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Topic: Hawthorne effect

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Hawthorne studies

Hawthorne experiments

Placebo effect

Placebo

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Frederick Hertzberg

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	Hawthorne effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The "Hawthorne effect" was not named after a researcher, but refers to the factory where the effect was first observed and described: the Hawthorne works of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, 1924-1933.
		Originally Hawthorne effect research was a series of studies on the productivity of workers manipulated various conditions (pay, light levels, rest breaks, etc.) but each change resulted on average over time in productivity rising, including eventually a return to the original conditions.
		The John Henry effect (Zdep and Irvine; 1970) is the opposite of the Hawthorne effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hawthorne_effect (7393 words)

	Hawthorne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hawthorne, Washington, D.C. Hawthorne is also a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland Australia.
		Nigel Hawthorne (The Madness of King George) is well-known as an actor.
		The Hawthorne effect is a well-known effect in industrial psychology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hawthorne (154 words)

	Mormon Blog Posts by Jeff Lindsay: Religion and the Placebo Effect
		In suggesting that the placebo effect be considered as a factor in treatments such as LDS Priesthood blessings or declarations of forgiveness or salvation in a variety of faiths, the divine power behind such treatments is not necessarily challenged.
		The placebo effect, in religious terms, is not a sign of weakness in the patient or a tool for trickery by the therapist, but may be a real expression of the importance of our mental state: when we feel loved and cared for, we are strengthened.
		A common expression of the Hawthorne effect is the tendency of a change implemented in an organization to lead to temporary benefits, regardless of the inherent value of the change.
	www.jefflindsay.com /blogs/placebo-effect.shtml (1997 words)

	Hawthorne berry (Crataegus oxyacantha) Information
		Extract form Hawthorne berries contain a variety of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins that are powerful antioxidants which exert a beneficial effect on the entire cardiovascular system.
		The herb is also responsible for a dilating effect on the blood vessels that results in a lower blood pressure and a decrease incidence of angina.
		The Hawthorne berry reduces the potential for increased blood pressure that may result secondary to the actions of the Ephedra and some oft he other stimulate herbs in the Physicians' Select proprietary blend.
	www.physiciansselect.com /hawthorne-berry-crataegus-oxyacantha-information.htm (435 words)

	The Hawthorne effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Note that "Hawthorne" is not the name of a researcher, but of the factory where the effect was first observed and described: the Hawthorne works of the Western Electric Company in Chicago.
		Both are effects produced by the learners' perceptions and reactions; but the former emphasises their response to new equipment or methods, while the latter emphasises their response simply to being studied.
		Adair (1984) "The Hawthorne effect: A reconsideration of the methodological artifact" J.
	www.psy.gla.ac.uk /~steve/hawth.html (7899 words)

	The hawthorne effect \| Paul Hooper
		The Hawthorne studies were conducted during the 1920s and '30s, at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric.
		One outcome of the study was the identification of the "Hawthorne" effect, which describes how people singled out for a study may improve their performance simply because of the added attention they receive from the researchers, rather than from any specific factors being tested.
		This effect is the connection with the Oklahoma CTS study.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/18/22/08.html (1174 words)

	Hawthorne Effect
		The phenomenon was first observed at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric company in Cicero, Illinois from 1927 to 1932 by researchers from Harvard Business School.
		The Hawthorne Studies, conducted at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant outside Chicago, starting in 1924 and running through 1936, were intended to bring about a greater understanding of the effects of working conditions on worker productivity.
		The "Hawthorne effect" refers to an improvement in a process by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and made to feel important.
	en.efactory.pl /Hawthorne_studies (830 words)

	Info & Its Use Hawthorne Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The original Hawthorne study has been criticized as having been poor science because of flaws in investigational design, subject replacement, lack of control group, etc. While it may very well be a poor scientific study the effect itself is certainly legitimate and continues to be substantiated.
		The conclusion was that the Hawthorne Effect was applicable in this circumstance due to the attention paid to these patients by the doctors, nurses, and technicians.
		The Hawthorne Effect clearly points out that even controlled scientific studies which focus only on what is measurable may have inherent flaws.
	www.burtonreport.com /InfHealthCare/Info&UseHawthorne.html (429 words)

	The Hawthorne Effect (Profile/Review)
		The Spleen Of Columbus is a compiliaton that includes Columbus, OH bands The Hawthorne Effect, Thee Floating Gass Chamber, Rodney Riffle, and Water Regular.
		The Hawthorne Effect consists of Kane Naylor on guitar, moog, percussion, bass, and violin, Scott Bosley on keyboards Brian Lewis on drums, percussion, and vox, Chris Bidwell on trumpet and electronics, and Rodney on percussion.
		It's similar to The Hawthorne Effect in its use of Sun Ra influenced electric piano, but the mood is slow and bluesy and, unlike "Neo-Lusitania I", the guitar totally belongs here.
	www.aural-innovations.com /issues/issue9/hawthorn.html (1081 words)

	Community Forum - Impact of the Hawthorne effect in a longitudinal clinical study
		The aim of our study was to show the impact that the knowledge of being included in a study has (Hawthorne effect), by comparing the postoperative changes in psychological well-being in two groups of patients undergoing knee arthroscopy and receiving different information about the study from the anesthetist during the preoperative interview.
		Therefore, the Hawthorne effect should be acknowledged and accounted for in the design of a study and in the interpretation of results.
		Impact of the Hawthorne effect in a longitudinal clinical study: the case of anesthesia.
	www.medjournal.com /forum/showthread.php?threadid=986 (449 words)

	Hawthorne Effect
		We did have one project where we went from 100% defective to 0% defective before we did anything (cockroach effect we thought) but we had an operator who did not know it was an issue and fixed it on her own when she found out there was a problem.
		Hawthorne effects presume that the change in behavior is caused exclusively by the "observation" of people at work, like the "lights out" description mentioned previously.
		Hawthorne effects also tend to be relatively small (but noticeable) and short lived.
	www.isixsigma.com /forum/showthread.asp?messageID=66721 (1534 words)

	Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Home Page from Eldritch Press
		The bicentennial (200th) anniversary of Nathaniel Hawthorne's birth was held July 4, 2004, in Concord and Salem, Mass.
		Some of the Hawthorne Family papers, including those of Rose Hawthorne and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne, are at Stanford, Department of Special Collections, Green Library.
		The "Hawthorne effect" is a much-discussed area of industrial relations, psychology, or sociology.
	www.eldritchpress.org /nh/hawthorne.html (1740 words)

	john harrison
		In the 1920s, the Hawthorne plant in Hawthorne, Illinois, employed over 29,000 men and women in the manufacture of telephones, central office equipment, loading coils, telephone wire, lead-covered cable, toll cable, and other forms of telephone apparatus.
		Rather, it is the speech related therapy plus the impact of the Hawthorne Effect (the relationship between clinician and client) that leads to progress.
		The force that binds these components together is called "The Hawthorne Effect." What results is a living system that operates according to predictable laws and rules; a system that involves not just your speech, but your entire self.
	www.mnsu.edu /comdis/isad2/papers/harrison.html (2486 words)

	Search: Rosenthal Effect - WebFetch.com
		The Pygmalion effect (or Rosenthal effect) refers to situations in which students perform better than other students simply because they are expected to do so.
		The experimenter-efficacy effect, or Rosenthal Effect, refers to the phenomenon in...
		The Rosenthal Effect is named after the American psychologist Robert Rosenthal (1933-) Robert Rosenthal conducted extensive research into the manner in which one's beliefs, biases and...
	www.webfetch.com /uk.webfetch/search/web/Rosenthal+Effect/1/20/1/-/-/0... (288 words)

	Findings from Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Experiments
		The power of the social setting and peer group dynamics became even more obvious to Mayo in a later part of the Hawthorne Studies, when he saw the flip side of his original experiments.
		A group of 14 men who participated in a similar study restricted production because they were distrustful of the goals of the project.
		Incidentally, the Hawthorne Works the place where history was made, is history now itself.
	www.accel-team.com /motivation/hawthorne_03.html (280 words)

	Human-Factor Phenomena in Problem Solving
		The first amazing fact in the placebo effect is that sixty percent of those taking the placebos report feeling better.
		The net effect of this principle is that much time and evidence will be required for us to change our view of a person or situation.
		You may want to take the turnpike effect into account when you plan for the usage of some service or resource you are developing.
	www.virtualsalt.com /crebok3a.htm (2172 words)

	The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		You will see many references to the so-called Hawthorne Effect in research literature but its derivation can be confusing and unclear.
		The aim of this research was to establish the relationship between illumination of the workplace and the efficiency of the workforce.
		The researchers therefore suspected that something was interfering with the effects of changes to the lighting and guessed that it might be the competitive effect of the workforce knowing they were being watched.
	www.bath.ac.uk /e-learning/electures/weblinks/ResearchMethods/HawthorneEffect.htm (387 words)

	Times & Seasons » Religious Implications of the Placebo Effect
		Science has not explained the placebo effect, so we tend to treat it as though it is a function only of the weak or the naieve.
		But either way, they may respond to the Hawthorne effect, depending on whether or not they know they are in an experiment — ie whether they are patients or subjects.
		The Hawthorne effect can occur whether or not a placebo is involved, as in the eponymous experiment.
	www.timesandseasons.org /archives/001214.html (3771 words)

	Assessment-Alex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Investigators at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric concluded that the cause of increased productivity was not planned variations in working conditions but a feeling that, because of these variations, observers were really concerned about the workers (Snow, 1926).
		Whenever teachers rate students on a series of traits or behaviors, there is a possibility that they will make their judgments on the basis of global impressions of the people rather than on the specific traits.
		Some educators suggested to harness the Hawthorne effect: keep introducing new programs to schools so that students feel being cared and as a result performance improves.
	seamonkey.ed.asu.edu /~alex/teaching/assessment/drawbacks.html (318 words)

	The Hawthorne Effect
		This phenomenon is called Hawthorne effect after a series of experiments at Western Electric Company's Hawthorne Plant in Chicago in 1927.
		It was "testing effect." The six women knew they were in an experiment, felt good about it, enjoyed the special attention, and were anxious to please.
		Their participation and the sense of being special overrode the effect of the initial admonition to make no special effort and work only at a comfortable pace.
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/hawthbk02.htm (2131 words)

	Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Experiments into employee motivation and workplace productivity
		In the training world, the Hawthorne Effect is a chameleon.
		In a way, the Hawthorne Effect can be construed as an enemy of the modern trainer.
		In essence the Hawthorne Effect really is not just about "positive outcomes"-the positive effect of "attention" wore off later in the life-span of the Hawthorne Studies.
	www.accel-team.com /motivation/hawthorne_01.html (580 words)

	ASQ Discussion Boards
		The Hawthorne researchers discovered a group life among the workers.
		The Hawthorne researchers were not the first to recognize that work groups tend to arrive at norms of what is "a fair day's work," however, they provided the best systematic description and interpretation of this phenomenon.
		The Hawthorne researchers came to view the workplace as a social system made up of interdependent parts.
	www.asq.org /discussionBoards/post!reply.jspa?messageID=16354 (433 words)

	Contents:
		"The Hawthorne Effect is a description of the non-linear nature of human response to reasonable input.
		It was discovered in an experiment that went horribly wrong then became the basis for deeper knowledge of human beings work situations.
		The Hawthorne Effect is the topic of discussion at the next IEEE Engineering Management chapter meeting.
	www.engin.umich.edu /soc/IEEE/announcements/announcements(12.11.2001).html (203 words)

	PA 765: Validity
		When there is lack of internal validity, variables other than the independent(s) being studied may be responsible for part or all of the observed effect on the dependent variable(s).
		The Hawthorne effect (see above) is an example, where the experimental group was also receiving the unmeasured "treatment" of researcher attention.
		Invalid inferences may be made when the maturation of the subjects between the before and after studies has an effect (ex., the effect of experience), but maturation has not been included as an explicit variable in the study.
	www2.chass.ncsu.edu /garson/pa765/validity.htm (2193 words)

	Hawthorne research
		The latter two phases were interrupted by the detrimental effects of the Great Depression on company production orders, but the interviewing phase was later reinstated as a "Personnel Counseling" program, and was even expanded throughout the Western Electric company system between 1936[-]1955.
		The Hawthorne effect, defined as the tendency under conditions of observation for worker productivity to steadily increase, was discovered during the earliest "scientific management" phases of the research.
		This portrayal had the eventual disciplinary effect of extending the purview of industrial testing beyond the previous individualized placement of workers toward the wider realm of manipulation of work-place relationships.
	www.comnet.ca /~pballan/HAWTH.htm (1022 words)

	RAND Health Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To assess whether prospective, observational study procedures, including questionnaires and audio recording, are associated with different patterns of physician diagnostic decision making and antibiotic prescribing.
		Future observational studies aimed at examining the frequency of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing should measure and adjust for the Hawthorne effect; without such adjustments, the results will likely underestimate the true degree of the problem.
		Future interventions aimed at decreasing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing should consider "harnessing" the Hawthorne effect through performance feedback to participating physicians.
	www.rand.org /health/archive/quality/mangione-smith.html (276 words)

	Advance Directives
		The Hawthorne Effect — Refers to an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and made to feel important.
		The study was only expected to last one year, but because the researchers were set back each time they tried to relate the manipulated physical conditions to the worker’s efficiency, the project extended out to five years.
		Social science may have been to readily to embrace the original Hawthorne interpretations since it was looking for theories or work motivation that were more humane and democratic.
	www.ascensionhealth.org /ethics/public/issues/hawthorne_effect.asp (701 words)

	AltMedConsult: Alternative Medicine Consulting Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The study effect (also called Hawthorne effect) refers to the fact that people enrolled in a study tend to take better care of themselves, and may improve for this reason, rather than any specifics of the treatment under study. This is a surprisingly powerful influence.
		Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
		Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on urinary tracct cancer: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial (Finland).
	www.altmedconsult.com (3086 words)

	Peopleware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Hawthorne Effect is a well established phenomenon.
		It states that by merely participating in a test, trial, or study, the participants (or patients) have a better experience because they experience considerate attention which is gratifying to them and rewarding in its own sake.
		The designation "Hawthorne" derives from a number of studies which were performed on workers at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in Cicero, Illinois, in 1927.
	home.earthlink.net /~huston2/quotes/peopleware.html (422 words)

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