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	Hawaiian Duck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The former range of the Hawaiian Duck included all of the main Hawaiian islands except the island of Lana'i.
		The Hawaiian Duck was exterpirated on all other islands, but was subsiquently reestablished on Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui through release of captive-reared birds.
		However, all the Hawaiian Ducks in the reestablished populations have bred with feral Mallard ducks and have produced hybrid chicks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hawaiian_Duck (418 words)

	Laysan Duck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This duck is related to the Mallard, and has sometimes been considered to be an island form of that species.
		Subfossil remains found on the major Southeastern Hawaiian islands have been determined to belong to this species; it became extinct everywhere except on Laysan before European contact due to hunting and introduced predators, whereas the more adaptable Hawaiian Duck still survives in somewhat larger numbers.
		This duck nests on the ground under bushes near the lagoon, and is gregarious outside the breeding season.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Laysan_Duck (488 words)

	PI-Koloa
		The Hawaiian Duck or koloa, is generally mottled brown and has a green to blue speculum (the distinctive feathers on the secondary wing feathers) with white borders.
		The largest number of Hawaiian ducks can be found at the Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge and at Alakoko Pond in Huleia Valley, both on the island of Kaua`i.
		The Hawaiian duck is endemic and used to be found on all the main Hawaiian islands except Lana`i and Kaho`olawe.
	www.fws.gov /pacificislands/wesa/duckkoloa.html (492 words)

	Rub A Dub Dub
		The Hawaiian Duck or known as Koloa, is generally has a green to blue speculum (distinctive feathers on the secondary wing feathers) with white borders.
		The male duck is usually 19 to20 inches in lenght while the females is 16 to 17 inches in length.
		The ducks are able to breed at one year of age and nest year-round, but the main breeding season is between January and May. The Hawaiian Duck can produce 2-10 eggs.
	www.expage.com /hawaiianduck (402 words)

	Draft recovery plan released for endangered Hawaiian waterbirds
		The small, brown Hawaiian duck is closely related to the mallard, but both sexes are similar in appearance to a female mallard.
		The Hawaiian common moorhen is similar to a coot, but has a red shield over its red and yellow bill and very long, slender toes that allow it to walk on floating wetland plants.
		The fl and white Hawaiian stilt is a slender wading bird with distinctive long, pink legs, and is considered a separate subspecies of the fl-necked stilt found in North America.
	www.caprep.com /0805049.htm (589 words)

	Domestic mallards in FL
		Both Florida’s mottled duck and the mallard are part of a worldwide group of about 20 species of ducks that are so closely related that they collectively are called the "mallard complex." However, when mottled ducks and mallards come in contact during the breeding season they create hybrid offspring that are different from either parent.
		Most ducks found on canals and in parks are a breed of mallard, muscovy, or a mixture of both (yes, mallards hybridize with muscovy ducks too).
		Scientists are already detecting mallard genes in the mottled duck population and are concerned that interbreeding with mallards may lead to the demise of Florida’s mottled duck as a distinct entity.
	www.floridaconservation.org /duck/Mallard/Its_the_Law.htm (1379 words)

	Waterbirds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Hawaiian Stilt, or Ae'o, is a subspecies of the Black-necked stilt of North America.
		The Hawaiian coot is found on all of the main islands of Hawaii, except Lanai.
		The Hawaiian Duck, or Koloa-maoli, resembles the dark female Mallard duck.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~ashea/env/birds.html (739 words)

	NWHI : Research : NWHI RAMP 2004 : Features : Relocating Laysan Ducks
		The Laysan duck was believed to be endemic to Laysan Island (it was found historically on neighboring Lisianski Island, but was extirpated in the early 20th century), but in 1995 evidence from bones revealed that the duck once inhabited the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai.
		The ducks are being released with their aviary mates in groups of two, and are monitored closely for 48 hours before the next group is released.
		Laysan ducks are teal sized, between 15 and 17 inches in length, are brown with a bright green-blue to purple speculum (the distinctive feathers on the secondary wing feathers), and have a white area eye ring.
	www.hawaiianatolls.org /research/NWHIRAMP2004/features/laysan-ducks.php (1354 words)

	Environmental Defense - Safe Harbor Agreement for Endangered Hawaiian Waterfowl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A Safe Harbor agreement signed in December 2001 is intended to benefit two endangered waterfowl, the Hawaiian duck or "koloa" and the Hawaiian goose or "nene" ("NAY-nay").
		In coastal areas the ducks are interbreeding with wild mallards, a closely related species.
		Ducks Unlimited is the fourth major conservation organization to assume a lead role in a safe harbor agreement (the others are The Nature Conservancy, The Peregrine Fund, and Environmental Defense).
	www.environmentaldefense.org /article.cfm?contentid=136 (443 words)

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		Twelve Laysan Duck were released by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on Pearl and Hermes Reef in 1967 but none were reported after 1967 (Sincock and Kridler, 1977, Berger 1981).
		The main food taken by the ducks is macroinvertebrates which the birds find in the littoral zone of the lake, in shallows and on the mudflats, as well as in sand under vegetation.
		Ducks will also feed on larvae and pupae of noctuid moths which they find under vegetation and in sand, as well as feeding on fly larvae in the lake by dabbling and sifting with their bills.
	www.birdinghawaii.co.uk /XLaysanDuckArticle2.htm (1852 words)

	STATUS AND POPULATION TRENDS OF HAWAII'S NATIVE WATERBIRDS, 1977-1987 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hawaiian Common Moorhen.- Hawaiian Moorhens are secretive and occur in densely vegetated wetlands, consequently, surveying moorhens is difficult.
		Hawaiian Duck (Koloa).--Historically, the Koloa was found on all main islands except Lanai and Kahoolawe.
		Hawaiian Common Moorhen.--The Hawaiian Moorhen is an endan- gered subspecies endemic to the main Hawaiian Islands.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Wilson/v105n01/p0142-p0158.html (10648 words)

	[No title]
		Vis Oct-Mar Hawaiian Is. Res formerly Kiribati (Teraina).
		Acc Guadalupe I, Revillagigedo Is, Clipperton I. F: Hawaiian Is (Kauai: 4 at Hanalei NWR Mar, Lindsay).
		Vis mostly Oct-Apr Hawaiian Is, Wake I, Marshall Is, Mariana Is, Palau, Caroline Is (Truk).
	users.connections.net /silcock/6.htm (2291 words)

	Laysan duck nests are nurturing hope - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		Before the Midway transfer, the ducks were found only on 1,000-acre Laysan Island, where the duck population is estimated at 400 to 600.
		The ducks were placed in aviaries for a few weeks before their release, and radio transmitters were attached to each bird for tracking.
		Klavitter said biologists have been tracking ducks on Laysan that were the same age as the Midway birds, but only half had survived due to greater competition for resources and limited food and water.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2005/May/16/ln/ln20p.html (750 words)

	All About Birds
		One of the most familiar of ducks, the Mallard is found throughout North America and all across Eurasia.
		The "Mexican Duck" of central Mexico and the extreme southwestern United States and the Hawaiian Duck both are closely related to the Mallard, and in both forms the male is dull like the female.
		The Mexican Duck currently is considered a subspecies of the Mallard, while the Hawaiian Duck is still given full species status.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Mallard.html (360 words)

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		The Hawaiian Duck is small and brownish with orange legs but has a highly variable plumage with some birds having various amounts of red-brown, chestnut, mottling, streaks and in the males often a green sheen to the head and neck.
		In the past the Hawaiian Duck has often been treated as a race or sub-species of the Mallard, and it is obvious from its behaviour and morphology that the species is closely related to the North American Mallard complex (Phillips 1912).
		The Hawaiians referred to the Koloa as Koloa Maoli to differentiate the species from migrant ducks which visit the islands, mainly during winter.
	www.birdinghawaii.co.uk /XKoloaArticle2.htm (2201 words)

	Laysan ducks introduced on Midway - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		The Laysan duck, whose scientific name is Anas laysanesis, had the smallest geographical range of any duck species in the world, with approximately 500 birds living on Laysan.
		Laysan ducks, between 15 and 17 inches in length, are brown with bright blue-green to purple feathers on their secondary wing feathers.
		Because the ducks were located in a single habitat, they were vulnerable to extinction, so biologists felt that creating a second population would increase chances of its recovery.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2004/Oct/13/ln/ln24p.html (464 words)

	Audubon WatchList - Hawaiian Duck
		A very shy, dark brown duck, the Hawaiian Duck is in danger from both loss of wetland habitat and genetic swamping through interbreeding with feral Mallard Ducks.
		In 2001, a Safe Harbor Agreement was signed between the Umikoa Ranch, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Hawaii's Department of Land and Natural Resources under which the ranch owners agreed to restore and maintain 180 acres of habitat for 20 years at the high elevation ranch on the island of Hawaii.
		Hawaiian Ducks continue to be bred in captivity and have been used for reintroductions on Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui.
	audubon2.org /webapp/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=99 (730 words)

	Social & cultural values of Hawaiian Ramsar site
		Hawaiian agricultural sites, and Kawainui Marsh and surrounding environs have provided significant information about Hawaiian culture, particularly having to do with the relationship of the early Hawaiians to the environment of a windward valley (Handy et al., 1972; Kelly and Clark, 1980; Kelly and Nakamura, 1981; Drigot and Seto, 1982).
		Surrounding the 180 hectare (450 acre) former freshwater fishpond and its tributaries are the remnants of walled water gardens (lo'i) in which the Hawaiian staple crop, taro (Colocasia esculenta), was grown for one of the largest native Hawaiian settlements (Kelly and Nakamura, 1981; Drigot and Seto, 1982).
		There is Hawaiian legendary history associated with the Kawainui Marsh area, including a legend of Hau-wahine, a guardian spirit over the Kawainui fishpond, called a mo'o, and a famous mythological tree, Makalei, which had the power of attracting fish (Kelly and Nakamura, 1981).
	www.ramsar.org /wn/w.n.usa_wwd2005a1.htm (1204 words)

	8/24/2005~Hawaiian Waterbirds Draft Recovery Plan Released for Public Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hunting in the late 1800s and early 1900s also took a heavy toll on Hawaiian duck populations and to a lesser extent on populations of the other three endemic waterbirds.
		Scientists have found it difficult to determine the status of the duck and moorhen due to the difficulty of distinguishing between Hawaiian ducks, feral mallards, and hybrids, and the secretive nature of the moorhen and its use of densely vegetated wetland areas.
		The fl and white Hawaiian stilt is a slender wading bird with distinctive long, pink legs, and is considered a separate subspecies of the fl-necked stilt found in
	news.fws.gov /NewsReleases/showNews.cfm?newsId=EA4FED47-65BF-03E7-2BF3B152BA51CFF4 (922 words)

	Michael Reed: Research & Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hawaiian waterbirds depend on wetland availability, which currently is 30% less than its original extent, and on avoiding introduced predators.
		The endangered waterbirds that use lowland wetlands on the main islands are the Hawaiian stilt, Hawaiian coot, Hawaiian moorhen, koloa (Hawaiian Duck), and in some areas Nene.
		Long-term population trends of the endangered Ae`o (Hawaiian stilt, Himantopus mexicanus knudseni).
	ase.tufts.edu /BIOLOGY/faculty/reed/res-pub1.html (702 words)

	Koloa Duck
		They are also known as Hawaiian ducks or Koloa maoli.
		The bill is olive green in males, a dull orange or gray with a dark "saddle" in the female.
		These ducks do not normally associate with wintering or domestic mallards, but some interbreeding has occurred.
	www.honoluluzoo.org /koloa_duck.htm (259 words)

	hawaiian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		HAWAIIAN: a language of USA HAWAIIAN: a language of USA A page from the Web edition of Ethnologue: Languages of the World (14th edition) giving basic facts about the language and where it is spoken.
		You won't have to speak Hawaiian when you visit Hawaii, but it is fun to know some words and terms, as well as to be able to read some place names and street signs while you're there.
		Hawaiian is the ancestral language of the indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands, the Hawaiians, a Polynesian people...
	www.all-fair-cruises.com /44/hawaiian-language.html (684 words)

	[No title]
		Ducklings are chocolate brown and light buff-yellow, with a brown stripe from the base of the upper bill through the eye to the back of the head, and a brown spot near the posterior of the cheek (01).
		In addition to the English name Hawaiian duck and the Hawaiian name koloa, Anas wyvilliana may be known by the common names koloa maoli (or koloa-maoli) and koloa piwai.
		The revised Hawaiian Waterbirds Recovery Plan states as its prime objective to maintain a minimum populaton of 2000 Hawaiian ducks with a stable distribution of habitats as outlined in the original 1978 recovery plan.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /WWW/esis/lists/e101015.htm (3983 words)

	RECIPE FOR COOKING Hawaiian Style Duck
		Chef Amy Ferguson-Ota presented this dish with a Turnip Cake and a Curly Endive Salad, all drizzled with Spicy Plum Dressing for a true example of Hawaiian Regional Cuisine at the Kea Lani Masters of Food and Wine Event in Maui.
		Prick duck skin with a fork and allow to air dry in a cool environment over night.
		Sear the duck, skin side down, over medium heat until the fat is rendered.
	www.fabulousfoods.com /recipes/main/poultry/poultrymisc/amysduck.html (288 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		By the late 19th century the Laysan duck had been extirpated from most of the Hawaiian islands, probably due to exotic predators such as rats.
		By 1949 the Hawaiian duck had declined and been extirpated from much of the Hawaiian islands due to hunting and exotic predators, as well as hybridization with domestic ducks.
		The Hawaiian coot was initially threatened by hunting in the first half of the last century, but is now threatened primarily by loss of habitat.
	www.esasuccess.org /reports/hawaii.html (606 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Draft of Second Revision
		Currently, Hawaiian ducks are found on the islands of Ni`ihau, Kaua`i, O`ahu, Maui, and Hawai`i; Hawaiian coots and stilts are found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Kaho`olawe; and Hawaiian common moorhens are found only on the islands of Kaua`i and O`ahu.
		These endangered Hawaiian waterbirds are found in a variety of wetland habitats including freshwater marshes and ponds, coastal estuaries and ponds, artificial reservoirs, taro (Colocasia esculenta) patches, irrigation ditches, sewage treatment ponds, and in the case of the Hawaiian duck, montane streams and swamplands.
		Hunting in the late 1800's and early 1900's took a heavy toll on Hawaiian duck populations, and to a lesser extent on populations of the other three endemic waterbirds.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2005/August/Day-24/e16833.htm (971 words)

	Animal Life in Hawaii
		Native land birds include the elepaio, the amakihi, the liwi, the apapane, the io, or Hawaiian hawk, the alala, or Hawaiian crow, and the goose, which is the state bird.
		The koloa, or Hawaiian duck, is found mainly on the island of Kauai.
		Resident and migrant seabirds are common along the coasts and on the small islands northwest of the main group.
	hawaii-vacation-guide.net /html/animal_life.html (474 words)

	birding facts Birding Resources by the Fat Birder
		Laysan Duck is confined to the Island of Laysan in the NW Chain.
		A visit to the Hawaiian Islands to view endemic avian fauna is a very special experience and one which should be enjoyed and appreciated, whilst bearing in mind the terrible damage that man has caused and is only now beginning to redress.
		Hawaiian Petrels and Newell`s Shearwaters can be heard calling here at night during April to September, but are hard to see as the area is often shrouded in mist during the nights and there is little light unless a full moon is present.
	www.fatbirder.com /links_geo/america_united_states/hawaii.html (4915 words)

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