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	The Hays Office
		Hays was a well known lawyer who had helped Warren G. Harding get elected in 1920 and was a prominent elder in the Presbyterian church.
		Hays instituted a morals clause in actors studio contracts to ensure wholesome living in the private lives of people seen on screen.
		This code was in place until 1968 when changing public attitudes, a desire for more reality in film, caused the code to be revised.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/movies_and_the_mind/44982 (516 words)

	Production Code
		The Production Code was not enforced by the United States government; in fact, the actions of the major Hollywood studios to censor their films over the years have largely been to prevent censorship by the federal government.
		Hays spent eight years attempting to enforce a moral authority over Hollywood films, but it was during the Great Depression that the Hays Office gained a large influence over Hollywood.
		The Code was all but abandoned by the 1960s, and the sexual and violent content of movies became more explicit throughout the decade.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pr/Production_code.html (791 words)

	It's the Booze Talkin': Censorship and the Hays Code
		Hays' power came not from his own ability to control the motion picture industry, but by the support he had from the Catholic Church.
		The Code refused to acknowledge films that sympathized with the gangster in the commission of crimes, the depiction of crimes of extreme brutality, those that can be copied, or any instance of justifiable revenge.
		The Hays Code, as an attempt by Catholics to curb the glorification of crime and sympathy with criminals on film through internal regulation, demonstrated the shift of cultural control away from the Anglo-Saxons.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~ma03/holmgren/prohib/hays.html (1491 words)

	The Hays Code: Scandal Forces Hollywood To Clean Up Its Act
		Hays was a shrewd judge of political opinion, a successful executive and, most importantly, a master communicator to mass audiences.
		Hays insisted that his job be defined as "spokesman" for the industry, yet he was granted veto power over decisions by the MPPDA's board of directors.
		Hays met with dozens of influential critics of the industry, from the Boy Scouts of America to the National Council of Catholic Women.
	www.callmefatty.com /id8.html (1461 words)

	Censors, Seditionists, and Smut Peddlers: William H. Hays
		Once the Code had established that the rules were there to protect the masses and the rubes, it proceeded to outline a list of prohibited material.
		The Code was not absolute; movie producers could plead their case to Breen or an Association board, and some cuts were overturned.
		In 1954, the Code was amended to allow alcohol, miscegenation, and even some profanity, the PCA's hard-nosed Joe Breen resigned, and the Code was dealt a symbolic blow with the death of Will Hays himself.
	www.angelfire.com /geek/supremo/hays.htm (1350 words)

	William Hays Summary
		Hays set up a strict movie production code that saved Hollywood from government censorship by imposing limits on acceptable screen behavior; it became the basis for an early industry movie rating system.
		William Harrison Hays was born on November 5, 1879, in Sullivan, Indiana.
		Hays was a dark-horse candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1920, and ended up playing a key role in the election of the party nominee, Warren G. Harding, to the White House.
	www.bookrags.com /William_Hays (1707 words)

	HAYS, WILL H.. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Sullivan, Ind.; his original name was William Harrison Hays.
		Hays became active in Indiana political affairs, was chairman of the Republican state committee, and served (1918–21) as chairman of the Republican National Committee.
		As president (1922–45) of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, he administered the motion-picture moral code (popularly called the “Hays Code”), which was promulgated (1934) by agreement of the leading men of the industry.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ha/Hays-Wil.html (98 words)

	The Production Code of 1930
		They were either approved by the Code for release or not, and the major studios would not release a film without the Code’s seal of approval.
		In the 1950s a few filmmakers and distributors started to defy the code (especially with foreign imports), and by the 1960s many of the code’s restrictions were loosened if a film’s advertising carried a notice recommending it for mature audiences.
		This was largely due to public confusion over the meaning of the letter “G” in the PG rating (since all ages were admitted without any restrictions) and the widespread (false) assumption that all “G” rated films were intended specifically for children rather than for general audiences of all ages, including children.
	www.und.edu /instruct/cjacobs/ProductionCode.htm (4524 words)

	Hays, Will H. - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hays became active in Indiana political affairs, was chairman of the Republican state committee, and served (1918-21) as chairman of the Republican National Committee.
		As president (1922-45) of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, he administered the motion-picture moral code (popularly called the "Hays Code"), which was promulgated (1934) by agreement of the leading men of the industry.
		Variation in ruminant preference for alfalfa hays cut at sunup and sundown (1).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hays-w1il.html (381 words)

	Culture Shock: The TV Series and Beyond: Hollywood Censored: The Production Code
		In 1921, comedian Fatty Arbuckle was accused of the rape and murder of a young actress; director William Desmond Taylor was found murdered; actor Wallace Reid died of a drug overdose; and America's sweetheart, actress Mary Pickford, obtained a quickie divorce to marry dashing matinee idol, Douglas Fairbanks.
		Hays convinced the studios that accepting the Code was the safest and cheapest answer to their troubles.
		Hays sold the Code as the money-saving measure they were searching for.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/cultureshock/beyond/hollywood.html (1154 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Hays office did issue a list of 'Don'ts and Be Carefuls' in 1927, but filmmakers continued to do pretty much what they wanted, although in numerous cases, certain lines of dialogue, scenes, or shots would not make the final cut.
		The Code was further fortified by the creation of the Catholic Legion of Decency, which designated "indecent" films that Catholics should boycott.
		At the forefront of challenges to the code was director Otto Preminger, whose films violated the code repeatedly in the 1950s.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Hays_Code (2291 words)

	Production Code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Code was further fortified by the creation of the Catholic Legion of Decency, which designated "indecent" films that Catholics should boycott.
		In fact, the Hollywood studios adopted the code in large part in the hopes of avoiding government censorship, preferring self-regulation to government regulation.
		At the forefront of challenges to the code was director Otto Preminger, whose films violated the code repeatedly in the 1950s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hays_Code (2303 words)

	JamesBowman.net \| Breaking the Code
		One of the central situations of the novel by Henry Bellamann on which it was based was changed from father-daughter incest to hereditary insanity in order to meet the objections of the censor.
		But the belief that it could do so much more, still fresh in 1942, was a noble hope which therefore makes for a noble film in a way that it could hardly have done if sin and sickness had been the focus, as they could hardly have failed to be in a story of incest.
		Because the Code specified that movies would not depict criminals profiting from their crimes, all the great noir pictures ended with criminal anti-heroes coming to a bad end.
	www.jamesbowman.net /articleDetail.asp?pubID=1417 (1232 words)

	Pre-Code Hollywood
		For the next quarter century, as president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Hays was Hollywood's man in the crosshairs of controversy, the official who defended the industry from attacks, recited soothing nostrums, and negotiated treaties to cease hostilities.
		Lending the Code moral authority and widespread acceptance was the composition of Hollywood's audience, conceived to be a great undifferentiated Public comprised of all ages, classes, and moral sensibilities.
		The Code itself recognized the two levels of comprehension: "Maturer minds may easily understand and accept without harm subject matter in plots which does younger people positive harm." Provided the children were quarantined and the meaning was elliptical, the Code permitted the possibility of a cinematically inspired thought crime.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/d/doherty-hollywood.html (4645 words)

	Censorship: Wielding the Red Pen - Censored Films and Television
		The Production Code of 1930, also known also as the Hays Code, after then-president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) Will Hays, affected the content and distribution of all films produced in Hollywood regarding profanity, nudity, sexuality, and other potentially offensive situations (as determined by Hays and his office).
		In 1934, the Hays Code was made more powerful in joining forces with the Catholic-controlled Legion of Decency, which had the ability to call for boycotts throughout the nation if films didn't pass muster.
		West's movies were suggestive enough that they were partially the impetus for the strengthening of the Hays Code in 1934, which sought to protect innocent movie-goers from certain defilement.
	www.lib.virginia.edu /small/exhibits/censored/film.html (1717 words)

	Prosperity and Thrift: Guide G-L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Hays Code took its name from William H. Hays (1879-1954), who became a powerful arbiter of motion picture morals during the 1920s.
		Hays first attracted public attention as chairman of the Republican State Committee in Indiana.
		The Hays Code sought to establish cinematic standards of morality and respectability while sustaining the commercial viability of the film industry.
	www.bonus.com /contour/Northern_Great_Plains/http@@/lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolengl.html (1218 words)

	Financial Market Commentary, Strategy, and Money Management Services - Hays Advisory
		If you are an institutional client of Hays Advisory, please select this subscription and enter your promotion code to obtain your personalized login ID and password.
		If you are one of only five Elite PLUS institutional clients of Hays Advisory, please select this subscription and enter your promotion code to obtain your personalized login ID and password.
		Hays Advisory, LLC does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this report, nor does the Hays Advisory, LLC assume any liability for any loss that may result from reliance by any person upon any such information or opinions.
	www.haysmarketfocus.com /index.cfm?act=subscribe.cfm (482 words)

	The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (Hays Code)
		Hence, though regarding motion pictures primarily as entertainment without any explicit purpose of teaching or propaganda, they know that the motion picture within its own field of entertainment may be directly responsible for spiritual or moral progress, for higher types of social life, and for much correct thinking.
		During the rapid transition from silent to talking pictures they have realized the necessity and the opportunity of subscribing to a Code to govern the production of talking pictures and of re-acknowledging this responsibility.
		On their part, they ask from the public and from public leaders a sympathetic understanding of their purposes and problems and a spirit of cooperation that will allow them the freedom and opportunity necessary to bring the motion picture to a still higher level of wholesome entertainment for all the people.
	www.nku.edu /~alberti/eng302/hays-code.html (3389 words)

	Will Hays and Motion Picture Censorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		William H. Hays (1879-1954), czar of motion picture morals during the twenties, served as chairman of the Republican National Committee between 1918 and 1921.
		The Hays code instated a system of ratings which, in the words of Lary May in Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry (1980), sought to make movies respectable enough to "guarantee wide markets, without losing the titillating overtones that drew the audience" (p.
		A particularly fascinating subset of documents in the Coolidge Papers case file Advertisement Exploitation concerns the use of a photograph of Coolidge and a quotation from one of his speeches to promote the right of theatres to ignore the blue laws and show motion pictures on Sunday.
	lcweb2.loc.gov:8081 /ammem/amrlhtml/dthays.html (314 words)

	Daddy Day Care - smh.com.au
		The Hays Code, created in Hollywood in 1930 and implemented strictly four years later, was a list of things filmmakers weren't allowed to show on film, including obscenity, detailed depictions of crime, and "miscegenation" - sexual relationships between fls and whites.
		The crux of the code was that "the motion picture within its own field of entertainment may be directly responsible for spiritual or moral progress, for higher types of social life, and for much correct thinking".
		This film is self-righteously moral, and saccharine to the point of believing, like the Hays Code, that it is responsible for higher types of social life and correct thinking.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/06/25/1056449296019.html (561 words)

	More Sinned Against than Sinning: The Fabrications of "Pre-Code Cinema"
		MPPDA president Will Hays was fond of declaring that “No story ever written for the screen is as dramatic as the story of the screen itself”, and most of what passes for film history continues to be written under the curious expectation that the history of entertainment must itself be entertaining.
		In complete contradiction to the mythology of the Code not functioning during the early 1930s, its records reveal that this period actually saw by far the most interesting negotiations between the studios and the Code administrators over the nature of movie content, as the Code was implemented with increasing efficiency and strictness after 1930.
		The Code's other principle permitted producers to deny responsibility for a movie's content, through a particular kind of ambiguity, a textual indeterminacy that shifted the responsibility for determining what the movie's content was away from the producer to the individual spectator.
	www.sensesofcinema.com /contents/03/29/pre_code_cinema.html (4178 words)

	hays - Information from Reference.com
		In 1930 he formulated the Production Code, known as the Hays Code, which enforced a rigorous code of morality on American films, and which was not superseded until 1966.
		Fort Hays was established (1865) 14 mi (23 km) southeast of the city, on a stagecoach road to Denver.
		The fort was abandoned in 1889 and the land turned over to the state with the understanding that it be used for a school, an agricultural experiment station, and a state park.
	www.reference.com /browse/all/hays (303 words)

	screenonline: The Hays Code
		The Code was founded according to the concept: "if motion pictures present stories that will affect lives for the better, they can become the most powerful force for the improvement of mankind" - the clear implication being that films were signally failing to achieve these lofty aims.
		Although these guidelines were technically voluntary, in practice the major Hollywood studios used the Hays Code guidelines as a convenient means of staving off pressure groups (the
		As a result, the Hays Code (and similar strictures laid down by the hugely influential Catholic Legion of Decency) directly influenced the content of almost every American film made between 1930 and 1966, when the
	www.screenonline.org.uk /film/id/592022 (317 words)

	DVDBeaver.com - Pre-Code interest?
		Created before the censorship Production Code (also knows as Hays Code) that was instituted in 1934 and was in effect for about 30 years (abolished in 1968).
		Under pressure from church and state decency groups, a code with enforcement powers was implemented in 1934.
		For nearly four years, the movie capital had alternately mouthed and ignored the provisions of the 1930 code, particularly its list of "Don'ts and Be Carefuls": VD, ridiculing religion, seduction, rape, depictions of theft or murder, gruesomeness, men and women in bed together, surgery, drugs, miscegenation and nudity.
	www.dvdbeaver.com /pre-code.htm (401 words)

	Movie Censorship: A Bibliography of Materials in the UC Berkeley Libraries
		The second section describes several changes in the structure and language of the Hays Code, which suggest that the industry was altering its view of film and beginning to censor images by the context of their use.
		In early 1954, Geoffrey Shurlock, the Production Code Administration's new president, created a few minor amendments of the code, in an attempt to remove bans on several forbidden expressions such as 'damn' and 'hell.' The Code was replaced by ratings in 1966.
		The Production Code Administration strictly enforced its ban on the depiction of brothels on the screen in the film adaptations of From Here to Eternity (1953) and East of Eden (1955), resulting in a dilution of their dramatic effectiveness.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /MRC/censorship.html (4054 words)

	Movie rating system explained - understanding the MPAA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		With PR smoothie Will H. Hays placed at the helm, the MPPDA was successful in keeping censorship of the movies at bay thanks to a list of "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" that studios were obligated to follow.
		Forever to be known as The Hays Production Code, the new rules not only satisfied politicians, but it gave the industry an image of stability--something badly needed to please the investment bankers upon which Hollywood was becoming increasingly dependent.
		With the dawn of free love, men walking on the moon, and the liberalization of every aspect of society, the Hays's code (and even The Ten Commandments upon which the code was based) appeared as old as a 78-rpm record.
	www.parentpreviews.com /html/parent_alerts/bp_ratings.shtml (1836 words)

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