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Topic: Head-marking language

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Inflection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In dependent-marking languages, nouns in adpositional phrases can carry inflectional morphemes. Analytic languages isolate meaning into individual words, whereas synthetic languages create words not found in the dictionary by fusing or agglutinating morphemes, sometimes to the extent of having a whole sentence's worth of meaning in a single word. language isolate, shows a high degree of inflection on verbs, less so on adjectives and nouns, but it is always strictly agglutinative and extremely regular. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inflected_language

Typology.html Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology. This course is an introduction to the typological study of syntax, with particular reference to methodological foundations of language typology and theoretical implications of linguistic diversity. Schachter, P. The Subject in Philippine Languages: Topic, Actor, Actor-Topic, or None of the Above. www.stanford.edu /~emaslova/Teaching/Typology.html

Head-marking language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia grammatical marks showing relations between different constituents of a phrase tend to be placed on the heads (or nuclei) of the phrase in question, rather than the modifiers or dependents. For example, in Basque, the verb (or its auxiliary) is marked showing the person and number of its subject, its direct object and even its indirect object if applicable. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Head-marking_language

Does "Language" equal "Human Language?" (1) Language is the last battleground of evolution in the academy, with linguistics as the last bastion of resistance. This hitherto ignored level of social and family language -- called "pre-language" by some because it is deficient in the elaborated structures characteristic of "full-blown" language (mostly literary), and full of idioms and formulaic speech -- is the missing link in the evolution of language, and also includes primate comprehension. It is crucially implied in Bickerton's hypothesis that what we call modern human language (roughly lexicon + utterance structure + morphosyntax) is a recent version of protolanguge (roughly again, lexicon + utterance structure). www.enformy.com /dma-an1.htm

HDLS Abstract Database This is in favor of a functional analysis of language and emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationship of frequently recurring patterns in discourse and the emergence of grammar and the significant effects of the role of speaker point of view on grammar. It is suggested that a signer‚s experience with language, as opposed to an abstract set of categorical rules, is a key factor in the mental representation of language. Studies of children‚s language acquisition illustrate the interactional foundation for intersubjectivity and subsequent language development,showing how early interactional patterns observed between infants and young children and their primary caretakers may give rise to theory of mind (Bretherton 1991, Snow 1999, Wellman 1991). www.unm.edu /~hdls/AbstractsDatabase.html

ipedia.com: Dependent-marking language Article A dependent-marking language is one where the grammatical marks showing relations between different constituents of a phrase tend to be placed on the dependents or modifiers, rather than the heads or nuclei, of the phrase in question. A dependent-marking language is one where the grammatical marks showing relations between different constituents of a phrase tend to be placed on the dependents or modifiers, rather than the heads or... In a noun phrase, the head is the main noun and the dependents are the article, the adjectives, the possessives, etc. In a verb phrase the head is the verb and the dependents are its argumentss (subject, object, etc.). www.ipedia.com /dependent_marking_language.html

Language TOC Vol.62 No.1 Cook and Gerdts (eds.): The syntax of Native American languages Langendoen and Postal: the vastness of natural languages www.lsadc.org /language/621.html

Word Order Patterns In Sino-Tibetan And Their Significance To Theories Of Explanation In Typology (ResearchIndex) Language as Culture: the Conventionalization of Constraints on.. 1 SVO languages and the OV:VO typology (context) - Matthew - 1991 Abstract: this paper I will present, using data mostly from Sino-Tibetan languages (see the Appendix), a number of problems with the databases * The research for this paper was supported in part by grant NSC 82-0301-H-001-006 of the National Science Council of the Republic of China. citeseer.ist.psu.edu /lapolla94word.html

Noyahtowa - KutjaraWiki Noyahtowa features a unitary head-marking morphology which is highly fusional and capable of remarkable flexibility and specificity; the language is a paradigm case of the type generally called polysynthetic. The language's pronominal system distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th or obviative), two numbers (singular and plural), animacy (animate and inanimate), formality (formal and informal) and inclusivity and exclusivity on the plural first person. Lawamasanan, a scribe who worked alongside Kayasahta, described his native language this way, when comparing it to what was known of Bankaska at the time: "Unlike [Bankaska], our speech abhors a single idea cut off from all others, sitting alone. www.kutjara.com /wiki/index.php?title=Noyahtowa

Taba as a split-O language Although use of adpositional marking is generally optional with these kinds of arguments, it becomes obligatory when the locative goal serves as the head of a relative clause as illustrated in (4c). The major concern of this paper is to explore the characteristics of applicativisation in a language with relatively semantically transparent marking of core arguments. In transitive clauses from languages of each type, semantic differences between the different object types found in ditransitives are neutralised, in much the same way that semantic differences between the arguments of transitive clauses are neutralised for the intransitive subjects of ergative and accusative constructions. rspas.anu.edu.au /linguistics/WP/Bowden2.html

Kuot language and culture It is head-marking on the clause level (i.e., does not have case but indicates the grammatical role of arguments by affixes/clitics on the verb), and both subject and object are cross-referenced on the verb. The language is very strong on agreement and cross-referencing: demonstratives in the noun phrase, verbs and adjectives, the possessive markers and sometimes even prepositions have markers indicating the person/number/gender of participants. Kuot is a language spoken in north-central New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. www.ling.su.se /STAFF/evali/kuot.htm

Agreement Biblio Home Page The Head Ordering Principle takes inflectional affixes to be heads of their respective lexical categories and thus predicts that affixes should be suffixes in OV languages and prefixes in VO languages. The initial pronoun is considered to be the head of the coordination, which is marked with the case and number of the dominating node. Thus the presence of agreement with a direct object implies that the entity is less marked, while case marking is associated with the lower end of the case hierarchy, so the presence of case marking on a direct object implies that the entity is more marked. www.surrey.ac.uk /LIS/SMG/projects/agreement/agreement_bib_unicode.htm

Research Group "Conflicting Rules" - Sixth OT Syntax Workshop, Univ. of Potsdam In her classic paper on head- and dependent-marking languages, Johanna Nichols observed that "head-marking systems are faced with the problem of indicating just which clause actant stands in which of the relations marked on the verb - a problem unknown to dependent-marking languages". Here I look at the properties of two head-marking languages which make extensive use of the 'hierarchy' strategy, and argue that the distribution of voice (diathesis) in both must be understood in terms of markedness and recoverability: marked structures are avoided unless the intended meaning cannot be recovered from the unmarked structure. Bidirectional optimization and the problem of recoverability in head-marking languages www.ling.uni-potsdam.de /~rvogel/wots6.html

A paper for ¡®Independent Reading¡¯ Course, 15, May, 2001 The same phenomena are found in head-marking languages, but, because they are head-marking, these tests are concerned primarily with the presence or absence of the bound argument markers on the verb rather than the presence or absence of independent NPs. The authors may conclude that not all languages have grammatical relations, in the sense of syntactic syntagmatic relations that are independent of semantic and pragmatic relations and play a role in the grammar of the language. Switch-reference is found mainly in verb-final languages, taking the form of a morpheme at the end of a clause which signals whether the subject of the next clause is the same referent as the subject of that clause. www.geocities.com /wuda999/syntax-6.htm

Linguistics Research Specialities: Introduction to Role and Reference Grammar The RRG approach to language acquisition, sketche d in Van Valin (1991a, 1994), rejects the position that grammar is radically arbitrary and hence unlearnable, and maintains that it is relatively motivated (in Saussure's sense) semantically and pragmatically. Language is a system, and grammar is a system in the traditional structuralist sense; what distinguishes the RRG conception of language is the conviction that grammatical structure can only be understood and explained with reference t o its semantic and communicative functions. Languages vary in terms of how the PF D is restricted, both in simple sentences and in complex sentences, and this variation underlies important grammatical differences across languages (cf. linguistics.buffalo.edu /research/rrg/rrg_paper.html

Scientific Interest Obviation has so far been attested only in head-marking languages (Aissen 1997:743), where strictly grammatical constraints such as obviation are functionally valuable because they can narrow down the assignment of reference and syntactic relations to formally unmarked nominals. The nominative morphology marks the form as nominalized; that is, it marks it as head of its own NP and is therefore head marking. A base intransitive language is one in which intransitive verbs are generally underived and figure as favored input (but not output) to derivational rules; in a base transitive language, transitive verbs are often underived and are favored input (but not output) to derivational rules. ingush.berkeley.edu:7012 /scientific.html

03.11.98 - Incredible Journeys of Our Native Tongues Head marking languages are common throughout North, Central and South America, but relatively rare everywhere else in the world, said Nichols. One such trait, called “head marking,” describes languages in which the verb carries most of the important information in a sentence. A sharp linguistic break between languages east and west of the Pacific mountain ranges leads Nichols to conclude that post-glacial migrations from Siberia created a Pacific rim linguistic population that is distinct from the rest of the American languages. www.berkeley.edu /news/berkeleyan/1998/0311/linguistics.html

JN_fullpubs.html Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, eds., Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations, pp. In Rieks Smeets, ed., The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, vol. The Black Sea region and language dispersal in western Eurasia. socrates.berkeley.edu /~jbn/JN_fullpubs.html

Linguistic_typology - free-definition These are articles about linguistic typology or types of languages. www.free-definition.com /category/Linguistic_typology

418.report.4.html In a head-marking system neither position nor case of an NP is used to distinguish Agents from Patients. Report #4: Present an overview (with appropriate examples) of the grammatical ways and means by which the nine or ten roles in (l) through (aa) are indicated in your language. voice marking: If {be -en} is present the NP preceding the verb is not an Agent: (c) (d). www-personal.umich.edu /~pehook/418.report.4.html

World History :: Encyclopedia Index -- He Heads of Government of the Republic of the Congo Heads of Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Heads of State of the Republic of the Congo www.worldhistory.com /wiki/He.htm

CI_meyah.doc General Name of the language: Meyah Name of researcher: Gilles Gravelle If your language is not one of those listed below, please also answer the following questions: Genetic classification: West Papuan Phylum, East Bird’s Head family level Number of speakers: Approx. Some complexity on verbs marked for person-number of subject, aspect, mode, instrument, person-number of object marking through encliticisation, mood clitics. When transcribing recorded text of more recent events, language helpers tend to put more overt clause coordination in. www.mpi.nl /world/E-Nusantara/CI_meyah.doc

AUTOTYP · Projects Also languages often have competing constructions in one and the same structural domain, e.g., analytic tense constructions along with periphrastic ones or multiple relativization strategies. The Autotypology principles requires that databases differentiate between data files, which contain records on specific issues by language, and definition files, which contain records of notions and their definitions that prove to be necessary in the data files. When entering a new language, one first checks whether the previously established notions are sufficient for this language. www.uni-leipzig.de /~autotyp/theory.html

5-1286msg2.txt word order head marking [ easier ] vs. despite reservations identifying " basic " language types, has said great majority cases, defining " language type " instead " construction type " is terribly difficult. 33-36), argued typologists had moved classifying languages typologically classifying constructions typologically, was thing. squash.ils.unc.edu /~efrom/data/lingspam/lingspam.stopped/real/5-1286msg2.txt

Comrie, Bernard To be published in Languages and Cultures of the East 1.1. Anti-ergative Marking in Tibeto-Burman.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 15.1(1992):1-9. LaPolla, Randy J. The Role of Migration and Language Contact in the Development of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family ”, Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Case Studies in Language Change, ed. www.umt.edu /ling/classes/Typology03.htm

The Ultimate Navajo language - American History Information Guide and Reference It is like the other Southern Athabaskan languages in that although the majority of the languages in the Na-Dené family are spoken much farther north ( Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Canadian Provinces) Navajo is spoken much farther south (in the southwest United States) by the Navajo people ( Diné). Navajo ( Diné bizaad) (occasionally spelled Navaho) is a Southern Athabaskan or Apachean language of the Athabaskan language family, belonging to the Na-Dené phylum. Athabaskan words are modified primarily by prefixes, which is unusual for an SOV language (suffixes are expected). www.historymania.com /american_history/Navajo_language

ORIENTE MODERNO Indonesian as a Head-Marking Language: an Exercise in Typology www.tdkkitaplik.org.tr /kutup/orientemoderno2.html

Anna It is also argued that even if the pronominal argument analysis is maintained for some languages, those of the radically head-marking type, there are no convincing grounds for extending it to dependent-marking languages such as Latin. In Dik (1989) such an analysis is advocated not only for the cross-referencing forms found in the typical head-marking languages of North America or Australia but also for the bound person forms of what are generally considered to be dependent-marking languages such as Latin, Spanish or Polish. The independent pronouns or nominals which may co-occur with the cross-referencing forms are in turn considered to be in a sort of appositional relationship to the cross-referencing forms. www.mis.coventry.ac.uk /FGIS/Sierw.html

wail_03.doc Yucatec Maya, like all Mayan languages, is a head-marking language: in transitive clauses, the A-argument is cross-referenced on the verbal predicate with a pre-verbal clitic and the O-argument is cross-referenced by a suffix. To create a free-choice nominal headed by a non-'general' nominal makamaak together with he'en is used, as illustrated in the example in (8a) with the non-'general' nominal xch'uup 'woman'. However, within the pre-verbal phrase, the questioned possessor is realized in distinct structural positions in the two Mayan languages. www-leland.stanford.edu /~juditht/papers/wail_03.doc

Francis_Abstract.html I briefly discuss Arapaho as a primary argument language in the sense of Dryer (1986). I discuss the variety of transitive constructions of the Arapaho language in a Construction Grammar framework. I outline the concept of frame semantics of monomorphemic lexemes in the language. www.colorado.edu /ling/events/LINGCircle/Francis_Abstract.html

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