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	The Liberalism/Conservatism of Burke and Hayek
		Hayek learned from Burke, in short, that civilization is not the creation of the reasoning mind, but the unintended outcome of the spontaneous play of innumerable minds within a matrix of ‘nonrational’ or ‘suprarational’ values, beliefs, and traditions.
		Hayek fully subscribed to Burke’s Whig principles but not to his belief in natural law; for Hayek, moral and political rules ("moral rules for collective action" 63) are of wholly immanent origin.
		Hayek regarded democracy as a sort of ‘procedural device,’ a means to determine certain matters of common concern, and not as an end-in-itself.
	www.nhinet.org /raeder.htm (6513 words)

	F A Hayek - Adam Smith Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A society that does not recognize that each individual has values of his own which he is entitled to follow can have no respect for the dignity of the individual and cannot really know freedom.
		Hayek formed the view, which he articulated in Law, Legislation and Liberty, that the social order was produced by a complex array of institutions and behavioural norms, which have evolved and endure because they work.
		Hayek argues that, while socialist ideals may be tempting, they cannot be accomplished except by means that few would approve of.
	www.adamsmith.org /hayek/home.htm (1110 words)

	Friedrich Hayek - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 - March 23, 1992) was an economist and social scientist of the Austrian School, noted for his defense of free-market capitalism against a perceived rising tide of socialist thought in the mid-20th century.
		Hayek also contended that in centrally-planned economies an individual or a group of individuals must determine the allocation of resources, but that planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably (see economic calculation problem).
		Hayek, who taught at the London School of Economics, the University of Chicago and the University of Freiburg, has, even after his death, continued to maintain a significant presence in its intellectual corridors.
	www.free-definition.com /Friedrich-Hayek.html (811 words)

	Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In order to have a culture of law, people must dwell in a society where a government exists whose authority is hard to evade and generally recognised as legitimate.
		This behaviour is contrasted with the culture of honor, where respect for persons and groups stems from fear of the disproportionate revenge they may exact if their person, property, or prerogatives are not respected.
		A particular society or community adopts a specific set of laws to regulate the behavior of its own members, to order life in its political territory, to grant or acknowledge the rights and privileges of its citizens and other people who may come under the jurisdiction of its courts, and to resolve disputes.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Law (1608 words)

	Athenaeum Reading Room - Hayek: A Critique - Alain de Benoist
		Hayek draws a sociological consequence from this epistemological state of affairs: some ignorance is inevitable; the incompleteness of information drives the impossibility to foresee the real consequences of actions, which leads to doubt about the operationality of our knowledge.
		Hayek completely rejects this in one of the most violent critiques ever written.[18] Social justice, he claims, is a "mirage," an "inept incantation," an "anthropomorphic illusion," an "ontological absurdity." In short, it is a meaningless expression, except in the "tribal order," i.
		Hayek vigorously rejects the notion of sovereignty, traditionally defined as indivisible authority (whether the prince's or the people's), in which he sees only a "constructivist superstition": the society which functions best is the one in which no one rules.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /benoist.htm (9826 words)

	Martin Franck F. A. Hayek
		Hayek, as you can guess from his name is Austrian and so is often considered as being a part of the 'Austrian school'.
		Hayek was born in Vienna and from 1927 until 1931 was Director of the Austrian Institute for Economic Research.
		Hayek did a considerable amount of work on the trade-cycle theories that were developed by his friend von Mises and combined them with theories on capital.
	www.mfranck.com /econ/hayek.htm (463 words)

	Hayek
		Hayek had been influenced by Fabian socialism and the work of Sydney and Beatrice Webb when he was young, but his attention was soon absorbed by economic liberalism.
		Hayek slipped from vogue as Liberalism came to be seen as out of synchronization with modern industrial societies, but his work proved resilient.
		A renewed interest in Hayek's liberalism developed in the 1970s-80s, and his economics again came to the fore in the 1990s with the end of the Keynesian ascendancy and the realisation that Hayek's work offered insights into economic co-ordination yet to be exceeded.
	www.lse.ac.uk /resources/LSEHistory/hayek.htm (427 words)

	Hayek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 - March 23, 1992) was an economist of the AustrianSchool noted for his defense of free-market capitalism against a risingtide of socialism thought in the mid-20th century.
		Hayek contended that in Centrally PlannedEconomies, an individual or a group of individuals decided the allocation of resources for the whole country and suffered fromthe economic calculation problem.
		Though an academic outcast for much of his career, Hayek's work gained new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the triumphof economically liberal right-leaning governments in the United States and the United Kingdom (Margaret Thatcher, British prime minister from 1979 to 1990, was an outspoken devotee of Hayek's writings).
	www.therfcc.org /hayek-41670.html (534 words)

	HUMAN IGNORANCE AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
		Society did not consist of objects that could be neatly categorized and made to obey the laws of science.
		In Hayek's words, it is the sort of order "whose justification in the particular instant may not be recognizable, and which will...often appear unintelligible and irrational."(5) Ironically, this resemblance to chaos may be an aspect of why spontaneous order is efficient.
		Hayek and Mises believed that society is an abstraction that expresses nothing more than the sum of the complex interactions of individuals.
	www.zetetics.com /mac/soceng.htm (3070 words)

	Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The conditions which the solution of this optimum problem must satisfy have been fully worked out and can be stated best in mathematical form: put at their briefest, they are that the marginal rates of substitution between any two commodities or factors must be the same in all their different uses.
		The peculiar character of the problem of a rational economic order is determined precisely by the fact that the knowledge of the circumstances of which we must make use never exists in concentrated or integrated form but solely as the dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the separate individuals possess.
		It is a curious fact that this sort of knowledge should today be generally regarded with a kind of contempt and that anyone who by such knowledge gains an advantage over somebody better equipped with theoretical or technical knowledge is thought to have acted almost disreputably.
	www.econlib.org /library/Essays/hykKnw1.html (3817 words)

	Mont Pelerin Society - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) is an international organization, consisting of economists in favour of economic liberalism and business leaders, which advocates laissez-faire economics and a free society.
		The Society was founded on April 10, 1947 at a conference organized by Friedrich Hayek.
		Hayek stressed that the society was to be a scholarly community arguing ideas against collectivism while not engaging in public relations or propaganda.
	www.free-definition.com /Mont-Pelerin-Society.html (373 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: The Road to Serfdom (Routledge Classics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hayek, along with Milton Friedman, Ludwig Von Mises, and other members of the Mount Pelier Society worked to refute the prevalent idea earlier in this century that planned economies (Nazi and Communist, or Keynesian western socialism) were the inevitable wave of the future, and western liberal democracies a dying legacy of the past.
		Hayek saw beyond the empty rhetoric that is thrown in our faces again and again by politicians who have no idea of how to implement their utopian fantasies.
		Hayek sets out the case, in concise and clear language, for political andeconomic liberty (and their necessary interconnection) in a morecompelling way than you will find anywhere else.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0415253896 (1254 words)

	The Hayek Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hayek wasn’t the most brilliant economist of his era (that was probably John von Neumann, the Hungarian mathematical genius who invented game theory) or the most eloquent (John Maynard Keynes, Hayek’s sparring partner during the 1930s, nabbed that title), but he was arguably the most durable.
		Hayek found his isolation increasingly discomforting, but it served only to convince him that the rest of the world was on the wrong track.
		Hayek always saw himself as a nineteenth-century Whig, rather than a twentieth-century conservative, and, unlike many of his latter-day "followers," he was by no means antigovernment on principle.
	www.hooverdigest.org /003/cassidy.html (3281 words)

	Who is Hayek? A Sketch with Web Links
		So the first thing to know about Hayek is that he has played a lead role in the current tide change away from statism and back to liberalism* -- regarded by many as a defining event of the 20th century.
		Hayek replaced the static 'givens' of classic foundationalism with an adaptive neurological account of human learning, memory and categorization built upon simple facts about neurons and their interconnections.
		Hayek's work in theoretical psychology represents a landmark in 20th century thinking about human learning and cognition, and challenges the central dogma of traditional foundational models of human knowing.
	hayekcenter.gregransom.com /friedrichhayek/who.html (278 words)

	Two Models of a Free Society
		The result would be a command society, like the one factory of which Lenin spoke, wherein the actions of individuals would be organised to fit a total plan conceived by a central authority and with a central scheme of awards and payments according to a scale of `needs' or `merits'.
		Hayek thinks that the desire for `social justice' is, in effect, an atavistic one for a return to the state of a tribe of hunters under a chief who organised their activities and distributed the game which they had collectively caught.
		What a free society therefore requires is what is found in the republic of science: a firm commitment to truth and other transcendent ideals; their embodiment in a living and authoritative tradition; and the progressive adaptation and enlargement of that tradition in the light of those ideals.
	www.kfki.hu /chemonet/polanyi/9601/chap12.html (5683 words)

	Quotes from F.A. Hayek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is probably one of the essential conditions for the preservation of such a society that we do not countenance envy, not sanction its demands by camouflaging it as social justice, but treat it, in the words of John Stuart Mill, as "the most anti-social and evil of all passions.
		What a free society offers to the individual is much more than what he would be able to do if only he were free.
		Every change thus in a sense creates a "problem" for society, even though no single individual perceives it as such; it is gradually "solved" by the establishment of a new overall adjustment.
	www.freedomsnest.com /cgi-bin/qa.cgi?ref=hayfa (1328 words)

	Hayek, Life and Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hayek was an extraordinarily learned man. His knowledge and insights spanned not only economics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1974, but also philosophy, history and even psychology.
		Hayek on Hayek, noted that "He was born into the class which was largely responsible for the maintenance of the Austro-Hungarian empire and which did not survive its collapse." His father, Dr. August von Hayek, was a botany professor at the University of Vienna.
		Hayek had fallen in love with his cousin Helene Bitterlich, but he never got around to asking her to marry him before he left for America, and when he came back 14 months later, she was with another man whom she subsequently married.
	www.libertystory.net /LSTHINKHAYEKLIFE.htm (8167 words)

	Hayek Society - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The LSE (London School of Economics) Hayek Society supports classical liberalism, free market economics, and free trade.
		It is a think tank, and is named in honour of Nobel Laureate Friedrich von Hayek, who lectured at the London School of Economics from 1931 until 1950.
		Its annual operating revenue is estimated to be $100 000; the group is funded by think tanks and corporations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hayek_Society (161 words)

	BrothersJudd.com - Review of F. A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom
		Hayek's basic argument is that central planning is by it's very nature inefficient; only a free market allows for the exchange of information that can provide efficiency.
		To the extent that Hayek was responsible for sounding the alarm against complaisance in the face of the rise of the mammoth Social-Welfare State, he must be considered one of the most significant political philosophers of the Century.
		There isn't much that is new in Hayek's ideas as presented here--the antecedents can be found in Hobbes and Locke and Adam Smith--what was new at the time was that he applied these theories of classical liberalism to modern social planning and thereby illuminated the threat that such central planning posed to liberty.
	www.brothersjudd.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/reviews.detail/book_id/966 (2225 words)

	LSE Hayek Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		"A society that does not recognize that each individual has values of his own which he is entitled to follow can have no respect for the dignity of the individual and cannot really know freedom." F. von Hayek.
		von Hayek was an estimed economist who not only won the Nobel Prize but also had the pleasure of teaching at the London School of Economics.
		"Hayek was the central pioneering figure in changing the course of thought in the twentieth century." - Thomas Sowell
	personal.lse.ac.uk /spurrell/hayek/hayek.htm (202 words)

	Can Markets Predict Elections? - Mises Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hayek goes on to speculate that the 20th Century's widespread faith in socialist central planning was the result, in part, of the many significant advances in the natural sciences, and a general trend toward an age of experts and engineers.
		But according to Hayek and the Austrian School tradition that produced him, it is a mistake to apply to economics the methods of physics: "This misconception...
		Hayek seems to have been right: knowledge that is implicit, dispersed, and inaccessible by traditional, conscious methods can be organized through markets to create more rational calculation than can elite experts.
	www.mises.org /fullstory.aspx?control=1575 (3179 words)

	The Liberalism/Conservatism of Edmund Burke and F.A. Hayek: A Critical Comparison [Free Republic]
		While Burke denies that moral precepts are the product of historical evolution ("history is a preceptor of prudence, not of principles" 64), Hayek believes they are exactly that—the distilled essence of the cumulative experience of preceding generations.
		Hayek developed several of Burke’s most crucial insights: 1) the priority of social experience (or "tradition") over reason; 2) the notion that inherited social institutions embody a "superindividual wisdom" 22 which transcends that available to the conscious reasoning mind; and 3) the impotence of reason to ‘design’ a viable social order.
		The election of George Washington reflects a society that valued rights, duty, responsibility, and dignity -- but that was a society that also was largely comprised of people who were responsible for directly earning their own livings, and for whom consequences were as stark and immediate as "next winter".
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a390e8c6b6be7.htm (10300 words)

	LSE Hayek Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is a society for the mutual exchange of ideas, and is named in honour of Nobel Laureate Friedrich August von Hayek, who lectured at the London School of Economics from 1931 until 1950.
		The Hayek Society is delighted to announce the appointment of Peter J. Boettke as LSE's next Hayek Fellow.
		Boettke is an adjunct scholar of the Mises Institute, Editor of the Review of Austrian Economics, Deputy Director of the James M. Buchanan Center for Political Economy, a Senior Research Fellow at the Mercatus Center, and a professor in the economics department at George Mason University.
	personal.lse.ac.uk /spurrell/hayek/fellow.htm (220 words)

	Cafe Hayek
		Of course, the above is a summary of the chief insight of Adam Smith and F.A. Hayek.
		In their view, government must not only create and enforce law (society’s foundation), it also must plan the course of the economy (society’s superstructure) – for example, which good and services to produce, and how to produce these.
		But human society seems to progress the further along the spectrum it moves from social creationism toward social deism toward social atheism.
	cafehayek.typepad.com /hayek (3109 words)

	Hayek, Ch
		Hayek takes contrasting position that goods are not to be "distributed" but instead are to be left to individual decisionmaking
		Hayek and Williams both favor equality, but have almost diametrically opposite views of its meaning.
		Goods desired by large numbers of people in every section of society; are goods people may be said to earn or achieve; and which not everyone who desires them can have.
	www.american.edu /dgolash/whf01.html (2350 words)

	Research Resources for Scholars
		Abstracts in the History of Economics -- History of Economics Society.
		The Scholarly Societies Project -- over 1000 scholarly societies.
		International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Study of Biology
	hayekcenter.gregransom.com /friedrichhayek/research.html (723 words)

	Heat and light at the LSE \| Samizdata.net
		Following up on this earlier report here, more London School of Economics Hayek Society, here's their latest news, from the society's President Nick Spurrell:
		Compassion and Capitalism Event — There will be held a major event tomorrow, Wednesday 29th October, with French thinker Christian Michel from Liberalia, entitled "Compassion and Capitalism".
		Students' Union Elections — Tomorrow and Thursday (29th and 30th October) there will be held the LSE Students' Union elections for various positions which hold authority and influence on the policy of the students' union, the body which regulates the work of student societies including the Hayek Society.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/004866.html (855 words)

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