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Topic: Head of the Commonwealth

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	The Royal Commonwealth Society
		They are reflected in the decisions by Commonwealth Heads of Government and their ministers who meet regularly, and in the activities of the various Commonwealth organisations and agencies.
		Commonwealth Prime Ministers arrived at a formula which removed the requirement that member countries have the British Monarch as their Head of State while stating that all recognised the King (then George VI) as “the symbol of their free association and as such Head of the Commonwealth.”
		Over the years, the network of Commonwealth non-government organisations and other civil society groups has grown, making up what many describe as the unofficial or “people’s Commonwealth.” The Commonwealth family is thus a partnership of governments and of peoples.
	www.commonwealthday.com /commonwealth/?oa=135 (633 words)

	Head of the Commonwealth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The present British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the second to be recognised as Head of the Commonwealth in the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.
		This includes republics, the (presently sixteen) Commonwealth Realms, where the Monarch is also Head of state (though separately from her roles as Head of the Commonwealth and Monarch of the UK), and monarchies under another dynasty (as in Tonga, Malaysia, Swaziland, etc.).
		The formula was devised by Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent when the former dominion of India became a republic within the Commonwealth in 1950, recognising George VI as the symbol of the free association, but not as its or all member states' head of state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth (306 words)

	Commonwealth of Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the Commonwealth grew, the United Kingdom and the pre-1945 Dominions (a term that was formally dropped in the 1940s) became informally known as the "Old Commonwealth", particularly in the 1960s onwards when some of them differed with poorer, Afro-Asian (or New Commonwealth) members over various issues at Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings.
		Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997, after racialist provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made.
		Queen Elizabeth II is the nominal Head of the Commonwealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations (3653 words)

	The Commonwealth - The Commonwealth of Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Commonwealth is described as a "family" of nations, originally linked together in the British Empire, and now building on their common heritage in language, culture and education, which enables them to work together in an atmosphere of greater trust and understanding than generally prevails among nations.
		The Institute of Commonwealth Studies is a postgraduate academic institution devoted to the study of the Commonwealth.
		When the Commonwealth Games were staged for the fourth time in Canada in 1994, the event attracted 2,446 of the world’s top athletes from 63 nations (Commonwealth countries and associated states and territories), all of whom were competing for the honour of the Commonwealth Gold.
	www.col.org /comover.htm (1701 words)

	Commonwealth Day
		Commonwealth Day is an annual event during which all the 53 member countries of the Commonwealth celebrate their links with one another.
		The Commonwealth of Learning is is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge, resources and technologies.
		This theme reflects the Commonwealth's commitment to democratic freedoms as expressed by Commonwealth Heads of Government a their summit in Coolum, Australia, in March 2002, where they spoke of the need for the organisation to be "an effective defender of democratic freedoms".
	www.col.org /comday.htm (1355 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Country profiles \| Profile: The Commonwealth
		Leader: Queen Elizabeth II As head of the Commonwealth, the Queen is recognised by its members as the "symbol of their free association".
		He is elected by heads of government from among Commonwealth diplomats and foreign ministers for a maximum of two four-year terms.
		Commonwealth Games 2002, held in Manchester, UK Unlike the United Nations, Commonwealth members have no contractual obligations, but members commit themselves to the statements of beliefs set out by heads of government.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/europe/country_profiles/newsid_1554000/1554175.stm (696 words)

	How does the Commonwealth Work
		The London Declaration of 1949 said that the British monarch would be a symbol of the free association of independent countries, and as such the Head of the Commonwealth.
		Thus when Elizabeth II came to the throne in 1952 she became Head of the Commonwealth.
		Did you know that although Queen Elizabeth II is Head of the Commonwealth, she has no formal powers to decide what the Commonwealth should do or how it should conduct its affairs.
	www.youngcommonwealth.org /cw_text_only_version/ic_chap_10.html (377 words)

	Rejoining Commonwealth would be good for Ireland
		The Commonwealth today is not, as many Irish people imagine it to be, the British Empire in drag; it is not the resurrected cadaver of empire.
		In 1965 a formal structure for the Commonwealth was adopted.
		Hostility towards racism and racial division is the touchstone of the Commonwealth.
	www.reform.org /TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/commonwealth.htm (1245 words)

	Commonwealth Realm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Following their independence from Britain, most Commonwealth countries retained The Queen as head of state, but eventually changed the title of the monarch to the Sovereign of their own respective nations, South Africa and Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka) being the first to do this.
		Those advocating change have pointed out that the majority of Commonwealth countries have long since become republics, and that were their countries to do the same, they could still be part of the The Commonwealth.
		Most republicans in the remaining Commonwealth realms, advocate parliamentary republics, in which the Queen and Governor-General would be replaced by a President, as is the case in India.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Commonwealth_realm.php (1602 words)

	What is the Commonwealth? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Commonwealth countries work together to improve the quality of life of their citizens and to build a better world.
		The position as Head of the Commonwealth is not hereditary.
		The British Monarch is the Head of the Commonwealth, but 33 of the 54 Commonwealth nations are republics, and 5 other countries have their own Royal families.
	www.commonwealthonline.info /whatisit (628 words)

	The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth
		The Queen is Head of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of 53 independent countries.
		From Antigua to Zambia, the Commonwealth is a remarkable international organisation, spanning every geographical region, religion and culture.
		Some countries within the Commonwealth have The Queen as their Sovereign, whilst remaining independent in the conduct of their own affairs.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/Page4678.asp (156 words)

	British Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Once known as the British Commonwealth, and often called by that name, either for historical reasons, or to distinguish it from other institutions describing themselves as "commonwealths", the Commonwealth is a free association of 53 independent states the majority of which were once part of the British Empire.
		Commonwealth institutions are particularly important to the preservation of the English language against the encroachments of "Murkin".
		When all Commonwealth countries had the Monarch as head of state it was impossible to exchange ambassadors, since the Queen as head of state of one country could not send an ambassador to herself as head of state of another country.
	www.eurolegal.org /british.shtml (2691 words)

	The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Queens' Role in the Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As Head of the Commonwealth, The Queen's role is symbolic and has no constitutional functions attached to it.
		This is done through Commonwealth visits, and regular contact with the Commonwealth Secretary General and his Secretariat (the Commonwealth's central organisation which co-ordinates many Commonwealth activities and which is based in London) and Heads of Government.
		Since 1977, Commonwealth Day is celebrated throughout the Commonwealth on the second Monday in March; this was approved by Heads of Government as a day when children throughout the Commonwealth, for whom the day is particularly intended, would be at school.
	www.royalinsight.gov.uk /output/Page343.asp (540 words)

	Foreign & Commonwealth Office Commonwealth
		The modern Commonwealth comprises nearly one-third of the world's countries and its combined population of 1.7 billion people accounts for a quarter of the world's inhabitants.
		Commonwealth Day events are co-ordinated jointly through the Council of Commonwealth Societies and the Commonwealth Secretariat.
		This year the Observance will be attended by HRH The Prince of Wales and HRH The Duchess of Cornwall, whilst HM The Queen, in her capacity as the Head of the Commonwealth, will attend the official opening of the XVIII Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia.
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029393654 (335 words)

	head of government
		Definition: The head of government in Canada is the prime minister, the political leader of the government of Canada.
		Russian politician and businessman to head Lithuanian government...
		In a parliamentary system, the head of government is known as a premier or prime minister.
	www.jointctr.org /?Category=head%20of%20government (276 words)

	commonwealth
		The Commonwealth is comprised of the Kingdom of Hanover and the various political entities which give symbolic or actual allegiance to the Hanoverian Crown.
		A free association of autonomous nations, the Commonwealth is a union which exists to promote activity, industry and community among it's members.
		United under a common head of state, the member nations of the Commonwealth are free to maintain their unique governments, cultures and identities as they benefit from a sharing of resources, talents and ideas.
	www.geocities.com /kingdomofhanover/commonwealth.html (475 words)

	A message for Commonwealth Day from Her Majesty The Queen, Head of the Commonwealth
		The importance of these principles was clearly in the minds of Commonwealth leaders during their discussions at last December’s summit in Abuja, Nigeria.
		That is why it is important for the Commonwealth to do all it can to tackle these challenges directly, whether in alleviating poverty or in promoting education and health.
		I firmly believe that if the Commonwealth is to increase its role as a force for good in the world, strengthening democratic freedoms must remain at the heart of its purposes.
	www.stlucia.gov.lc /addresses_and_speeches/2004/a_message_for_commonwealth_day_from_her_majesty_the_queen_head_of_the_commonwealth.htm (310 words)

	Commonwealth Head Admits Failure Over Zimbabwe - We'll "get past this one" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		OTTAWA (Reuters) - The head of the Commonwealth admitted on Thursday that his efforts to pressure Zimbabwe into adopting political reforms had failed and he blamed resistance from the government of President Robert Mugabe.
		The Commonwealth is calling for political dialogue, national reconciliation and what it calls genuine land reforms but McKinnon said the grouping had had little success.
		That he was not expelled is the Commonwealth's most grievous failure and that can be attributed largely to the African members voting as a bloc.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/904342/posts (1392 words)

	Vanuatu News Port Vila Presse Online :: Queen Elizabeth issues annual Commonwealth Day message
		Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, has issued her annual message to mark Commonwealth Day, which is being celebrated throughout the Commonwealth today.
		Commonwealth Day provides an opportunity to celebrate the worldwide Commonwealth family of nations that represents over 1.8 billion people.
		Education is sometimes described as the golden thread that binds the Commonwealth.
	www.news.vu /en/news/national/050314-vanuatu-commonwealth-day-2005.shtml (628 words)

	Newshound: Links to daily newspaper articles about Northern Ireland
		The Commonwealth's own literature refers to the British sovereign by her title "Head of the Commonwealth", and makes clear there are simply no other options.
		The Commonwealth leaders all "agreed to recognize King George VI as the 'symbol of their free association and thus Head of the Commonwealth"...
		The divine right of the Queen to always be the head of the Commonwealth should disqualify Ireland, as a proud republic from ever becoming part of such an institution.
	www.nuzhound.com /articles/odo12-6.htm (813 words)

	Commonwealth
		The Queen is not only Queen of the United Kingdom, but Head of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of 54 independent countries.
		The 1.6 billion people of Commonwealth countries make up over a quarter of the world's population, and over 50 per cent of the population of the Commonwealth is under 25.
		Membership of the Commonwealth has, since its beginning, been open to any independent state which was once ruled or administered by Britain or other Commonwealth countries, and recognises The Queen as Head of the Commonwealth.
	home.wanadoo.nl /english.site/royal/commonwealth.htm (229 words)

	Australian Republican Movement - FAQ - Head of State
		How the head of state is chosen depends on the constitution of each individual state.
		There are three main categories of heads of state: monarchs, who hold office by hereditary right; presidents, who are elected for stated periods; and dictators, who obtain and hold power by force, though they may nominally be entitled presidents and nominally be elected or otherwise chosen.
		Whether a head of state is a figurehead, or a person also having executive powers, depends upon the constitution and practise of each state.
	www.republic.org.au /ARM-2001/q&a/qa_hos.htm (807 words)

	A Message for Commonwealth Day 2002 from Her Majesty the Queen, Head of the Commonwealth
		As a result, the Commonwealth was able to work with all the different communities of what is now proudly called “the rainbow nation.” Bridging social and political divides has also been a feature of the Commonwealth’s continuing work in seeking to encourage democracy, good governance, the rule of law, and respect for human rights.
		As each of the last fifty years has passed, so too has our appreciation of the contribution made by the Commonwealth, an association of peoples as much as it is of governments, bound together by ideals as well as interests.
		If the Commonwealth is to remain a force for good, we must insure that those ideals are carried forward by the millions of young people across the world who are its future – so that they too can celebrate and build on the diversity of this unique organisation.
	www.stlucia.gov.lc /addresses_and_speeches/governor_general/a_message_for_commonwealth_day_2002_from_her_majesty_the_queen_head_of_the_commonwealth.htm (400 words)

	cnwealth1
		Commonwealth Day is a day to remember, celebrate and learn about the Commonwealth.
		The Queen's message is broadcast throughout the Commonwealth, and in many of them augmented by a message from the President or Prime Minister, or another senior minister.
		Schools are the core of Commonwealth Day, and the second Monday in March was selected by Commonwealth leaders because it was a day when most schools would be in session.
	www.lapasserelle.com /lm/pagespeciales/commonwealth/cnwealth1.cday.html (341 words)

	Send to a Friend - IPS Inter Press Service
		It is polite to speak at Commonwealth gatherings now of diverse nations sharing a common purpose, of the Commonwealth as a working microcosm of the world at large.
		There is little even by way of minimal acknowledgment that the Commonwealth is a group of countries that include Britain and other countries that were once a part of the British Empire.
		The Queen who is head of the Commonwealth led celebrations of Empire Day for years after much of it was gone.
	www.ipsnews.net /sendnews.asp?idnews=22688 (932 words)

	Events & Meetings
		One of such activities, the Commonwealth Peoples Forum, is holding in Abuja from Sunday 30 November under the aegis of the Commonwealth Foundation.
		The Commonwealth Foundation is an agency of the Commonwealth charged with the responsibility of creating connections, energy and synergy between the people of the Commonwealth.
		The Workshop is organised by the Commonwealth Secretariat in partnership with the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, the British Council and the Commonwealth Foundation.
	www.nigeriafirst.org /printer_1896.shtml (1176 words)

	Fact sheet - The Commonwealth
		At government level, the leaders of the Commonwealth meet every two years at a Heads of Government Meeting in what is arguably the only international forum where such a diverse group of countries come together to adopt common positions through consensus.
		Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is Head of the Commonwealth and is recognised as the 'symbol of their free association' by its members.
		The Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation is a partnership between Commonwealth governments and telecommunications businesses to promote ICT It runs extensive training programmes to further social and economic development in member countries.
	www.pm.gov.uk /output/page1466.asp (703 words)

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