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	Baggara History and Cultural Relations
		For example, the Hawazma and the Messiriya traverse much of the same territory, and they may, in the rainy season particularly, be found in adjacent camps.
		In Kordofan, the relationship between the Hawazma and the Nuba is particularly significant.
		Whatever the case, the Hawazma and the Nuba represent an important example of symbiotic use of the same savanna ecozone.
	www.everyculture.com /Africa-Middle-East/Baggara-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html (522 words)

	Hawazma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hawazma, part of Sudan's Baggara tribe, are cattle herders who roam the area from the southern parts of Northern Kordofan to the southern borders of South Kordofan, a distance of about 300 kilometers.
		Through their nomadic movement, the Hawazma know the area, terrain, ethnic groups, local tribes, tribal cultures, ecosystems, climate, vegetation, existence of risks and diseases, and water resources better than any other inhabitants of the region.
		Hawazma are mostly found in routes originating from Al Obeid city in Northern Kordofan, through Deling city and its eastern part, Kadugli city and its eastern part, to Talodi region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hawazma (2046 words)

	Hawazma - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Both groups have adopted the main stream Hawazma way of life and their Hawazma?s Arabic accents.
		Hawazma villages were systematically trageted by rebels, killing them as groups individuals or evacuate them completely as what was happened in Um Sirdiba.
		By the end of 1989, about 300 thousands Baggara were either relocated to big cities or displaced and resettled in nothern Border of South Kordofan.
	www.free-definition.com /Hawazma.html (2227 words)

	Sudan Vision Daily News Paper Official Website - Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment (16)
		At the start of the civil war in the 1980s, cattle-herding pastoralists from the Hawazma Baggara tribe started penetrating deeper into the Nuba mountains in search of water and pasture for their cattle, due to the loss of grazing land to mechanized agriculture and drought.
		Meanwhile, as some of the dry season pastures around Talodi were off-limits during the conflict years, the Hawazma had to remain in their wet season grazing lands in Northern Kordofan, exerting greater pressure on the vegetation there.
		In 2006, UNEP observed the return of Hawazma Baggara to their former grazing camps in conflict zones in Southern Kordofan, for example near Atmoor.
	www.sudanvisiondaily.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=27068 (1440 words)

	Talk:Hawazma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hawazma is one of seven major group comprising Baggara, the description of Baggara and Hawazma are interchangeable by definition.
		For the neutrality of the article, I am first hand witness to all what had happen in the region (I am a member of the Hawazma).
		Second, I am a qualified writer, I have written numerous articles on Sudanese Media to disclose what had happen to the Baggara.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Hawazma (379 words)

	Bambooweb: Hawazma
		Hawazma tribes, parts of Baggara, are cattle herders.
		Through their nomadic movement, Hawazma knew the area, terrain, ethnic groups, local tribes, tribal cultures, ecosystems, climate, vegetation, existence of risks and diseases, and water resources than any inhabitant of the region.
		They are collection of more than seven major tribes: Hawazma, Humr, Messiria, Rizagat, Ta?isha, Habaniyya.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/h/a/Hawazma.html (2197 words)

	trinicenter.com - NUBA AND THEIR HOMELAND
		Taken together with other violent strategies including the targeting of educated Nuba, African Rights asserts with great justification that the Government of the Sudan's policy is legally and morally genocide.
		The agents of this policy of genocide are both the official forces of the government as well as surrogates, including neighboring Sudanese Arabs such as the cattle-herding Missiriyya and Hawazma and camel-herding Humr and Shanabla.
		In Laying Waste to the Nuba Mountains, Amnesty International reports thousands of civilians dead, tens of thousands in peace villages, total destruction of scores of villages, and the prevention of relief efforts to respond to devastated civilians.
	www.trinicenter.com /WorldNews/nubapeople.htm (763 words)

	Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Hawazma Baggara pastoral nomads, who herd cattle in South Kordofan, Sudan, are a patrilineal, highly gender-segregated society.
		The Hawazma also undertake sedentary economic activities of various types, but not as part of a process of sedentarization.
		This presentation examines the economic strategies of the Hawazma Baggara in the context of their social organization and gender roles.
	anthropology.tamu.edu /sitetest/new_anthro/brownbag/michael.htm (112 words)

	KORDOFAN - LoveToKnow Article on KORDOFAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Some of the richer men possess suits of chain armour.
		The principal Baggara tribes are the Hawazma, Meserla, Kenana, Habbania, and Homr.
		The Homr are said to have entered Kordofan from Wadai about the end of the 18th century and to have come from North Africa.
	64.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KO/KORDOFAN.htm (1479 words)

	PART 3: LAND USEChapter 10: The Nuba Mountains of Sudan: Resource access, violent conflict, and identity: International ...
		The other 10% are Baggara (cattle herders) — mainly Hawazma and Misiriya Arabs.
		The Baggara are said to have divided the plains among themselves and driven the Nuba uphill.
		Their relations with their Arab neighbours, the Hawazma and Misiriya, were tolerable.
	web.idrc.ca /en/ev-27982-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (6943 words)

	Transhumance routes
		This explains why transhumance routes in this locality are characterized by large number of Makhrafs, which are close together and the tendency of the pastoralists to stay longer in these Makhrafs.
		The main pastoral groups using these routes are the Baggara cattle owners (Hawazma and Messerya), Nuba, and Abbala (camel herders) (Dar Hamid, Shanabla, Kababish and few Hawawir).
		Major tribes use the routes are Hawazma, Messarya, Beni Garrar and the Hawawir camel owners.
	www.sd.undp.org /Publications/pub2/Transhumance%20routes%20report2.htm (4066 words)

	Sudan: The ravages of war: political killings and humanitarian disaster
		The plains between the hills are grazed by cattle-keeping pastoralists, such as the Hawazma, who regard themselves as Arabs and who are Muslims.
		The Hawazma and the Misseriya formed militia groups, known as murahaleen, which were then allowed to raid into the mountains attacking Nuba villages thought to be sympathetic to the SPLA and to carry out extrajudicial executions with impunity.
		For example, in November 1989 Hawazma militia raided villages around Jebel Saburi, only 13 kilometres northeast of Kadugli, and killed 14 people.(4) In the same month, another five were killed at al-Daoud.
	www.amnestyusa.org /refugee/document.do?id=3A67B933173351AE802569A600603892 (11105 words)

	Raceandhistory.com - Nuba people of Sudan
		Taken together with other violent strategies including the targeting of educated Nuba, African Rights asserts with great justification that the Government of the Sudan's policy is legally and morally genocide.
		The agents of this policy of genocide are both the official forces of the government as well as surrogates, including neighboring Sudanese Arabs such as the cattle-herding Missiriyya and Hawazma and camel-herding Humr and Shanabla.
		In Laying Waste to the Nuba Mountains, Amnesty International reports thousands of civilians dead, tens of thousands in peace villages, total destruction of scores of villages, and the prevention of relief efforts to respond to devastated civilians.
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/nuba.htm (760 words)

	LOGO
		The degradation of pasture areas has made them stay longer in the southern part of this region, thus meeting the other groups, a situation that has led to conflicts.
		Another case was reported in Khartoum Monitor on July 3 and concerned a settlement in Dilling between the Birrgid and Dar Bakhota sections of the Hawazma.
		The conflict resolution process started with a period of mediation that took the form of seven separate sessions with each party, and two common sessions.
	www.sd.undp.org /Publications/pub2/Conflict%20Final%20July%202003%20Ver%202.htm (11648 words)

	Nuba Survival
		The area is inhabited by populations estimated to be over two millions and 61% of these inhabitants are indigenous Nuba.
		The other groups who share the land with the Nuba are mixture of Arab tribes, namely Hawazma, Meissyeria), Fellata (from west Africa) and Jellaba (merchants from northern Sudan).
		The conflict in Darfur has deepened despite the new government of national unity in Khartoum and the increasing number of African Union Peace keeping force presence in the region.
	www.nubasurvival.com (832 words)

	Circumcision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The reasons given for the adoption of this form of circumcision are: (1) that it is supposed to be a protection against untimely pregnancy (2) that it is regarded as rendering the victim more attractive to the men.”[11]
		The Hawazma Arabs in the eastern Nuba Mountains practise the Pharaonic circumcision, which thus reached the Nuba tribe in that part—or one Nuba tribe as far as my material goes, the Tira.
		In this operation virginity and the consummation of marriage thus receive a new, strong emphasis, which is indeed expressed in the sex-morality of this Nuba tribe.
	members.tripod.com /aalsafi/tm/management/circumcision.htm (4125 words)

	Complexion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Caste 74: also in the Aryan population, different shades of complexion, which greatly favored a tendency to rigid class- 87: y denoting color, thereby implying differences of complexion between the several classes.
		Hawazma 10: have preserved their Arabic features: light brown complexion, and thick eyebrows and lashes.
		A very fair, clear sanguine complexion a long beard as white as milk.
	www.elusiveeye.com /side9218-complexion.html (301 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » UNICEF Humanitarian Action: Sudan Northern Sector Donor Update 29 May 2002
		Support to grassroots peace building initiatives in the Nuba Mountains (between Hawazma nomads and Nuba and between Misseriya nomads and Nuba) and in Abyei (between Misseriya and Ngok Dinka).
		UNICEF and partner NGOs facilitated a community-led mediation involving sections of Hawazma and Nuba communities in the Dilling area, which allowed disputing communities to resolve various issue to do with land and political authority that had led to conflict since 1994.
		Support was also provided to the Abyei Peace Committee to begin work towards resettling Ngok Dinka forced from their lands in the 1980s by the Misseriya Humr raids.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/cbcacd441543c20285256bcd006564fc (2768 words)

	Stone Necklaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Coco Chanel 7: m and gold buttons, worn with large costume-pearl necklaces.
		Hawazma 22: hing colored flashy shirts, shorts, pants, beads, necklaces, and bracelets.
		Money 92: instance, a father may charge twenty shell money necklaces for his daughter's hand in marriage.
	www.elusiveeye.com /side39956-stone-necklaces.html (446 words)

	Jewelry Necklaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Coco Chanel 7: m and gold buttons, worn with large costume-pearl Necilaces.
		Hawazma 22: hing colored flashy shirts, shorts, pants, beads, Neckaces, and bracelets.
		Money 92: instance, a father may charge twenty shell money Nacklaces for his daughter's hand in marriage.
	www.musicians-resource.com /site/29175-jewelry-necklaces.html (493 words)

	Rosary Necklaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Coco Chanel 7: m and gold buttons, worn with large costume-pearl Necllaces.
		Hawazma 22: hing colored flashy shirts, shorts, pants, beads, Necklades, and bracelets.
		Money 92: instance, a father may charge twenty shell money Necklacss for his daughter's hand in marriage.
	www.musicians-resource.com /site/14752-rosary-necklaces.html (552 words)

	Ancient Nubians were 22% to 55% Negroid - www.ezboard.com
		The Nuba and Nilotes have been found to have Negroid genetic characteristics, while the Fur are intermediate between the Arabs and Negroids.
		The Arab tribes had a genetic structure which was intermediate between that of the original negroid population of the Sudan and the Arabs to the north.
		However, some of the Arab tribes had special genetical characteristics, e.g., Messeria had high TfD1; both Messeria and Hawazma had high HbS and Gd-, while GdA was higher only in the Hawazma.
	pub18.ezboard.com /fbalkansfrm54.showMessage?topicID=93.topic (1151 words)

	SudanTribune articles : news, opinions, official press-releases and reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The other 10% are Baggara (cattle herders) - mainly Hawazma and Misiriya Arabs.
		The Baggara moved into the mountains from the west and north in about 1800.
		A large part of the Nuba area fell to the Hawazma (a Baggara tribe).
	www.sudantribune.com /article.php3?id_article=252 (6452 words)

	WAR IN DARFUR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The term Nuba is often used to refer to the inhabitants of the Nuba Mountains in southern Kordofan.
		The various Nuba people make up some 90 per cent of the population of southern Kordofan, while the rest are mainly Hawazma and Messeriya Zurug Arabs, who moved into the mountains from the west and north around 1800.
		Their relations with their Arab neighbours, the Hawazma and Messeriya, were tolerable.
	www.ifaanet.org /The%20Inversion%20of%20Ethnicity.htm (8736 words)

	Resource Access: A Major Cause of Armed Conflict in the Sudan -- The Case of the Nuba Mountains
		The term Nuba is often used to refer to the inhabitants of the Nuba Mountains.
		The various Nuba people make up some 90 percent of the population of the area, while the rest are Baggara (cattle herders), mainly Hawazma and Misiriya Arabs.
		After years of fighting between the Nuba and the Hawazma and Misiriya Arab groups, three peace agreements have been reached in 1993 (the Buram agreement), 1995 (the Regifi agreement) and 1996 (the Kain agreement) respectively.
	srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu /cases/Sudan-Paper.html (8921 words)

	Baggara
		Baggara is actually a collective name applied to the separate cattle-herding tribes of Sudan and eastern Chad.
		The Baggara peoples identify with their tribal names more often than with the all-encompassing term ‘baggara.’ There are at least seven principal tribes which include the following: Humr/Messiria, Rizaygat, Shuwia, Hawazma, Ta’isha, and Habbaniya.
		These nomads originated from the Guhayna group, a clan of Bedouin Arabs who poured across the Senai Peninsula from Saudi Arabia and eventually successfully invaded the Nile region of upper Egypt and surged into The Sudan in the year 1504.
	www.sudan101.com /baggara.htm (1178 words)

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