16279 words)

	STW project
		The downy mildews are a group of oomycete plant pathogens that cause foliage blights and belong to the family Peronosporaceae.
		The most striking example of the intimate interaction between the plant and the pathogen is the generation of the plant-derived membrane around the haustoria.
		Haustoria are separated from the cell cytoplasm by the plant-derived extrahaustorial membrane.
	www.bio.uu.nl /%7Emolgen/STW_uk.html (827 words)

	TFS Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Dodder is yellow in color and lacks chlorophyll, thus it requires a living host in order of obtain the nutrients needed for survival.
		Haustoria are produced from these fragments, establish a connection to the host to obtain necessary nutrients, and continue to grow.
		The haustoria are the protrusions seen coming out from the vine and entering the host.
	txforestservice.tamu.edu /shared/article.asp?DocumentID=370&mc=urban (1006 words)

	Mycology - Structure and Function - Haustoria
		Haustoria arise from intercellular hyphae, appressoria, or external hyphae.
		The infection bulb is usually only the initial stage of colonisation and the structure is not considered analogous to haustoria.
		Haustoria, arbuscules and pelotons appear to have the same function, that is acquisition of organic carbon by the fungus, through the huge surface area in contact with the host.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml (563 words)

	haustorium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Haustoria may take the form of either a primary or secondary haustorium.
		The primary haustorium is a haustorium that develops at the apex of the young root that emerges from the parasite seed.
		Secondary haustoria may develop laterally from the primary root system of the parasite or on adventitious roots developing from parasite shoots.
	perso.orange.fr /geoffrey.williams/dico/lettres/definition/haustorium/haustorium.htm (426 words)

	Haustoria Questions
		Haustoria are commonly found in biotrophic associations, but are not ubiquitous.
		The host/fungus interface is increased in both arbuscules and haustoria.
		They differ in that haustoria may have a zone at the neck of the inclusion where the interfacial region is sealed, enabling the interfacial region to be physiologically separated from the rest of the plant intercellular complex.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /Mycology/StructureFunction/questions/haustoriaQ.html (314 words)

	ralf_projekte
		Haustoria are specifically differentiated hyphae breeching the plant cell wall and penetrating into the host cell.
		The main reasons for this are the lack of stable transformation systems for haustoria forming fungi and the fact that these organs are not formed in culture.
		The interface between haustoria and the infected host cell represents a most ideal trading post not only for the exchange of nutrients, but also for the exchange of information.
	www.uni-konstanz.de /FuF/Bio/AGMendgen/Biologie/ralf_projekte.htm (1609 words)

	WeedAlert.com Weed Listing (Dodder)
		Small sucking appendages called "haustoria" are produced that penetrate the host plant and extract food.
		Once the haustoria begin to extract food, the small initial root dies.
		Mechanical removal can be attempted, but once dodder has produced the haustoria it is near impossible to avoid damage to the host plant.
	www.weedalert.com /weed_pages/wa_dodder.htm (398 words)

	American Vineyard Foundation - Perennation of Powdery Mildew In Grapevine Buds: Factors Influencing Colonization of ...
		Incidence of powdery mildew colonies on the surface of buds collected from these shoots seven weeks past inoculation (p.i.) was highest at the respective stages (68 and 62%, respectively), which indicates that colonization of the bud interior is likely to occur with in this time period.
		Histological analyses of the latter buds revealed hyphae and conidiophores with conidia as well as haustoria on all parts of the bud interior except for the meristems.
		In addition, the developing lateral shoot was often colonized by mycelium extending from the bud surface and appears highly susceptible to powdery mildew infections.
	www.avf.org /show/xmlsite/xml-standard.xml/xsl-article.xsl/start_id-jbcckcdkbmjghdmnekkdmalpadhcdmfhofdddali (671 words)

	Parasites - 06/2004
		Parasitism for vascular plants is a relationship in which one organism uses the nutrients and water and sometimes photosynthates (carbohydrates) of another plant, the host plant.
		Nutrients and water are transported by thread-like haustoria produced by the root system of the parasitic plant that permeate and become embedded in the host tissue.
		To be a true vascular plant parasite the plant must produce haustoria.
	www.friendsofedgewood.org /newsletters/2004/0406/parasites.htm (625 words)

	Garden Botany
		Haustoria: The areas of a parasitic plant that attach to its host, through which the parasite absorbs nutrients.
		One reason farmers plant alfalfa as part of their crop rotation is to fertilize the soil with nitrogen.
		Mycorrhizae are fungi that are connected to a plant via haustoria.
	www.bbg.org /gar2/topics/botany/parts_roots.html (563 words)

	Dodder - a plant parasite - Cuscuta Grammica Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Tri River Area
		Dodder is particularly troublesome where alfalfa, clover and onion are grown for seed because dodder seed is difficult to remove from the desired seed crop and can be spread with infested seed.
		Its water, minerals and carbohydrates are absorbed from the host through haustoria that penetrate the host's tissue.
		In dodder the haustoria are modified adventitious roots.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/CoopExt/TRA/dodder.html (789 words)

	New Phytologist Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Haustoria are morphological features of an extremely successful class of plant parasites, the obligate biotrophs.
		The broad phylogenetic spectrum of organisms producing haustoria suggests that these structures have arisen many times in the course of evolution and represent specific adaptations of these organisms to the close interaction with their respective host plants.
		A picture is beginning to emerge indicating that haustoria do not only serve in nutrient uptake – a task postulated for these elements ever since their discovery.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /abstract.asp?ref=0028-646X&vid=159&iid=1&aid=9&s=&site=1 (319 words)

	Botany online: Interactions - Plants - Fungi - Interactions between Plants and Parasitic Fungi
		Haustoria do therefore not grow into the plasma of the host cells.
		The fungal mycelium spreads usually on the upper or the undersurface of the leaf.
		Smuts develop haustoria and infect a range of angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e33/33c.htm (2128 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Pscroph, a parasitic plant EST database enriched for parasite associated transcripts
		The development of haustoria can be visually monitored and is rapid, highly synchronous, and strongly dependent on host factor exposure; therefore it provides a tractable system for studying chemical communications between roots of different plants.
		Haustoria of parasitic plants fulfill multiple functions including host attachment, penetration, and translocation of resources from host to parasite [5].
		One hypothesis suggests that the genes encoding haustorium development are derived from non-plant organisms, such as bacteria or fungi, that are endophytic or which have transferred a set of genes required for haustorium formation into the parasite genome [7].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2229/5/24 (4249 words)

	The role of haustoria in sugar supply during infection of broad bean by the rust fungus Uromycesfabae -- Voegele et ...
		The role of haustoria in sugar supply during infection of broad bean by the rust fungus Uromycesfabae -- Voegele et al., 10.1073/pnas.131186798 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		The role of haustoria in sugar supply during infection of broad bean by the rust fungus Uromyces fabae
		of a rust plasma membrane ATPase in haustoria (33, 34), we
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/131186798v1 (3703 words)

	Hop Powdery Mildew Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Originally this reaction occurred under natural conditions at Wye College, but selection then resulted in the appearance of a new strain to which the I(1) genotype was susceptible.
		Here, hypersensitivity was relatively delayed until after the formation of haustoria, only a proportion of which remained functional; limited hyphal growth and sparse sporulation resulted.
		Among the isolates, four strains were recognized by their behaviour on the host genotypes.
	www.scisoc.org /hpmes/abstr_liya.htm (262 words)

	Mistletoe Removal, Mistletoe Control.
		Those haustoria gradually extend within the branch as the mistletoe grows.
		When mistletoe is cut and removed from the host plant or tree, new mistletoe plants can resprout from the haustoria (the root-like growth within the the host tree’s tissue).
		Infected branches need to be cut at least one foot back (away) from the point the mistletoe is attached at, to completely remove embedded haustoria.
	www.mdvaden.com /mistletoe.shtml (1719 words)

	Mistletoe Advisory
		The haustoria gradually extend up and down within the branch as the mistletoe grows.
		Old, mature mistletoe plants may be several feet in diameter, and on some host species, large swollen areas develop on the infected branches where the mistletoe penetrates.
		Mistletoe infecting a major branch or the trunk where it cannot be pruned may be controlled by cutting off the mistletoe flush with the limb or trunk.
	www.coarsegoldchamber.com /mistletoe.html (526 words)

	Dodder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The dodder sprouts from a seed in the soil.
		If it touches a green plant within a few days, it drops its roots and forms haustoria at the contact point(s).
		The haustoria invade the green plant to obtain nutrition.
	www.ecnca.org /Plants/Notebooks/Cuscuta.htm (62 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Journal of Botany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper were determined in the main root: haustoria, xylem sap, mucilage, trunk and leaves.
		Haustoria were confined to the top 15-20 cm of the soil and were attached to a variety of woody and herbaceous host plants.
		Haustoria contained the highest levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, the trunk and main root the highest levels of calcium, magnesium and sodium.
	www.publish.csiro.au /?paper=BT9800385 (291 words)

	caloplaca coralloides lichen morphology
		Lichens have special food-absorbing hyphal structures called haustoria that are associated with the algae.
		(In crustose lichens, haustoria are observed to penetrate the alga.)
		Sexually produced spores of the fungal component are colorless and two-celled, contained within sacs called asci within the hymenial layer of the apothecia.
	www.mbari.org /staff/conn/botany/lichens/morphology.htm (466 words)

	MAGAZINE INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After the mistletoe seed germinates, the parasite grows through the bark and into the tree’s water-conducting tissues, where rootlike structures called haustoria develop.
		Old, mature mistletoe plants may be several feet in diameter, and on some host species large, swollen areas develop on the infected branches.
		If the aerial portion of the mistletoe is removed, new plants often resprout from the haustoria.
	www.wcisa.net /magDetails.asp?MagazineID=19&Detail=1 (733 words)

	Dr. Adler Research Interests
		Haustoria are organs specific to parasitic plants that enable them to penetrate roots or shoots of their hosts.
		Haustoria are often induced in response to chemical cues from host plants.
		Here we see two haustoria forming on the root of Triphysaria pusilla, or owl's clover, in response to cues from roots of the grass host Bromus carinatus.
	www.biol.vt.edu /faculty/adler/researchinterests.html (476 words)

	bastard toadflax - DesertUSA
		Within two weeks of seed germination, subterranean connections, known as haustoria, attach themselves to nearby vegetation to obtain nutrients and water.
		Haustoria range in width from two to four millimeters, with smaller clasping ones wrapping around the host, while larger bulb-shaped ones butt up against the host.
		One product obtained during parasitism is water, which may help explain how bastard toadflax can survive in dry sites with porous soils.
	www.desertusa.com /mag01/mar/papr/flax.html (496 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		A significant number of haustoria do not differentiate further, but in most haustoria one to five of the epidermal xylem elements terminate a similar number of xylem strands.
		The strands mostly consist of vessel members and they connect host xylem or occasionally host parenchyma to the plate xylem adjacent to the stele of the parasite root.
		Some evolutionary aspects related to endogeny/exogeny of haustoria are discussed, and it is argued that the Triphysaria haustorium represents a greatly advanced and/or reduced condition within Scrophulariaceae.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1995/95_heide1.htm (258 words)

	Localized Hormone Fluxes and Early Haustorium Development in the Hemiparasitic Plant Triphysaria versicolor -- Tomilov ...
		Haustoria formed if root tips were dissected after, but not before, treatment with DMBQ.
		Atsatt PR, Hearn TF, Nelson RL, Heineman RT (1978) Chemical induction and repression of haustoria in Orthocarpus purpurascens (Scophulariaceae).
		Atsatt PR, Musselman L (1977) Surface characteristics of roots and haustoria of Orthocarpus purpurascens.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/138/3/1469 (4950 words)

	BioG 105/106 \| Autotutorial Introductory Biology
		The intense itching caused by the athlete's foot fungus is produced when the haustoria grow past sensory endings in the skin.
		The haustoria penetrate the cell walls and make deep invaginations in the membranes of host cells through which they absorb nutrients.
		Note that the haustoria are not in direct contact with the cytoplasm of the host cells, because the haustorial invaginations are lined with host-cell membrane.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/biog105/pages/demos/105/unit6/fungi.2a.html (722 words)

	Hop Powdery Mildew Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The haustoria have a central nucleate body with lobed outgrowths.
		Up to three haustoria per cell have been recorded but one is most common.
		Godwin, J. Mansfield, J. W., and Darby, P. Microscopical studies of the resistance to powdery mildew in the hop cultivar Wye Target.
	www.scisoc.org /hpmes/bk_excp3.htm (226 words)

	Feist, Mary Ann, Brenda Molano-Flores, Jason A. Koontz, and Christopher Whelan. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)*
		In a greenhouse study, we examined the parasitic relationship of the Illinois threatened plant Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) Blake (eared false-foxglove, Scrophulariaceae), an annual hemiparasitic plant, with potential host species.
		This study had two main objectives: 1) determine host preference (i.e., presence/absence of haustoria) and 2) determine percent seed germination and percent seedling survivorship in the presence of different potential host species.
		Agalinis auriculata had the highest seed germination percent and seedling survivorship, but no haustoria when paired with Sporobolus heterolepis.
	www.botany2002.org /section3/abstracts/19.shtml (340 words)

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