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Topic: Hawaiian Crow

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	Hawaiian Crow Page--Aiea Elementary School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Hawaiian crow which is called the alala eats mainly fruits that are plucked from a bush or a tree.
		The Hawaiian crow is not as sleek nor as fl as its Mainland relatives.
		The Hawaiian hawk and the Alala are relatives.
	www.tenan.vuurwerk.nl /reports/aiea/alala1.html (220 words)

	UNEP-WCMC - Hawaiian Crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		REASONS FOR DECLINE The Hawaiian Crow was fairly common until the 1930s, but has been exterminated from all but one ranch as a result of habitat destruction and illegal hunting.
		The Olinda Endangered Species Breeding Facility on the island of Maui, is maintaining a small captive population of Hawaiian Crows.
		In 1993 seven chicks were raised in captivity from eggs removed from wild nests, and five of these were subsequently released to join the remaining three wild pairs, increasing the total number in existence (both wild and captive flocks) to 31.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /species/data/species_sheets/hawaiicr.htm (418 words)

	Audubon WatchList - Hawaiian Crow
		Hawaiian Crow was listed as an Endangered Species in 1967, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service prepared a Recovery Plan for the species in 1989, but to date, efforts to increase the wild population through the release of captive-reared birds have been unsuccessful.
		Hawaiian Crow previously was found in wet 'ohi'a-koa forest, scrub, and rangelands, but the few remaining birds are now restricted to high montane forest.
		Hawaiian Crows are social birds with family groups, and these family groups remain together until young birds are old enough to feed themselves.
	audubon2.org /webapp/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=98 (819 words)

	sociology - Crow
		As a group they show remarkable examples of intelligence; it would not be at all an exaggeration to characterize crows as being to birds what higher primates (including humans) are to mammals.
		Crows in the northwestern US (a blend of Corvus brachyrhynchos and Corvus caurinus) show modest linguistic capabilities and the ability to relay information over great distances, live in complex, hierarchic societies involving hundreds of individuals with various "occupations", and have an intense rivalry with the area's less socially-advanced ravens.
		Crows, and especially ravens, often feature in legends or mythology as portents or harbingers or doom or death, because of their dark plumage, unnerving calls, and tendency to eat carrion, that causes them to circle above scenes of death such as battles.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Crow (357 words)

	For the Love of Crows
		Crows are believed to be the most intelligent of all birds.
		Close study of crows in their daily life, especially during nesting season may provide a clue as to sex, however, this is not something that many people will be able to observe.
		Crows are found in both the city and in the country.
	www.zeebyrd.com /corvi29 (1085 words)

	FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT CROWS
		Crows in the southern parts of their range appear to be resident and not migrate.
		Crows sometimes show an apparent wedge shape to the tail, but almost never when it is fanned as the bird soars or banks (except for a brief time during molt in the summer).
		Crow society is filled with excess crows that are waiting for an opportunity to breed (the helpers staying home and helping the parents raise young).
	www.birds.cornell.edu /crows/crowfaq.htm (8531 words)

	Wikinfo \| Crow
		As a group they show remarkable examples of intelligence and one species, the New Caledonian Crow, has recently been intensively studied because of its ability to manufacture and use its own tools in the day-to-day finding of food.
		Crows appear to have evolved in central Asia and radiated out into North America (including Mexico), Africa, Europe, and Australia.
		Crow is the name of a tribe of American Indians living in the Great Plains of the United States.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=crow (305 words)

	American Bird, the Hawaiian Crow, Now Extinct in the Wild
		Known locally as the 'alala, the Hawaiian crow, Corvus hawaiiensis, was once widespread on the island of Hawaii, but now survives only in captivity.
		The omnivorous, forest dwelling crow originally inhabited the dry and moist mesic forests on the island of Hawaii.
		The crows also suffered from avian malaria, avian pox and toxoplasma, a disease carried by feral cats and transmitted to birds through cat droppings.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/dec2003/2003-12-18-01.asp (1076 words)

	Crow Nation Summary
		The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone river valley and now live on a reservation south of Billings, Montana.
		The Crow were a matrilineal (decent through the maternal line), matrilocal (husband moves in with wife's family), and matriarchal tribe (females obtaining high status, even chief).
		Crow kinship is a kinship system used to define family.
	www.bookrags.com /Crow_Nation (1833 words)

	HawaiiÕs Endemic Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In addition to the honeycreepers, the historically documented endemic Hawaiian avifauna included three seabirds, several waterfowl, two raptors, and perching birds that include a species of crow, and representatives of Old World flycatchers, honeyeaters, and thrushes.
		Historically, the Hawaiian avifauna includes six waterbird species, five of which are typically found in and around fresh-, brackish-, and saltwater impoundments and estuaries (Engilis and Pratt 1993).
		While the prospects for survival of all remaining Hawaiian bird species appear limited, conservation efforts to further the chances of survival of even some of the rarest species can be enhanced by using techniques such as translocation, predator and disease vector control, and captive propagation in conjunction with habitat-management programs.
	biology.usgs.gov /s+t/noframe/t018.htm (3081 words)

	AVMA Annual Convention News - July 15, 2006 - Honolulu, Hawaii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Greg Massey, who once worked to save Hawaiian birds from extinction, is back in the island state to speak today about native species and ecosystems.
		Hawaiian birds, hoary bats, and other small island creatures can't always compete for food and space while also avoiding predation, pollution, and disease.
		The crows are all living in captivity, but their population is increasing.
	www.avma.org /beta/convention/news/saturday05.asp (792 words)

	PI-Alala
		The Hawaiian Crow or `Alala is a medium-sized crow, 18 to 20 inches in length.
		Endemic to the Big Island, this crow favors the upland forests between 3,000 to 6,000 feet in elevation on Hualalai and on the west slopes of Mauna Loa.
		Disease, predation, and loss of suitable habitat due to grazing and logging are also factors in the decline of the Hawaiian Crow.
	www.fws.gov /pacificislands/wesa/alala.html (553 words)

	DoFaW Cats Indoors Home Page
		Palila: The federally endangered Palila, a Hawaiian honeycreeper, is threatened by feral cats in their protected, but limited habitat of mamane and mamane-naio forest on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, from 6,000 to 9,000 feet in elevation.
		Endemic to the Big Island, this crow was once abundant in lower and middle elevation dry forests on the western and southern sides of the island.
		Hawaiian Petrel: The endangered Hawaiian Petrel was once abundant on all main Hawaiian Islands except Ni'ihau.
	www.state.hi.us /dlnr/dofaw/cats/index.htm (1067 words)

	Domestic Cat Predation in Hawaii
		The Hawaiian Crow or Alala was once abundant but is now highly endangered, due in part to predation by cats and other introduced predators.
		Cats were probably introduced to the Hawaiian islands in the late 1700's, and now feral and free-roaming cats are a significant problem, even in higher elevations far away from human development.
		Endemic to the island of Hawaii, this crow was once abundant in the lower forests on the western and southern sides of the island.
	www.abcbirds.org /cats/states/hawaii_intro.htm (528 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		WAILUKU >> An endangered Hawaiian crow is having problems being reintroduced into the wilderness because it is falling prey to another endangered species -- the Hawaiian hawk, or io.
		The alala, known scientifically as Corvus hawaiiensis, is a medium-sized crow about 14 inches in length that was once common in ohia and koa forests on the western and southern portions of the Big Island.
		Before the arrival of westerners in the late 1700s, the alala was highly regarded by native Hawaiians and treated as an aumakua, or family guardian, according to federal researchers.
	starbulletin.com /2004/01/11/news/story7.html (560 words)

	Informationframe1
		It was believed that after the death of an ancestor, the spirit could still protect and influence the remaining family acting through a body such as that of the owl, the shark, the turtle, or even the centipede.
		The Hawaiian crow known as the 'alala is one of the many endangered birds in Hawaii.
		Farmers killed these crows by imitating their cry, and when the alalas would be close enough, the farmers would shoot them.
	jove.prohosting.com /ststours/informationframenew1.htm (3292 words)

	Conservation In Practice - Do No Harm
		THE STORY OF the Hawaiian crow is a parable of doing harm by going to all lengths to do good.
		The ‘alala is sacred in Hawaiian culture and is believed to lead the deceased to the afterlife.
		It was a noisy bird, with a varied repertoire of calls and cries ranging from a staid caw to a mournful keening that pierced the gray highland mist.
	www.conbio.org /CIP/article74har.cfm (2492 words)

	Hawaiian Endangered Birds
		Akiapola'au: Hawaiian for hammerhead, Aki is the woodpecker of the Hawaiian rainforest, using its lower beak to peck at trees for grubs and its curved upper beak to collect the exposed bounty.
		Nene: Native Hawaiian goose, typically found in grassy areas in and around Volcano National Park and in the saddle between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.
		I would like to encourage the interested public to support these individuals both in their efforts to preserve what is left of the fragile Hawaiian ecosystem but also through your patronage of their commercial photography and literature.
	members.cox.net /arniesdca/birds.htm (1068 words)

	Birds of A Feather - Hawaiian Birds
		Because the Hawaiian Islands have the greatest concentration of rare birds on the planet, experienced bird watchers treasure a trek through Hawai‘i’s canopied koa and ohi‘a-lehua forests and through its isolated kipukas, little forested islands surrounded by barren lava flows.
		Hawai‘i’s state bird, the nene, is the last surviving Hawaiian goose endemic to the Islands of at least eight goose species known to have become extinct.
		For those yearning to spot a Hawaiian crow, as well as honeycreepers and other rare forest birds like the ‘elepaio (an inquisitive little Old World flycatcher), McCandless Ranch Ecotours can be arranged for a minimum fee of $400 for one or two people.
	www.coffeetimes.com /birds.htm (1257 words)

	Small mammal predators invade Hawai`i
		The Polynesian rat arrived with the first Hawaiian settlers and is now common in forests, agricultural and adjacent grassy areas, and wooded gulches.
		Many extinct Hawaiian birds, known only from fossil remains, nested on the ground and were susceptible to predation.
		Rats also prey on native Hawaiian tree snails and insect larvae and are suspected of competing for food with the 'alala (Hawaiian crow), oma`o (Hawaiian thrush), and some endemic insectivorous bird species.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/1999/99_07_15.html (712 words)

	The Zoogeographic Position of the Hawaiian Islands, by Ernst Mayr
		The total number of species of native Hawaiian land birds is open to doubt, since many of them are geographic representatives of each other and are considered full species by some authors, subspecies by others.
		It is, therefore, of primary importance to determine the taxonomic position and nearest relatives of the Hawaiian endemics.
		North America is almost certainly the home of the ancestor of the Hawaiian Crow, even though the exact ancestral species may be in doubt.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/MAYR1943.htm (1696 words)

	Last pair of wild 'alala feared gone - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		HILO, Hawai'i —; Despite a decades-long effort to preserve the last free populations of the endangered 'alala, or Hawaiian crow, biologists say the last known pair of the birds in the wild has disappeared.
		Scientists suspect the endangered 'alala, or Hawaiian crow, has succumbed to predators and disease in the wild.
		Burgett, who heads a team that is planning for the 'alala recovery, said the crow is a survivor that hung on in Hawai'i after other native bird populations were long gone.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2003/Dec/18/ln/ln04a.html (1125 words)

	Teaching the children: a Hawaiian tradition Endangered Species Bulletin - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The goal of this partnership was to establish self-sustaining captive populations of the most endangered of Hawai'i's remaining species of honeycreepers, thrushes, and a crow as a hedge against extinction and as genetic reservoirs for the eventual reintroduction of these species into habitat that is identified for management and protection.
		Although the success of the breeding program is something to "crow" about, the real success of the program might be found in something more subtle and less splashy than the front page cuteness of a nestling songbird being hand fed by an attentive biologist.
		The KOEC is a unique environmental education program sponsored by the Hawai'i Department of Education that hosts every sixth grade student on the Big Island of Hawai'i for a three-day/two-night stay in the remote rainforests near the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ASV/is_2_29/ai_n8691739 (635 words)

	Dark day for poor Po'o-uli
		In common with many other native Hawaiian birds it is thought that habitat loss and degradation (often by invasive feral pigs), and the rapid spread of introduced mosquitoes carrying diseases such as avian malaria (to which native birds have little resistance), contributed to the species' massive decline.
		As a result it seems that the Po'o-uli looks set to soon join the thirteen other unlucky extinct members of its family, along with many other Hawaiian endemic landbirds that now can only be found as skins in museums.
		A further seven species of Hawaiian honeycreeper are classified as Critically Endangered, with another endemic landbird, the Hawaiian Crow, now officially considered to be Extinct in the Wild with a few birds clinging-on in captivity.
	www.birdlife.org /news/news/2004/12/hawaiian_tragedy.html (508 words)

	untitled
		Most of these names were learned from native Hawaiian speakers by haole ornithologists during the 19th century, and some of them have been controversial for a variety of reasons.
		Some Hawaiian names had specific meanings ('Ula-'ai-hawane translates roughly as "red palm creeper"), some were imitative ('elepaio, probably 'I'iwi) and others were just the name of the bird (after all, what does "oriole" or "sparrow" mean in English?).
		Moli was the Hawaiian word for a bone tattoo needle, which was made from the bone of an Albatross.
	www.birdinghawaii.co.uk /Hawaiianbirdnames2.htm (598 words)

	UNESCO, People Biodiversity and Ecology
		The Hawaiian Islands Biosphere Reserve displays the results of 70 million years of volcanism, migration, and evolution - processes that thrust a bare land from the sea and clothed it with complex and unique ecosystems and a distinct human culture.
		A number of other endemic Hawaiian birds are found on Hualalai and the interior plateau including four honeycreepers: the apapane, iiwi, amakihi and creeper.
		In 1967, small breeding populations of another endangered species, the Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel, were discovered in the vicinity of Puu Keokeo, a 6,800-foot cinder cone (porous cinder-like fragments of dark lava) on Mauna Loa's southwest rift.
	www.unesco.org /mab/BRs/focus/hawaii.shtml (861 words)

	The Last of Their Kind
		The Alala, or Hawaiian Crow, is one of the most endangered birds in the world.
		There are 35 Alalas in a captive breeding program, but with the species down to the last two wild birds, you start to lose a whole behavioral repertoire in the natural context, and there is enormous archival benefit in filming it.
		The Hawaiian honeycreepers are remarkable for their great diversity in bill shapes and sizes.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /publications/birdscope/Autumn2002/alalas.html (1032 words)

	Hawaii Forest and Trail - The Essence of Honeycreeperness
		Maui's endangered Po'ouli, one of the Hawaiian honeycreepers, has an estimated population of 5 or 6 birds.
		Here on Hawaii Island, the embattled Alala or Hawaiian Crow has a wild population of around a dozen individuals.
		The Hawaiian honeycreepers are arguably the world's best example of adaptive radiation in the bird kingdom.
	www.hawaii-forest.com /essays/9801.html (996 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Several million years ago, when Kaua`i was the youngest island in the Hawaiian archipelago, and Pele made her home in the caldera atop Mount Waialeale, a small flock of finches made landfall somewhere in the Hawaiian Islands, exhausted from their trans-Pacific journey.
		These forest birds were vitally important to the ancient Hawaiians, providing food, materials for clothing, items of religious and royal significance, and part of the framework upon which the Hawaiian culture developed.
		They are the most showy of the Hawaiian forest birds, with their fl feathers tipped with gray and orange, the orange back of its neck, and the distinctive white or golden crest of feathers above the shiny fl beak.
	www.hawaii-island.com /hibirds.htm (2539 words)

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