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	Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Varilla went to Washington, DC and New York City to negotiate the terms with several US officials, most prominently, Secretary of State John Hay.
		This event, eventually led to the Carter-Torrijos Treaty of 1977, which laid the basis for the transfer of the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999.
		Panamanians in general now recognize that Bunau Varilla's role was indeed crucial in convincing the US to choose Panama over Nicaragua for the Canal site.
	uncover.us /en/wikipedia/h/ha/hay_bunau_varilla_treaty.html (380 words)

	Hay-Herran Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hay-Herran Treaty was a treaty proposed in 1903 between the United States and Colombia.
		Had it been passed, it would have allowed the United States to acquire a renewable 99-year lease on a 6-mile wide strip across Panama (which was then part of Colombia) for $10,000,000 and an annual payment.
		The United States government was not willing to renegotiate the treaty with Colombia or alter the amounts involved and soon gave its support, both political and military, to a planned uprising in Panama, which led to its independence and to the eventual construction of the Panama Canal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hay-Herran_Treaty (147 words)

	TimeShare Tips - View Single Post - Good idea to hand over the Panama Canal?
		The treaty conceded rights to the United States "as if it were sovereign" in a zone roughly 10 miles wide and 50 miles long.
		Treaty negotiations led to a declaration of principles signed in 1973 by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and his Panamanian counterpart, Juan Antonio Tack.
		The U.S. Senate ratified the Neutrality Treaty on March 16, 1978, and the Panama Canal Treaty on April 18, 1978.
	www.tstips.com /vforum/showpost.php?p=9599&postcount=10 (777 words)

	hay bunau varilla treaty:
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	wikipedia.openfun.org /wiki/hay_bunau_varilla_treaty (129 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/John Hay
		John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American politician who served as Secretary of State from 1898 to 1905.
		Hay was named U.S. ambassador to Britain in 1897 when his friend William McKinley became President.
		He negotiated the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), the Hay-Herran Treaty (1903), and the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903), all of which were instrumental clearing the way for the construction and usage of the Canal.
	www.reference.com /search?q=John%20Milton%20Hay (338 words)

	Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Signed on November 18, 1903 (less than 1 month after Panama's independance from Colombia), Bunau-Varilla went to Washington, DC and New York City to negotiate the terms with several US officials, most prominently, Secretary of State John Hay.
		Philipe Bunau-Varilla was a Frenchman involved in the building of the canal under the same man that built the Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps.
		It is also called "The Treaty No Panamanian Signed," though they later agreed to the terms (under pressure from the US government).
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Hay-Bunau-Varilla_Treaty (175 words)

	Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		On the 18th, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, representing Panama, met with Secretary of State John M. Hay in Washington, D.C., to negotiate the treaty that gave the United States in perpetuity a strip 10 miles (16 km) wide across the isthmus for canal construction.
		The treaty was ratified by both countries in 1904, and the Panama Canal was completed in 1914.
		In 1978 two new treaties were concluded detailing the steps by which the United States would transfer to Panama full control over the zone and the canal in the year 2000.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9039637 (1002 words)

	Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Varilla went to Washington and New York to negotiate the terms with several US officials, most prominently, Secretary John Hay.
		For years Panama embattled the United States about the unfair treaty, culminating in a disastrous event on January 9, 1964, when Panamanian student patriots tried to raise their flag in the old Canal Zone, Balboa High School.
		Without Bunau Varilla's heavy lobbying, the Panama Canal would not have been.
	www.theezine.net /h/hay-bunau-varilla-treaty.html (350 words)

	Articles - Torrijos-Carter Treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Torrijos-Carter Treaties (sometimes referred to in the singular as the Torrijos-Carter Treaty), are a pair of treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D. on September 7, 1977, abrogating the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty signed in 1903.
		Both treaties were subsequently ratified in Panama by a two-thirds majority in a plebiscite held on October 23, 1977.
		The treaties were the source of some controversy in the United States, particularly among conservatives such as Strom Thurmond and Jesse Helms who regarded it as the surrender of a strategic American asset to what they characterized as a hostile government.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Torrijos-Carter_Treaties?mySession=e409615b374af3b86153de7f8114b4e0 (1361 words)

	United States Treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Treaty of Alliance- 1778, As a result of Battle of Saratoga, France and US agreed to come to each others aid in event of British attack from the present time and forever, abrogated in late 1799 after XYZ affair.
		Clayton Bulwer Treaty- 1850, US and Britain agreed both nations were not to colonize or control any Central American Republic, neither nation would seek exclusive control of Isthmian canal, if canal built protected by both nations for neutrality and security.
		Hay Herran Treaty- 1903, with Colombian minister, US acquired renewable 99 year lease on 6 mile wide strip across Panama for 10,000,000 and annual payment.
	www.faqt.org /Qhoo/United_States_Treaties.html (1541 words)

	The Great Adventure of Panama. Philippe Bunau-Varilla. Chapters XII-XIII. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By no means, because the treaty of 1846 gave to the United States the right, and imposed upon her the duty, of turning any belligerents away from the line of transit.
		Hay was handed to me. He invited me to go and see him---not at the State Department but at his own house at three o'clock in the afternoon.
		Hay on the 16th as to the imminent peril of a revolution.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/Panama/Panama03.htm (18600 words)

	The Avalon Project : Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), November 18, 1903
		No part of the work on said Canal or the Panama railroad or on any auxiliary works relating thereto and authorized by the terms of this treaty shall be prevented, delayed or impeded by or pending such proceedings to ascertain such damages.
		The appraisal of said private lands and private property and the assessment of damages to them shall be based upon their value before the date of this convention.
		The Canal, when constructed, and the entrances thereto shall be neutral in perpetuity, and shall be opened upon the terms provided for by Section I of Article three of, and in conformity with all the stipulations of, the treaty entered into by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain on November 18,1901.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/panama/pan001.htm (986 words)

	Knowledge King - Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On November 18, 1903, the United States and the newly independent country of Panama signed the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty.
		Varilla went to Washington, DC and New York City to negotiate the terms with several US officials, most prominently, Secretary John Hay.
		Heavy riots ensued, and 23 Panamanians were shot dead by American troops in very confusing incidents.
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/h/ha/hay_bunau_varilla_treaty.html (333 words)

	Bill Proposed to Halt Transfer of Panama Canal on Dec. 1, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		(2) The 1903 Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty between the governments of Panama and the United States conveyed to the United States "in perpetuity" a ten-mile wide strip of land and waterway across the isthmus for construction of a canal.
		The treaties signed by President Carter and Omar Torrijos in 1977, known as the Panama Canal Treaty and The Neutrality Treaty, as ratified by the Senate with "reservations" are hereby repealed in total, and any and all of their provisions are declared null, void, invalid, and of no effect.
		The validity of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 is hereby affirmed and declared to be the ruling document for implementation by all officers and agents of the United States government.
	www.greaterthings.com /editorial/canal_transfer.htm (1425 words)

	Panama Canal
		A basic treaty governing the operation and defense of the Canal from October 1, 1979, to December 31, 1999 (Panama Canal Treaty); and
		A treaty guaranteeing the permanent neutrality of the Canal (Neutrality Treaty).
		The author states that Panama and the United States are committed to full implementation of the Panama Canal Treaties and the future continuous and neutral operation of the canal.
	www.usembassy-mexico.gov /bbf/bfdossier_PanamaCanal.htm (1696 words)

	Barking Moonbat Early Warning System
		In 1903, the Hay-Herrýn Treaty was signed with Columbia, granting the U.S. use of the territory in exchange for financial compensation.
		The treaty was negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and Bunau-Varilla, who had been given plenipotentiary powers to negotiate on behalf of Panama.
		Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country's new national sovereignty.
	www.barking-moonbat.com /index.php/weblog/comments/daily_dose98 (1199 words)

	1936 Treaty
		It ended the protectorate by abrogating the 1903 treaty guarantee of the republic's independence and the concomitant right of intervention.
		The Hull-Alfaro revisions, though hailed by both governments, radically altered the special rights of the United States in the isthmus, and the United States Senate was reluctant to accept the alterations.
		Article X of the new treaty provided that in the event of any threat to the security of either nation, joint measures could be taken after consultation between the two.
	www.czbrats.com /treaty77/1936.htm (1040 words)

	Bunau-Varilla, Philippe -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		He helped to instigate the revolution that resulted in Panamanian independence and was appointed by the provisional government to negotiate a treaty with the U.S. for the construction of a canal.
		In 1903 he signed a treaty with U.S. Secretary of State John Hay assuring the construction of the Panama Canal under U.S. control.
		The Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty of 1846 had granted the United States a right-of-way through the isthmus and thus the right to intervene to protect the line and free transit...
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9358285 (678 words)

	The American Experience \| America 1900 \| People & Events
		John Hay's imprint on American foreign policy was evident during the presidential administrations of both William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.
		It was Hay, in his capacity as ambassador to Great Britain, who termed the Spanish-American war, "a splendid little war." Hay was no stranger to presidential politics.
		While serving as secretary of state under McKinley, Hay was the architect of the US's Open Door policy toward China which favored free commercial rights for US merchants in exchange for respect of Chinese sovereignty.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/1900/peopleevents/pande12.html (180 words)

	The Red Dawning in Panama -- 11/23/1999
		Under Article 20.2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, for treaties to be valid, a reservation signed by a nation must be agreed to by the other signatories.
		When the United States Senate signed the treaty, they included a provision known as the 'Deconcini Reservation', which states that either country may take unilateral action to preserve the neutrality of the Panama Canal.
		treaties being declared, equally with the laws of the United States, to be the supreme law of the land, it is understood that an act of the legislature alone can declare them infringed and rescinded." My legislation will do just that.
	www.cnsnews.com /ViewCommentary.asp?Try=No&Page=\Commentary\archive\1998-2000\OPI19991123a.html (948 words)

	AllRefer.com - Panama - Historical Background \| Panamanian Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On November 18, 1903, Secretary of State John Hay, representing the United States, and Special Envoy Philippe Bunau-Varilla, representing the Republic of Panama, signed an agreement that became known as the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
		Panama had been one of the twenty original signatories to the 1945 Act of Chapultepec, binding the countries of Latin America and the United States to a mutual defense agreement by which all were to respond to an external attack against any one.
		Panama also signed the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin American (Tlatelolco Treaty) in 1967, an agreement that prohibited the deployment of nuclear weapons in Latin America.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/panama/panama117.html (1439 words)

	Historical Text Archive: Articles: Acquisition of the Panama Canal
		On December 5, 1898, President McKinley in a message to Congress, stressed the need for an inter-oceanic waterway; the long voyage of the USS Oregon to the Caribbean during the Spanish-American War had emphasized the difficulty of fighting a two-ocean war with a one-ocean navy.
		By November, 1901, the two had signed the second Hay-Paunceforte treaty which implicitly conceded the right of the United States to build, control, and fortify an isthmian canal but with the proviso that all nations would have equal access in peacetime.
		US citizens, including Ronald Reagan, have ignored this provision of the treaty by claiming that the Canal Zone was US territory.
	historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=332 (2543 words)

	Foreign Affairs - The Panama Negotiations - A Close-Run Thing - Stephen S. Rosenfeld
		Signed for Panama by a French commission agent at Secretary of State John Hay's home two hours before the arrival of the official commission Panama had sent to negotiate, that agreement granted the United States "in perpetuity the use, occupation and control" of a ten-mile-wide zone to build, run and protect a canal.
		Over the years, despite Hay-Bunau Varilla language limiting the American military role to caring for the "safety and protection of the Canal," the Army had pyramided a structure of facilities and missions centering on hemispheric defense.
		Coloring the overall Panamanian perception was the awareness that the 1903 treaty, by granting the United States rights "in perpetuity," not only established Panama's humiliation but perpetuated it, balking relief and change.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19751001faessay10158/stephen-s-rosenfeld/the-panama-negotiations-a-close-run-thing.html?mode=print (626 words)

	Tratado De Varilla Del Heno-Bunau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Varilla fue a Washington, a la C.C. y a New York City a negociar los términos con varios funcionarios de los E.E.U.U., lo más prominente posible, secretaria del heno de Juan del estado.
		Por los años Bunau Varilla era considerado un traidor por las generaciones de Panamanians.
		Panamanians en general ahora reconoce que el papel de Bunau Varilla era de hecho crucial en el convencimiento de los E.E.U.U. que elijan Panamá sobre Nicaragua para el sitio del canal.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/tr/Tratado%20De%20Varilla%20Del%20HenoBunau.htm (451 words)

	brief history of Panamá - world history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty the US was ceded forever the use of the land needed for the cutting of the canal, although the land was paid for in 1904.
		The USA at first refused but gradually accepted the principle that the Panamá Canal Zone should be a concession of limited duration (1974).
		In 2004, Martin Torrijos, son of the strongman who negotiated the canal-reversion treaty, was elected president of Panamá.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /p/panama.html (1019 words)

	PHSchool.com - Primary Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Once it declared its independence from Colombia, the government of Panama signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with the United States.
		This treaty gave the United States government the right to build, operate, and control a canal in return for yearly payments to Panama.
		The treaty contained 26 articles, four of which are listed below.
	www.phschool.com /atschool/primary_sources/hay-burnau-varilla_treaty.html (160 words)

	Panama - THE CONSTITUTION
		The differences among these constitutions have been matters of emphasis and have reflected the political circumstances existing at the time of their formulation.
		The 1904 constitution, in Article 136, gave the United States the right to "intervene in any part of Panama, to reestablish public peace and constitutional order." Reflecting provisions of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, this confirmed Panama's status as a de facto protectorate of the United States.
		Article 136, along with other provisions of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, such as that giving the United States the right to add additional territory to the Canal Zone whenever it believed this was necessary for defensive purposes, rankled Panamanian nationalists for more than three decades.
	countrystudies.us /panama/51.htm (745 words)

	Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - TheBestLinks.com - Canal, Central America, Nicaragua Canal, Panama Canal, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - TheBestLinks.com - Canal, Central America, Nicaragua Canal, Panama Canal,...
		Signed in 1850 by the United States and Britain, the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was an agreement that both nations were not to colonize or control any Central American republic.
		The purpose was to prevent one country from building a canal across Central America that the other would not be able to use.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Clayton__MM__Bulwer_Treaty-bp-printable-v-yes-ep-.html (128 words)

	Untitled Document
		The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German treaty of 1899 in which the United Kingdom renounced its claims to the Samoan islands.
		Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, the British agreed to cancel an earlier treaty in which any canal built in Central America was to be under joint British-American rule.
		The Hay-Herran Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~gbriggs/apx/1877to1945/events/1900-1912.htm (532 words)

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